Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Elevated temperatures accompanying climate warming are expected to have adverse effects on sensitive lichen species. This premise was examined by measuring the sensitivity of different lichen species to elevated temperatures in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies involved the exposure of nine hydrated lichen species (Xanthoparmelia austro-africana, X. hyporhytida, Xanthoparmelia sp., Xanthomaculina hottentotta, Teloschistes capensis, Ramalina sp., Flavopuntelia caperata, Lasallia papulosa, Parmotrema austrosinensis) collected from sites of different aridity and mean annual temperature for 2 hourly intervals to temperatures ranging from 24ºC to 48ºC in a forced daft oven and measuring their respiration rates and maximum quantum yield of PSII. Field studies involved simultaneous hourly measurements of ground surface air temperatures and Lichen effective quantum yield of PSII of hydrated lichen species populations under ambient and artificially modified environmental conditions. / South Africa

The Mackenzie Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, has experienced rapid climate warming in the past century resulting in rapidly thawing permafrost in this region. This thesis examines spatial and temporal changes to sediment organic carbon and mercury flux in lakes from thermokarst regions by comparing sediment cores from lakes with and without retrogressive thaw slumps on their shorelines. We show that sediments from lakes with permafrost thaw slump development on their shorelines (slump lakes) had higher sedimentation rates as well as lower total Hg, methyl mercury (MeHg), and labile OC fractions when compared to lakes where thaw slumps were absent. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (labile algal-derived OC), and inferred chlorophyll a content, indicating an association between autochthonous organic carbon and Hg in these sediments. Correlations between mercury and S2 in these study lakes generally support the hypothesis that algal-derived materials correlate with Hg concentration in sediments. We observed higher S2 concentrations in reference lakes than in slump lakes, likely due to uninterrupted algal production, lower dilution by flux of inorganic matter, and possibly better anoxic preservation in reference lakes compared to slump lakes. It is evident that thaw slump development in this thermokarst region increases inorganic sedimentation in lakes, while decreasing concentrations of organic carbon and associated Hg and MeHg in sediments.

With the rising demand for fossil fuels, Northern Canada has seen an unprecedented increase in petrochemical development. These developments are often associated with emissions of PAHs, a group of hydrophobic organic contaminants that are known to be carcinogenic and otherwise harmful to humans. Due to their hydrophobic nature, PAHs tend to bind to organic matter and can be produced through both anthropogenic and natural processes, making them ubiquitous in the environment. Therefore, in addition to impacts from petrochemical developments, changes to climatic conditions, such as increased forest fire disturbance and primary production also have the potential to alter delivery of organic carbon (OC) and PAHs to ecosystems. However, very little is known as to how the combined stressors of climate change and petrochemical development may affect environmental deposition of these contaminants. The concentrations and composition of parent and alkyl PAHs were analysed in radiometrically-dated sediment cores from lakes with one of four different types of petrochemical development in their catchments: (1) in-situ oil sands extraction (Cold Lake, AB); (2) open-pit oil sands extraction (Fort McMurray, AB); (3) abandoned conventional natural gas exploration (Mackenzie Delta Uplands, NWT); and (4) conventional gas and oil extraction (Cameron Hills, NWT). PAH deposition to lake sediments was also compared to climate reconstructions using climate proxies (diatom assemblages, inferred chlorophyll a and its diagenetic products, and Rock Eval carbon fractions as well as %OC). PAH sources were differentiated between potential pyrogenic and petrogenic origin over a period that extends to pre-industrial times using ratios of specific PAHs that can be traced to their potential source. Sediment cores from Cold Lake, AB showed concentrations of the sum of alkyl PAHs greater than those of parent PAHs, while all other cores show the reverse trend. A comparison of the % change of PAH concentrations from pre-development to post-development sediments between the four regions, showed that the greatest increase in concentrations of PAHs occurred in the Athabasca oil sands region. PAH profiles in the conventional regions have been historically dominated by mixed sources (pyrogenic PAHs from general background atmospheric inputs and petrogenic PAHs from the surrounding hydrocarbon-rich soils). While cores from the Fort McMurray area show a clear shift from pyrogenic sources (primarily wood and coal burning) in earlier sediments to petrogenic sources in more modern sediments, and the Cold Lake cores show some shifting sources to those dominated by pyrogenic sources in modern sediments. Organic carbon was significantly correlated with the sum of parent PAHs in 2 out of the 6 NWT cores that were examined for climate change impacts, while all other PAH parameters (concentration and composition) do not correlate significantly with any of the climate proxies. Establishing background concentrations and sources of PAHs in aquatic ecosystems is essential for understanding the natural environmental variations in these contaminants. Moreover, as both petrochemical activity and impacts from climate change are predicted to intensify in the future, studies such as this one allow us to build a solid understanding of how PAH deposition to northern lakes has responded to the warming climate and whether PAHs have been altered as a result of petrochemical activity.

Terrestrial arctic ecosystems store large amounts of carbon (C). With global warming, this C might be released into the atmosphere as CO2 by stimulation of soil microbial degradation. At the same time, CO2 uptake in plants is enhanced, which might, in parts, offset CO2 losses. Yet, the future balance of these two contrasting feedbacks remain uncertain. This study aimed to better understand changes of input and output CO2 fluxes in an arctic tussock tundra ecosystem in response to global warming, with a special focus on the contrast between two sub-ecosystem habitats, the tussocks and the space between tussocks.  An experimental setup was used, where snow fences simulated winter warming by increasing snow depth, and open top chambers simulated summer warming. Daytime ecosystem respiration (ER), reflecting the outward CO2 flux, gross ecosystem production (GEP), reflecting the inward CO2 flux, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), reflecting the net balance of both, were measured in the summer 2019 in the tussock and the intertussock habitat. In the tussock, both ER and GEP were as twice as high compared to the intertussock and increased with summer warming in a similar magnitude, resulting in an unchanged NEE. Fluxes in the intertussock were not altered with summer warming. Winter warming had no significant effects on ER and GEP in neither of the habitats. However, winter warming increased NEE and green biomass in the intertussock, indicating that in this habitat, plants benefit from warmer winter soil temperatures. Interaction effects of winter and summer warming underline the role of ecological processes outside the summer season, which are to date poorly understood. Contrasting responses of the two sub-ecosystem habitats highlight the challenges in predicting future C balances that are caused by small-scale spatial and temporal heterogeneity of C dynamics.

Department of Ecology an Resource Management / MENVSC

Dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique, la fonction puits de carbone des tourbières à sphaignes est susceptible d’être altérée en raison d’une modification des interactions sphaignes-microorganismes, responsables de l’accumulation de carbone. L’objectif de cette thèse a été (1) d’identifier les interactions chimiques entre les polyphénols des sphaignes et les communautés microbiennes des sphaignes et (2) d’évaluer l’impact du réchauffement climatique sur ces relations.Un dispositif expérimental (Open Top Chambers) simulant in situ une hausse modérée des températures (+ 1°C) a été installé sur la tourbière de Frasne (25). La hausse des températures a provoqué une modification du réseau alimentaire microbien avec l’augmentation de la biomasse des bactéries et une baisse importante (-70%) de la biomasse des prédateurs (amibes à thèque). Le réchauffement climatique a également induit une baisse de la production de polyphénols, diminuant ainsi leur effet inhibiteur sur les microorganismes. En parallèle à cette baisse, une hausse des activités enzymatiques phénoloxydases a également été enregistrée. Le réchauffement a ainsi modifié les relations polyphénols – phénoloxydases, deux éléments essentiels du cycle du carbone des tourbières.Les différents changements induits par le réchauffement climatique (polyphénols, phénoloxydases, réseau trophique microbien) ont aussi conduit à une modification des relations « sphaignes-microorganismes » via une accélération potentielle du recyclage des nutriments, ce qui pourrait influencer sur le long terme le fonctionnement de l’écosystème tourbière. / Carbon stocks of Sphagnum-peatlands are likely to be altered by climate warming due to important changes in “Sphagnum-microorganisms” relationships which are responsible for carbon sequestration. The objectives of the thesis are (1) to identify the chemical interactions between Sphagnum-polyphenols and Sphagnum associated microbial communities and (2) to understand the impact of warming on these relationships.An experimental design using Open-Top-Chambers (OTC) was used to simulate an increase of air temperatures (+1°C) on a peatland situated in Jura Mountains (Frasne, 25). Temperature increase induced a modification of the microbial food web with an increase of the biomass of bacteria and a strong decrease of the biomass of top-predators (-70%), i.e. testate amoebae. Warming also induced a decrease of Sphagnum-polyphenols, diminishing their inhibitory effect on microbial communities. In parallel, an increase of phenoloxidase enzymatic activities was recorded in OTC. Climate warming thus modified polyphenol-phenoloxidase interplay, two crucial components of carbon cycle in peatlands. Warming effects on the different components – i.e. polyphenols, phenoloxidases, microbial food web – induced a modification of Sphagnum-microbial communities interplay, favoring carbon and nutrient recycling, which could alter peatland functioning in long-term.

Les activités humaines menacent gravement la biodiversité. Sous le terme de changements globaux, la sur-exploitation des populations et la destruction/dégradation des habitats arrivent en tête de liste des facteurs responsables de l’érosion de la biodiversité. Le changement climatique gagne en magnitude et ajoute une pression supplémentaire sur les espèces. En réponse à l’augmentation des températures du globe, les communautés se réorganisent suite au déplacement de la distribution géographique des espèces vers les pôles. Mais l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques est susceptible de produire des effets d’interaction limitant l’ajustement des communautés au réchauffement climatique. Dans ce contexte critique, la biologie de la conservation a pour but de concilier les activités humaines avec la conservation de la biodiversité. Dans cette thèse j’ai cherché à comprendre comment l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques peut limiter l’ajustement des communautés au réchauffement climatique et à identifier les solutions qui pourraient être mises en place pour faciliter leur adaptation à ce réchauffement. J’ai pris pour modèle d’étude les espèces d’oiseaux d’eau hivernants dans les pays du bassin méditerranéen. Ces espèces emblématiques bénéficient d’un dénombrement international destiné à suivre leurs populations en réponse aux prélèvements par la chasse et à la dégradation des zones humides dont elles dépendent. La Méditerranée est une région fortement anthropisée où l’utilisation des ressources naturelles exerce d’importantes pressions sur les zones humides et leur biodiversité. En réponse, les pays ont différentes stratégies pour protéger ces écosystèmes, ce qui fait de cette région un plan expérimental intéressant pour mesurer l’impact dans changements globaux sur l’assemblage des espèces en fonction des mesures de conservation mises en oeuvre. En étudiant la réponse des communautés au réchauffement climatique sous un gradient de perte/dégradation d’habitat, je montre que l’ajustement des communautés est réduit, voire empêché, par la dégradation des zones humides. La Convention Ramsar vise justement à protéger les zones humides et leur biodiversité en maintenant une exploitation raisonnée des ressources naturelles. En évaluant l’effet de cette convention, je montre que son efficacité à conserver les populations d’oiseaux est dépendante de l’implémentation d’autres outils de protection, mais que son rôle est crucial dans les pays où la législation environnementale est faible. Enfin, j’évalue la capacité des conventions internationales à faciliter l’ajustement des communautés au réchauffement climatique grâce à la réduction des pressions qui s’exercent sur les populations. J’ai comparé la réponse des communautés entre les pays ayant ratifié la Convention de Berne, ceux ayant engagé son application strictement réglementaire sous la Directive Oiseaux (Union Européenne) et ceux n’ayant pas ratifié ces conventions. Le résultat est clair, plus la réglementation est précise et strictement réglementaire, plus les communautés et les espèces strictement protégées s’ajustent à l’augmentation des températures.En conclusion, les activités humaines sont une menace pour la biodiversité, mais les mesures de conservation, en réduisant les pressions sur les populations facilitent leur adaptation au changement climatique. La conservation des oiseaux d’eau nécessite une collaboration internationale et l’établissement de lois strictement réglementaires protégeant les zones humides et les espèces, tout en assurant une utilisation durable des ressources. / Human activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources.

L’eutrophisation et le réchauffement climatique sont reconnus comme des forçages majeurs du fonctionnement des lacs. Toutefois les connaissances concernant la réponse des communautés microbiennes eucaryotes à ces forçages sont encore très lacunaires, alors même que les microbes eucaryotes, porteurs d’une vaste diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle, sont des acteurs clés des réseaux trophiques lacustres. La pertinence des approches paléolimnologiques pour comprendre les impacts de ces forçages sur les communautés lacustres n’est plus à démontrer, mais aujourd’hui l’intégration des outils moléculaires pour analyser l’ADN archivé dans les sédiments offre des opportunités nouvelles pour reconstituer la dynamique passée de la biodiversité lacustre. Dans ce cadre, en s’appuyant sur le couplage entre paléolimnologie et outils de séquençage massif appliqués à l’ADN sédimentaire, ces travaux ont pour but (i) d’apporter des connaissances concernant la préservation de l’ADN des microbes eucaryotes dans les sédiments lacustres (ii) d’appliquer l’approche de paléogénétique sur des carottes sédimentaires issues de 3 lacs pour révéler la dynamique à long terme (de la décennie au millénaire) des microbes eucaryotes en lien avec l’évolution des conditions climatiques et anthropiques. Les résultats acquis sur le lac du Bourget ont permis de mettre en évidence l’efficacité d’archivage de l’ADN planctonique dans les sédiments récents pour la plupart des groupes eucaryotes (notamment chrysophycées, chytrides, chlorophytes, cercozoaires, ciliés, dinophycées). A partir d’une collection de carottes (issues du lac suédois Nylandssjön), l’effet de la diagénèse s’opérant au cours des premières années d’enfouissement a été évalué, permettant de démontrer que si la richesse taxonomique n’est pas impactée, des variations peuvent être détectées dans la structure de la communauté au cours des 10 premières années d’archivage avec une stabilisation du signal au-delà de cette période. L’approche paléogénétique a, en parallèle, été déployée d’une part à l’échelle du siècle sur deux lacs de même typologie mais ayant subi des niveaux d’eutrophisation contrastés, et d’autre part à une échelle temporelle plus longue (2200 ans) pour deux lacs de typologie contrastée (lac du Bourget, France et Igaliku, Groenland). Les résultats acquis démontrent que des réarrangements des communautés s’opèrent de manière concomitante aux périodes climatiques (réchauffement médiéval, petit âge glaciaire, réchauffement récent), et que le réchauffement climatique au cours des 30 dernières années a plus particulièrement favorisé certains groupes, notamment la richesse et l’abondance des dinophycées (en condition non eutrophe ; lac d’Annecy et du Bourget). Toutefois l’effet de l’eutrophisation est identifié comme le facteur le plus structurant, notamment dans le lac du Bourget (cas d’eutrophisation marquée, ~120 µgP.L-1). La forte influence du niveau d’eutrophisation est détectée sur la communauté eucaryote totale et plus particulièrement sur des groupes spécifiques tels que les chlorophytes et les ciliés. Les réarrangements majeurs de la communauté sont par ailleurs marqués par la mobilisation de taxons rares dans l’assemblage microbien eucaryote suggérant le rôle de la biosphère rare dans la capacité tampon des écosystèmes. Ces travaux pluridisciplinaires comptent parmi les premières études paléogénétiques appliquées aux microbes eucaryotes lacustres, contribuant de manière inédite aux connaissances de leur dynamique temporelle à long terme. Ces études tendent à confirmer le potentiel de ces approches pour reconstituer une vaste diversité de communautés lacustres. Les perspectives qui se dessinent dans la continuité de ces travaux concernent à la fois des aspects méthodologiques autour de la calibration du signal ADN archivé et la nécessité de déployer cette approche pour des lacs (sélectionnés) de typologies et histoires écologiques variées. / Eutrophication and climate warming are key factors governing lake functioning. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the response of microbial eukaryotic communities to these forcing factors even though microbial eukaryotes represent a huge taxonomic and functional diversity within lacustrine trophic networks. Paleolimnology has a well-established reputation for providing valuable insights into the drivers of biological assemblages over long time scales. The emergence of DNA analyses of lake sediments opens up many new opportunities for the reconstruction of past lacustrine biodiversity, including taxa that do not leave distinct morphological fossils. The present work aimed (i) to gain knowledge about the preservation of microbial eukaryotes DNA in lacustrine sediments (ii) to apply DNA-based methods to dated sediments in order to reveal the long-term dynamics (centennial to millennial) of microbial eukaryotes related to climatic and anthropogenic changes. The results obtained for Lake Bourget demonstrated the good efficiency of planktonic DNA archiving in recent sediments for most of microbial groups (chrysophyceae, chytrids, chlorophytes, cercozoa, ciliates, dinophyceae …). In complement, the use of a unique collection of freeze cores of varved sediment (Lake Nylandssjön, Sweden) allowed to assess the effects of diagenetic processes on microbial eukaryotes DNA occurring during the first years of burying. While the richness of the microbial eukaryotic community was not impacted, modifications were detected on the community structure during the first 15 years after deposition, then the DNA signal became stable. The paleoecological approach was applied to quantify centennial to millennial-scale dynamics on two deep peri-alpine lakes selected for their contrasted trophic history (lakes Bourget and Annecy, France) and two lakes with contrasted typologies (Lake Bourget, France and Lake Igaliku, Greenland). The results showed that some community rearrangements were concomitant with climate events (i.e. medieval warming, little ice age, recent warming) and that the recent climatic warming (over the last 30 years) favored more particularly some microbial groups including the dinophyceae (in terms of richness and relative abundance, in lakes Annecy and Bourget). However, the eutrophication seemed to prevail as a driver of these biological assemblages, in particular for Lake Bourget submitted to a marked eutrophication (up to 120 µg P. L-1 in the 1970s). The strong impact of the eutrophication was detected both at the whole community level and for specific groups such as chlorophytes and ciliates. Major rearrangements within eukaryotes community were also marked by the mobilization of rare taxa suggesting an important role of the rare biosphere as a reservoir of diversity to buffer the impacts of environmental stress. This multidisciplinary work thus provide new insights into the long-term dynamics of microbial eukaryotes communities. Our results confirm the potential of the application of high-throughput sequencing to sedimentary DNA for the lacustrine biodiversity reconstruction. Although these approaches are promising for further revolutionizing our understanding of long-term ecological dynamics, careful calibration studies are still to be conducted, as with any paleolimnological proxy. The generalization of our results is also to be tested using a sufficient number of lakes selected for their specific typologies and ecological histories (multi-lakes approach).

No description available.

Water temperature, ice cover, and lake stratification are important physical properties of lakes and reservoirs that control mixing as well as bio-geo-chemical processes and thus influence the water quality. We used an ensemble of vertical onedimensional hydrodynamic lake models driven with regional climate projections to calculate water temperature, stratification, and ice cover under the A1B emission scenario for the German drinking water reservoir Lichtenberg. We used an analysis of variance method to estimate the contributions of the considered sources of uncertainty on the ensemble output. For all simulated variables, epistemic uncertainty, which is related to the model structure, is the dominant source throughout the simulation period. Nonetheless, the calculated trends are coherent among the five models and in line with historical observations. The ensemble predicts an increase in surface water temperature of 0.34 K per decade, a lengthening of the summer stratification of 3.2 days per decade, as well as decreased probabilities of the occurrence of ice cover and winter inverse stratification by 2100. These expected changes are likely to influence the water quality of the reservoir. Similar trends are to be expected in other reservoirs and lakes in comparable regions.