Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5866_1.pdf: 1205075 bytes, checksum: f02458b06fb9941fb47e4b079c19887c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / O trabalho proposto objetiva analisar a cadeia industrial do Estado de Pernambuco, através da estimação da função de produção Cobb-Douglas. A fonte de dados para alcançar tal estimação esta presente na Tabela de Recursos e Usos de Pernambuco, na qual é construída com informações referente a metodologias empregadas em âmbito nacional-regional e a disposição de bancos de dados existentes em nível regional. A base de dados é cross-section referente ao ano de 1999, Problemas como heterocedasticidade são enfrentados no processo de estimação que necessitou de ajustes através da introdução de estimadores de White, alguns testes de erro de especificação foram aplicados, validando o modelo. Os resultados da estimação mostram que as elasticidades em relação ao Valor Bruto da Produção, fator trabalho, capital de baixa tecnologia e capital de alta tecnologia são, respectivamente, 0.44, 0.36, 0.15. Os testes indicam que existem retornos constantes de escala no setor industrial pernambucano para o ano de 1999

Darbo tikslas – apžvelgus gamybos funkciją ir išnagrinėjus Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkciją sudaryti logistinį Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkcijos modelį panaudojant logistines funkcijas darbo ir kapitalo įvertinimui. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo, yra sprendžiami tokie uždaviniai: Apžvelgti gamybos funkciją ir jos savybes; Aprašyti Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkciją; Aprašyti logistines kapitalo kaupimo funkcijas; Pasiūlyti metodą gamybos išeigai skaičiuoti remiantis kapitalo ir darbo įeiga; Išanalizavus Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkcijos sudarymo principą ir pritaikius logistines funkcijas sudaryti gamybos funkcijos modelį 1899-1922 metų gamybos išeigai įvertinti. Nustatyti logistinės Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkcijos parametrus, kuriuos naudojant būtų galima rasti gamybos išeigą bei pateikti jų grafinį atvaizdavimą; Palyginti paprastos Cobb-Douglas funkcijos ir logistinės funkcijos modelio galimybes įvertinti gamybos išeigą 1899-1922 metais; Darbą sudaro pradiniai puslapiai, įvadas, analitinis skyrius, siūlomo sprendimo skyrius, eksperimentinis skyrius, išvados ir baigiamieji puslapiai. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojama gamyba, gamybos funkcija, jos savybės, Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkcija ir logistinės kapitalo kaupimo funkcijos. Antroje dalyje apibrėžiamas siūlomas sprendimas – logistinis Cobb-Douglas gamybos funkcijos modelis. Trečioje dalyje atliekamas logistinio Cobb-Douglas modelio sudarymas, skaičiuojami funkcijos parametrai, braižomi grafikai. Išvadose išdėstomi gauti rezultatai, kurių buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the work is to analyze production function, Cobb-Douglas production function and create logistic Cobb-Douglas production function model using logistic functions for labour and capital evaluating. The main tasks are to review production function and its features, analyze Cobb-Douglas function and logistic capital accumulation models. After analysing Cobb-Douglas production function and logistic accumulation models propose logistic Cobb-Douglas production function model. Measure the coefficients of this model, and use it to calculate USA production output in 1899 -1922.Compare the possibilities of Cobb-Douglas production function and logistic Cobb-Douglas production function model to calculate production output. The methods used in the work are the following: general identification method, comparison, deduction, designing, analysis of alternatives, analysis of documents, synthesis, generalization, conversation methods, observation. Results – after analysing Cobb-Douglas production function and logistic capital accumulation models the logistic Cobb-Douglas production function model was created. It outlines the trend of USA production output in 1899 – 1922. It is better than simple Cobb-Douglas production function, because there is no need to find the values of labour and capital every year, because it is very difficult to measure these values. Also the logistic Cobb-Douglas production function model was created by using logistic accumulation recurrent relations... [to full text]

Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur hälsa och utbildning påverkar det ekonomiska välståndet i och utanför ekonomisk jämvikt i Europa. Studien omfattar 43 europeiska länder och ekonomiskt välstånd mäts i BNP per capita. Två modeller estimeras där den första är en variant av en utökad MRW-modell och den andra utgår ifrån en klassisk Cobb-Douglas produktionsfunktion. Skattningar av MRW-modellen baseras på paneldata för perioden 1995-2013 och Cobb-Douglas-specifikationen skattas med paneldata för perioden 1991-2013. Parametrarna skattas med minstakvadrat-estimatorn och i båda specifikationerna används fixa effekter. Det sammantagna resultatet från de båda modellerna är tvetydligt och det är svårt att ge en entydig slutsats. Investeringar i hälsa och utbildning har en svagt negativ effekt på BNP per capita medan förväntad livslängd vid födseln och utbildningsdeltagande på gymnasienivå har positiva effekter. De tvetydliga resultatet kan bero på omvänd kausalitet, modellspecifikation och/eller snedvridning orsakad av utelämnade variabler.

Sammanfattning Titel: Lågkonjunktur – En studie i vilka skillnader som finns för variationen i antal anställda inom IT- respektive industribranschen Författare: Emilio Nilsson, Oscar Kacprzak Handledare: Emil Numminen Institution: Blekinge Tekniska Högskola Kurs: Kandidatarbete i Företagsekonomi Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera för hur företagets ekonomiska data för den relativt unga IT-sektorn förklarar antal anställda gentemot hur företagets ekonomiska data förklarar nyckeltalet för en äldre mer erfaren bransch som industrisektorn. Metod: Vi har samlat ihop kvartalsrapporter från 1999 års första kvartal till 2009 års första kvartal för totalt 10 stycken företag som vi bedömt lämpliga för studien, 5 företag från IT-branschen samt 5 företag från industribranschen. Vi har därefter fört regressionsanalyser med antal anställda som Y-variabel och totala intäkter, aktienivå, rörelsekostnader samt rörelseresultat som X-variabler för att finna korrelationen däremellan. Slutsats: De framkomna resultaten från regressionsanalyserna pekar på att det finns skillnader branscherna emellan. Dessa var mest påtagliga i variablerna totala intäkter och rörelsekostnader. För båda variablerna hade industriföretagen större korrelation med Y-variabeln än vad IT-företagen hade. Korrelationen mellan antal anställda och rörelseresultatet kunde vi inte urskilja några tendenser branscherna emellan. Aktienivån hade en något större korrelation i variationen av antalet anställda för industriföretagen än för IT-företagen, där korrelationen var låg rakt igenom. Abstract Title: Recession - A study of the differences that exist for the variation in the number of employees in the IT and industrial sector Author: Emilio Nilsson, Oscar Kacprzak Supervisor: Emil Numminen Institution: Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Bachelor thesis in Economics Purpose: The aim of the paper is to examine and analyze how a company's financial data for the relatively young IT sector explains the number of employees compared to how the financial data explains it for an older more experienced branch like the industry sector. Method: We have collected quarterly reports from the first quarter of 1999 to the first quarter of 2009 for a total of 10 different companies that we determined appropriate for the study, 5 companies from the IT sector and 5 companies from the industrial sector. We have subsequently conducted a regression analysis with number of employees as the Y-variable and total income, stock level, operating expenses and operating income as the X-variables to find the correlation between them. Conclusion: The results of the regression analysis indicate that there are differences between the industries. These were most visible in the variables of total income and operating expenses. For both variables, the industrial companies’ had a greater correlation with the Y-variable than IT companies had. In the correlation between the number of employees and operating profit, we could not find any differences between the sectors. Stock levels had a slightly higher correlation in the variance of the number of employees for manufacturing companies than for the IT companies, where the correlation was low right through.

Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να ερευνήσει τον ρόλο της τεχνολογίας στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση όπως η τεχνολογία ορίζεται στο νεοκλασικό υπόδειγμα παραγωγής με εξωγενή ρυθμό τεχνολογίας. Αρχικά παρουσιάζουμε την θεωρητική βάση του υποδείγματος και εισάγουμε την έννοια παράλληλα την έννοια της τεχνολογικής παραγωγικότητας και την σημασία της. Με χρήση δεδομένων των εθνικών λογαριασμών της ελληνικής οικονομίας από την βάση δεδομένων Penn World Table εκτιμούμε τα μεγέθη της επιτευχθείσας οικονομικής ανάπτυξης και παραγωγικότητας για την Ελλάδα την περίοδο 1961- 2003, μέσω της λογιστικής της οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης. Στην συνέχεια προσπαθούμε να εκτιμήσουμε την επίδραση της τεχνολογικής παραγωγικότητας στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Επίσης προσπαθούμε να ερευνήσουμε το γεγονός ότι τα μερίδια οριακής συνεισφοράς των εργασία και κεφάλαιο στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη παραμένουν σταθερά, όπως υποτίθεται στο νεοκλασικό υπόδειγμα μεγέθυνσης, για τις δυτικές χώρες, μέσω της οικονομετρικής παλινδρόμησης του εθνικού εισοδήματος ως εξαρτημένη μεταβλητή και των εισροών εθνική εργασία και εθνικό κεφάλαιο ως ανεξάρτητες μεταβλητές για την περίοδο 1961 – 2003. Τα ευρήματα μας συνηγορούν την παραπάνω υπόθεση, ωστόσο η εξωγένεια της τεχνολογίας ατονεί. Συμπερασματικά αναφέρουμε τα νέα υποδείγματα οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης με ενδογενή τεχνολογία που παρουσιάζονται πιο εύκαμπτα στην μέτρηση εκείνης της ποσότητας της παραγωγικότητας που πρέπει να αποδοθεί στην τεχνολογική πρόοδο / The purpose of the present dissertation is to examine the role of technology in the economic growth as it is attributed in the exogenous growth neoclassical Solow model. We initially present the neoclassical growth Solow model and introduce the theoretical meaning of technology. Using data of the Greek national accounts from Penn World Table we measure the economic and the productivity growth that took place in the Greek economy for the period of 1961 – 2003, through the growth accounting approach. We then try to estimate to what extend this growth should be attributed to exogenous technology. We also investigate whether labor and capital compensation rates remain constant for the Greek economy, as it is implied from the exogenous growth neoclassical Solow model for the western countries, by regressing real GDP output with labor and capital inputs for the period of 1961-2003. Our findings plead the above empirical computation, however the exogenous hypothesis for the technology becomes weakened. Concluding we introduce modern growth theories that seem more appropriate for measuring the Productivity that should be attributed to technology.

Pagrindinis šio darbo uždavinys yra nustatyti, kaip žmogiškasis kapitalas įtakoja Lietuvos bendrąjį vidaus produktą (BVP). Žmogiškasis kapitalas šiame darbe vertinamas kaip vidutinis mokymosi metų skaičius, o fizinio kapitalo laiko eilutei sudaryti buvo pritaikytas nuolatinių atsargų metodas. Cobb-Douglas produkcijos funkcija buvo panaudota tam, kad įvertintume ryšį tarp šių dydžių. / The purpose of this paper is to find the impact of Human Capital on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Lithuania. The Human Capital was estimated as average number years of schooling, while perpetual inventory method was used to construct Physical Capital stock for Lithuania. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to get a relationship between these variables.

The petrochemical industry has hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and natural gas as its main raw material sources. However, the constituent chains of each segment of activity have distinct characteristics often stemming from the need to produce ever more efficient. The aim of this work is to verify some particularities of inputs used in the production of vinyl monochloride Braskem SA Thus, from the analysis of two distinct econometric modeling, containing inputs with greater specificity and integrated into the company, and the other with assets with low specificity and produced extra firm, aims to validate the hypothesis that the more specific the assets are greater the incentives for integrating them into the production process due to the need to make them technically more efficient. Thus, from the use of a functional Cobb Douglas, it was found that the active integrated into firm show a better fit, and, when using a test constraint coefficients in the regression model, it was noted that modeling integrated with active displays increasing returns to scale, which means that such assets appear to be more efficient from the standpoint of production that assets that present constant returns to scale. / A indústria petroquímica tem os hidrocarbonetos derivados do petróleo e o gás natural como suas principais fontes de matéria prima. Porém, as cadeias constituintes de cada segmento de atividade possuem características distintas muitas vezes advindas da necessidade de se produzir de forma cada vez mais eficiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar algumas particularidades dos insumos utilizados no processo de produção de monocloreto de vinila da Braskem S.A. Dessa forma, a partir da análise de duas modelagens econométricas distintas, uma contendo insumos com maior grau de especificidade e integrados à empresa, e a outra com ativos com baixa especificidade e produzidos extra firma, pretende-se validar a hipótese de que quanto mais específicos são os ativos maiores são os incentivos para integração dos mesmos aos processos produtivos devido à necessidade de torná-los tecnicamente mais eficientes. Desse modo, a partir da utilização da forma funcional Cobb Douglas, verificou-se que os ativos integrados à empresa apresentam um melhor ajustamento, além de que, ao utilizar um teste de restrição dos coeficientes no modelo de regressão, observou-se que a modelagem com ativos integrados apresenta retornos crescentes de escala, o que faz com que tais ativos pareçam ser mais eficientes do ponto de vista produtivo que os ativos não integrados que apresentam retornos constantes de escala.

The elasticity of factor substitution between capital and labor is a crucial parameter in many economic fields. However, despite extensive research, there is no agreement on its value. Utilizing 738 estimates from 41 studies published between 1961 and 2016, this paper provides the first meta-regression analysis of capital-labor substitution elasticities for the U.S. economy. We show that heterogeneity in reported estimates is driven by the choice of estimation equations, the modeling of technological dynamics, and data characteristics. Based on the underlying meta-regression sample and a "best practice" specification, we estimate a long-run elasticity in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. For all estimated elasticities the hypothesis of a Cobb-Douglas production function is rejected.

Criada na década de vinte, a função de produção Cobb-Douglas é, ainda hoje, muito popular na literatura microeconômica. Contudo, durante o século XX, o desenvolvimento da informática e das telecomunicações possibilitou diversas mudanças na forma de gestão das firmas. Como exemplo, é possível citar a implantação de sistemas integrados de gerenciamento e o crescente investimento em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) de novos produtos e processos, bem como a qualificação da sua mão-de-obra via treinamento. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se propõe a identificar a influência das variáveis gerenciamento, P&D e treinamento de mão-de-obra na função de produção de empresas do setor de bens de capital brasileiro. Para tanto serão desenvolvidos modelos econométricos, baseado em uma função Cobb-Douglas modificada, com especificações que contemplem a inclusão de tais variáveis. / Built in the twenties, the production function Cobb-Douglas is still very popular in the microeconomic literature. However, during the twentieth century, the development of computing and telecommunications has enabled several changes in companies management. As an example, we can mention the implementation of integrated management systems and the increasing investment in research and development (R&D) of new products and processes as well as the qualifications of its manpower through training. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the influence of the variables management, R&D and manpower training in the production function of companies in the brazilian capital goods sector. In order to achieve the proposed objective, this work will develop some econometric models, based on a modified Cobb-Douglas function, with specifications that address the inclusion of such variables.

Criada na década de vinte, a função de produção Cobb-Douglas é, ainda hoje, muito popular na literatura microeconômica. Contudo, durante o século XX, o desenvolvimento da informática e das telecomunicações possibilitou diversas mudanças na forma de gestão das firmas. Como exemplo, é possível citar a implantação de sistemas integrados de gerenciamento e o crescente investimento em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) de novos produtos e processos, bem como a qualificação da sua mão-de-obra via treinamento. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se propõe a identificar a influência das variáveis gerenciamento, P&D e treinamento de mão-de-obra na função de produção de empresas do setor de bens de capital brasileiro. Para tanto serão desenvolvidos modelos econométricos, baseado em uma função Cobb-Douglas modificada, com especificações que contemplem a inclusão de tais variáveis. / Built in the twenties, the production function Cobb-Douglas is still very popular in the microeconomic literature. However, during the twentieth century, the development of computing and telecommunications has enabled several changes in companies management. As an example, we can mention the implementation of integrated management systems and the increasing investment in research and development (R&D) of new products and processes as well as the qualifications of its manpower through training. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the influence of the variables management, R&D and manpower training in the production function of companies in the brazilian capital goods sector. In order to achieve the proposed objective, this work will develop some econometric models, based on a modified Cobb-Douglas function, with specifications that address the inclusion of such variables.