No description available.

Cognitive-behavioral treatments are the most well-documented, and apparently most effective, treatments for childhood depression. Efforts to translate these findings to clinical practice are thwarted by the large number of strategies (and sessions) included in empirically supported treatment packages and a lack of guidance regarding differential selection of strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of case formulation on the selection of individual treatments for childhood depression. Two hundred thirty-seven Ph.D.-level mental health professionals with knowledge of behavioral and/or cognitive behavioral theory and practice were recruited via e-mail to participate in this study. Candidates were asked to indicate the likelihood that they would select each of 9 cognitive-behavioral treatments based on one of twelve fictional vignettes. The vignettes were designed to represent children of ages 6, 10, and 14, and presenting with depression based on Cognitive Distortion, Social Skills Deficit, or Environmental Deficit etiologies. Three "Control" vignettes, in which the age of the child was varied but no case formulation was provided, were also included. Our results provide confirmation that case formulation is an important step in the treatment of childhood disorder. Participants successfully matched cognitive treatments to cognitive etiologies, social skills treatments to social skills deficit etiologies, and environmental treatments to environmental deficit etiologies of childhood depression. Differences in treatment selection were also noted with regard to age of the child being treated, in a manner consistent with developmental theory. Here, we have confirmed that the case formulation approach is useful in the differential selection of empirically supported cognitive-behavioral treatments for childhood depression. / Ph. D.

Research involving correctional officer stress has increased over the past several decades due to the overall concern of the consequences of stress within the field. When comparing the body of research for police officers versus correctional officers, it is clear that there is abundance of research for the former than the latter. Further, advanced stress management programs have yet to be evaluated in a correctional setting, specifically the cognitive-behavioral interventions supplied in medical and athletic settings. The present investigation studied the effects of an adaptive cognitive-behavioral stress management for correctional officers during their academy training and its effect on self-reported stress levels pre-field training, 3-month and 6-month field training time. Officers were placed into two groups, one of which received the 1-hour CBSM program (focusing on cognitive restructuring, assertion and problem-solving training) and the other that received the standard protocol in academy training. The officers completed a series of self-reported measures including the Job Stress Survey, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding and an assessment to determine their knowledge retention of the skills presented in the program. Results indicated that those in the experimental group's self-reported job stress severity increased over six months, compared to the control group. It was suggested that participants tended to present themselves in an overly confident and inaccurate manner, which may have contributed to the subclinical scores on the scales. Additionally, the experimental group demonstrated decreases on several job stress measures, and increases in phobic anxiety and depression.

Background: The World Health Organization report shows that about 30% of all women who have been in a relationship have experienced physical or sexual violence in intimate relationships. 38% of all murders of women is made of a close partner. In Sweden, an estimated 22 000 cases of violence against women a year, where domestic violence is the single largest portion. The two most common treatment models for men who used violence in close relationships is Domestic Abuse Intervention Program and cognitive behavioral therapy. The government's goal is to stop men's violence against women. Therefore, the issue of men's violence against women is raised as a fourth milestone in equality policy to draw attention to the violence linked to the patterns and norms that exist in society. Socialstyrelsen underlines that there are few evaluations of activities using cognitive behavioral therapy. Aim: Examining the effect of CBT as a treatment for men who used violence in close relationships. Method: Systematic literature study. Results: Based on the results obtained it is possible to gently draw positive conclusions that motivation and attitude are important components in the changing process. There is some evidence to suggest that CBT can be an effective treatment for men who used violence in relationships during a follow-up of four to nine months if the participant’s got motivation and willingness to change.

Transition age youth with disabilities are at an elevated risk to experience depression and anxiety compared to youth without disabilities. The current study evaluates the implementation feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the Think, Be, Do curriculum (a mental health curriculum) for transition age students in special education classrooms. The Think, Be, Do curriculum is a teacher delivered, ten-session mental health curriculum, based in cognitive behavioral and ecological theory, that promotes behavior activation and cognitive reframing of negative thoughts. A total of 11 classrooms were recruited and 115 students participated in a randomized controlled trial. Classrooms were randomly assigned to either treatment (n = 7) or control condition (n = 4). Treatment condition classrooms were exposed to the Think, Be, Do curriculum twice a week for five weeks. Control condition classrooms were instructed to continue business as usual. Results from the pre-post feasibility trial indicate that the Think, Be, Do curriculum was feasible to implement with high fidelity, and was acceptable to the teachers who implemented the curriculum and for student participants. In addition, student knowledge increased on common mental health concerns (e.g., depression and anxiety) for participants in the treatment condition. There were no clinically meaningful differences found between conditions on the putative mechanisms (e.g., behavior activation, negative thoughts), internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and academic competence. Implications for research and practice are discussed, including the need for further curriculum adaptation, development of reliable and valid mental health measures, and the need for a more targeted implementation approach.

Trauma exposure among youth in the United States is a common event. Although the number of individuals who meet criteria for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is only a small percentage of those exposed to trauma, many individuals who do not meet full criteria for PTSD continue to experience problematic posttraumatic stress symptomology. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an empiricallybased psychological intervention that has shown effectiveness in the treatment of a number of concerns among both adults and adolescents. ACT has shown preliminary effectiveness in the treatment of adult PTSD, but its effectiveness in treating adolescent posttraumatic stress is currently unknown. Using a multiple-baseline design, the present study investigated the effectiveness of a 10-week ACT protocol to treat adolescents experiencing posttraumatic stress. Seven individuals between the ages of 12 and 17 participated in the treatment, four of who were from a community sample and three who were in residential care to treat comorbid eating disorders. Structured interviews were completed at pretreatment and individuals reported baseline data for anywhere from 7 to 66 days before engaging in treatment. Symptom and process measures were completed at each session. Postassessment was completed one week following the final session. Results revealed a decrease in posttraumatic stress symptomology across both samples, with a 73.7% mean reduction in self-reported posttraumatic stress symptomology and a mean reduction of 58.8% on clinician-rated measures of PTSD. Overall results provide preliminary support for ACT as an effective treatment for adolescent posttraumatic stress. Empirical and clinical implications of results as well as limitations and future directions are discussed.

This research project demonstrates the importance of the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and its relationship to the frequency of suicidal thoughts in veterans through the use of the positivist paradigm. The correlation that was found showing that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy does reduce the frequency of suicide ideation through the collection of quantitative data, and the understanding of Cognitive Learning Theory it is this study offers clinicians another tool to combat suicide in veterans.

Youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher rates of depression than healthy youth. A cognitive-behavioral treatment, primary and secondary control enhancement training-physical illness (PASCET-PI), for depressed adolescents with IBD was associated with reductions in depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the salience of nonspecific processes (factors inherent in any human relationship) and specific processes (factors related to therapy content) during PASCET-PI sessions and their association with improvements in psychological functioning. Participants included 10 adolescent patients with IBD with mean illness duration of 31.9 months. At intake, eight participants qualified for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and two for a diagnosis of minor depression. Participants completed measures of depressive symptomatology and clinicians completed the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). Measures were completed at posttreatment, 6 months posttreatment, and 1 year posttreatment. Independent judges used the Psychotherapy Process Q-sort (PQS) to rate the salience of therapeutic processes for PASCET-PI sessions #2 and #8 for each subject. PQS ratings of PASCET-PI sessions were con-elated with ideal prototypes of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), inteqnrsonal therapy (IPT), and psychodynamic (PD) orientations that were previously developed based on PQS ratings of an ideal session, according to expert therapists. Findings indicate that PASCET-PI sessions most closely resembled the CBT prototype (r = .51, p < .05). Change scores on outcome measures were correlated with PQS-prototype correlates to determine which processes were associated with improved psychological functioning. Findings suggest that reductions in depressive symptomatology were associated with processes characteristic of various orientations. Thus, CBT processes were not exclusive in promoting change. There were strong positive relationships between change scores of the PCS and prototypes of all orientations (CBT, IPT, and PD) at posttreatment and between the CDI and ASQ and all orientations at 6-months follow-up (r = .62 -.72, p < .05). Comparisons of specific process-outcome correlates and nonspecific process-outcome correlates did not reveal significant differences.

In der vorliegenden Studie soll die Veränderung emotionaler Verarbeitung depressiver Patienten im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe untersucht werden. Als Messinstrument dient uns das EEG, welches als eine nicht invasive, sensitive Methode, die Veränderung der emotionalen Reaktion mittels EKPs darstellbar macht. So soll in dieser Studie ein Paradigma entwickelt werden, welches die Veränderung der emotionalen Verarbeitung von depressiven Patienten erfassen kann, um zukünftig die Effektivität von Psychotherapie anhand objektivierbarer Maße zu evaluieren. / The aim of this study is to examine the alterations in emotion processing of depressive patients compared to a healthy control group. The EEG serves as gauge as it is a non-invasive, sensitive method representing changes in emotional reactions via ERPs. In order to evaluate effectivity of psychotherapy with objective factors we want to develope a paradigm which can determine emotion processing of depressive patients. In the EEG we consider N170, a ERP which highly specific for eyes and further also for facial expression. EPN as one of the earliest reactions to emotional stimuli deflects to higher extend to those emotional stimuli than to neutral ones. Our third element is P300 which is also sensitive for emotional mien.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in attentional biases following CBT for Social Phobia. It was found that 1.) consistent with previous investigations, the overall sample displayed vigilance toward threatening facial stimuli prior to receiving treatment, and 2.) participants’ pattern of responding to threatening facial stimuli changed following treat-ment, but only when the sample was divided into those who were vigilant and those who were avoidant prior to treatment. Findings provide support for the presence of two distinct sub-groups with differing attentional styles, one with a tendency for vigilance toward social threats, and a second with a tendency to avoid threat cues. These findings have important implications for how individuals may differentially respond to treatment and may help explain some of the mixed findings in the extant literature on Social Phobia and attention bias.