MACÊDO, Joemília Conceição Araújo. Distribuição dos grupos funcionais de plantas aquáticas em áreas alagadas costeiras do nordeste brasileiro. 2015. 37 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T23:02:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-09-27T23:47:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T23:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Aquatic plants located in coastal lagoons have functional traits selected by abiotic conditions and related to the history of life, which allowed them to colonization and establishment in these environments. The present study tested the following hypotheses: (1) that the species have a homogeneous pattern of functional traits, resulting in the formation of a few groups; (2) that the limnological variables and soil act as a filter to select those traits and interfere in the distribution of populations in the pond. Thus the functional traits of the species present in a coastal lagoon in northeastern Brazil were analyzed using a sampling transects. Sediment samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. The limnology parameters were measured in the field, as well as the depth of the water depth and the occurrence of species away from the margin. Biological data showed formation of two functional groups, supporting the first hypothesis. But the abiotic variables were associated with the distribution of a few people, refuting the latter. Thus we conclude that the community of aquatic plants analyzed is formed by similar traits and abiotic effects are not decisive for the formation of these groups. / As plantas aquáticas situadas em lagoas costeiras apresentam traços funcionais selecionados por condições abióticas e relacionados à história de vida, que lhes permitiram a colonização e estabelecimento nesses ambientes. O presente trabalho testou as seguintes hipóteses: (1) que as espécies possuem um padrão homogêneo de traços funcionais, resultando na formação de poucos grupos; (2) que as variáveis limnológicas e pedológicas atuam como filtro que selecionam esses traços e interferem na distribuição das populações na lagoa. Desta forma os traços funcionais das espécies presentes numa lagoa costeira do nordeste brasileiro foram analisados por meio de uma amostragem por transectos. Amostras de sedimento foram retiradas e analisadas em laboratório. Os parâmetros limnológicos foram aferidos em campo, assim como a profundidade da lâmina d’água e a distância de ocorrência das espécies em relação à margem. Os dados biológicos evidenciaram a formação de dois grupos funcionais, corroborando a primeira hipótese. Porém, as variáveis abióticas foram associadas à distribuição de poucas populações, refutando a segunda hipótese. Com isso concluímos que a comunidade de plantas aquáticas analisada é formada por traços semelhantes e os efeitos abióticos não são determinantes para formação destes grupos.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / As plantas aquÃticas situadas em lagoas costeiras apresentam traÃos funcionais selecionados por condiÃÃes abiÃticas e relacionados à histÃria de vida, que lhes permitiram a colonizaÃÃo e estabelecimento nesses ambientes. O presente trabalho testou as seguintes hipÃteses: (1) que as espÃcies possuem um padrÃo homogÃneo de traÃos funcionais, resultando na formaÃÃo de poucos grupos; (2) que as variÃveis limnolÃgicas e pedolÃgicas atuam como filtro que selecionam esses traÃos e interferem na distribuiÃÃo das populaÃÃes na lagoa. Desta forma os traÃos funcionais das espÃcies presentes numa lagoa costeira do nordeste brasileiro foram analisados por meio de uma amostragem por transectos. Amostras de sedimento foram retiradas e analisadas em laboratÃrio. Os parÃmetros limnolÃgicos foram aferidos em campo, assim como a profundidade da lÃmina dâÃgua e a distÃncia de ocorrÃncia das espÃcies em relaÃÃo à margem. Os dados biolÃgicos evidenciaram a formaÃÃo de dois grupos funcionais, corroborando a primeira hipÃtese. PorÃm, as variÃveis abiÃticas foram associadas à distribuiÃÃo de poucas populaÃÃes, refutando a segunda hipÃtese. Com isso concluÃmos que a comunidade de plantas aquÃticas analisada à formada por traÃos semelhantes e os efeitos abiÃticos nÃo sÃo determinantes para formaÃÃo destes grupos. / Aquatic plants located in coastal lagoons have functional traits selected by abiotic conditions and related to the history of life, which allowed them to colonization and establishment in these environments. The present study tested the following hypotheses: (1) that the species have a homogeneous pattern of functional traits, resulting in the formation of a few groups; (2) that the limnological variables and soil act as a filter to select those traits and interfere in the distribution of populations in the pond. Thus the functional traits of the species present in a coastal lagoon in northeastern Brazil were analyzed using a sampling transects. Sediment samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. The limnology parameters were measured in the field, as well as the depth of the water depth and the occurrence of species away from the margin. Biological data showed formation of two functional groups, supporting the first hypothesis. But the abiotic variables were associated with the distribution of a few people, refuting the latter. Thus we conclude that the community of aquatic plants analyzed is formed by similar traits and abiotic effects are not decisive for the formation of these groups.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22286号 / 理博第4600号 / 新制||理||1660(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 工藤 洋, 教授 田村 実, 准教授 高山 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The aim of this study is to provide a further insight into influence of environment on clonal plants. The study focuses particularly on effects of fertilization level and light availability on production and growth of clonal organs. Three experiments were carried out within the study, targeted to elicit influence of these environmental conditions or clonal interactions on six species of clonal plants. Interspecies dependencies on these conditions was compared, regarding habitat occurrence of these species. A comparison was made also between species producing rhizomes and stolons. The experiments revealed that five of six studied species show significant relationship among at least one environmental condition and parameters of clonal reproduction. Most of the species showed higher elongation and production of clonal organs in relation to fertilization level. On the contrary, only three species reacted significantly to the light availability level by alternation of at least one parameter of clonal reproduction and the light availability level affected each species differently. A strong influence on production and elongation of clonal organs had also a size of a plant. There was not found significant difference in influence of environmental conditions on clonal reproduction among plant families. It...

Three separate studies of the effect of plant pathogen on population biology of its host are presented in the thesis. Two are using field data about a widespread system of plant Falcaria vulgaris and its systemic rust fungus Puccinia sii-falcariae. The first study shows, that the disease prevalences in 40 populations of the plant were correlated with the moisture, the soil reaction and the cover of the herb layer at the localities. This was probably a result of the interaction of the life history of the plant and different effect the disease has at various localities. Similar pattern was found in the second study that aimed to determine long-term effect of the disease at the population level at four chosen localities over 4-5 years. Population growth rates were only rarely predicted to be higher for the healthy part of the population when compared with the whole population. Other analyses have however found big differences among years and localities. The locality type (slope vs. field populations) was important factor influencing population stage composition and importance of life cycle transitions for the growth of the population. Finally, the last study explores the possibility that systemic infection in clonal plants might be able to select against clonality. The result of the modelling showed that more...

5 Absctract Environment and demographic characteristics of host population are important factors affecting incidence and severity of plant diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal possible effects of microclimatic and edaphic characteristics and host population demographic factors on the biotrophic pathogen Puccinia cribrata, microcyclic rust parasitising clonal evergreen plant Vinca minor. I studied the ecology of this pathosystem in natural populations of V. minor in the Soča valley in the Julian Alps in Slovenia. Rugged terrain of the Soča valley with different bedrocks allowed to study pathogen distribution at topographically diverse forest and scrub sites, greatly differing in soil depth and canopy structure. P. cribrata was significantly more likely to occur in the themophilous forest with shallow calcareous soils and open canopy than in the mesophilous forest types. Its prevalence (proportion of diseased stems in population) was also highest in this type of vegetation. Most important host population factors were population size and population density positively affecting incidence and prevalence respectively. Additionally, I tested various vegetation and topographic indexes derived from remote sensing for usability in prediction models. It appears that vegetation indexes connected with canopy...

Les plantes vivent en association avec une grande diversité de microorganismes qui forment son microbiota. Ce microbiote fournit des fonctions clés qui influencent tous les aspects de la vie d'une plante, de l'établissement à la croissance jusqu'à la production. Cette thèse a pour intention de déterminer les règlent d'assemblage du microbiote et ses conséquences pour le phénotypel l'adaptation et l'évolution des plantes. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous avont utilisé différentes approches expérimentales comprenant des plantes clonales comme organismes modèles ainsi que des mésocosmes prairiaux pour analyses à l'échelle des communautés. Nos résultats ont démontré i) que les Champignons Mycohiziens à Arbuscules induisent d'important es variations phénotypiques pour les traits des plantes clonales impliqués dans l'exploration de l'espace et l'exploitation des ressources. Ces changements dépendent de l'identité des symbiontes et altèrent les capacités des plantes à développer des réponses plastiques à l'hétérogénéité environnementale. ii) Les plantes ont évolué un méchanisme permettant la transmission d'une partie de leur microbiote a leur descendance, assurant la qualité de leur habitat. iii) Le contexte spécifique des communautés de plantes est un facteur majeur structurant l'assemblage du microbiota des plantes à échelle locale. L'abondance de certaines espèces de plante dans le voisinage d'une plante cible augmente ou diminue la diversité de son microbiote, déterminant in fine ses performances. De manière générale, cette thèse démontre l'importance des organismes symbiotiques dans la compréhension de l'adaptation et de l'évolution des plantes. / Plants live in association with a wide diversity of microorganisms forming the microbiota. The plant microbiota provides a variety of key functions that influence many aspects of plant's life comprising establishment, growth and reproduction. The present thesis aims at determining the assembly rules of the plant microbiota and its consequences for plant phenotype, adaptation and evolution. To fulfill this objective, we used different experimental approaches using either clonal plants as model organisms or grassland mesocosms for community-wide analyses. Our results demonstrated i) that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi induce important phenotypic variations in clonal plants traits involved in space exploration and resources exploitation. These changes depended on the identity of the symbionts and altered the plants ability to produce plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity. ii) Plants have evolved a mechanism allowing the transmission of a part of their microbiota to their progeny, ensuring thus their habitat quality. iii) The plant community context is a major factor structuring local plant microbiota assembly. Particular plant species identity in the neighborhood increase or decrease the microbiota diversity and ultimately determine the focal plant performance. This thesis overall demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microorganisms in the understanding of the plant adaptation and evolution. From the knowledges acquired we developed a novel understanding of symbiotic interactions in clonal plants by extending the holobiont theory to the meta-holobiont theory.

Clonal plants may be able to cope with spatial heterogeneity due to the physiological integration of ramets. Previous studies demonstrated that benefits of clonal integration increase with patch contrast between individual ramets. However, the same magnitude of contrast may be perceived differently in rich and poor environments. According to the theoretical work of Caraco and Kelly (1991), I expected these benefits to be the greatest in overall poor conditions and high between-patch contrast. To test this hypothesis, I conducted experiments with pairs of ramets of a stoloniferous grass, Agrostis stolonifera, grown in variously nutrient rich conditions. The experiment with pairs of ramet of similar developmental age showed only very weak effect of integration on growth of ramets, although integration significantly improved survival of ramets and also affected root-shoot ratio of ramets. Nevertheless, there were considerable benefits of integration in the experiment with developmentally older mother ramets and their daughter ramets. Contrary to the predictions, the benefits of integration were bigger in rich conditions and they decreased with increasing between-patch contrast. In addition, effect of integration on root-shoot ratio of ramets was opposite to the expected specialization for acquisition...

The thesis was focused on the microevolutionary mechanisms that contribute to morphological diversity in selected members of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). Natural hybridization, evidenced from both morphological characters and molecular markers, was revealed to be a potentially important source of diversification in the tropical spikerushes of Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa. High levels of phenotypic plasticity of clonal growth but rare genetic (ecotypic) differentiation among contrasting morphotypes were found in the polymorphic species Carex nigra, which implied that taxonomic splitting of the species was unreasonable.