Baggrund: Sammenhæng i sundhedsvæsenets aktiviteter er et aktuelt fokusområde. Den danske strukturreform af 2007 tilsigtede, udover at videre udvikle et demokratisk styret offentligt sundhedsvæsen, at skabe sammenhæng, effektivitet og kvalitet i sundhedsvæsenet. Denne undersøgelse ser nærmere på begrebet sammenhæng. Formål: Belyse fænomenet sammenhæng i genoptræning i relation til rygsygdom og i relation til strukturreformen. Metode: Undersøgelsen rummer kvalitative gruppeinterviews af patienter og sundhedsprofessionelle og en modificeret fænomenologisk analysemodel. Teorigrundlaget er tre forskellige perspektiveringer; et sundhedsplanlæggende-, et subjekt- og et integrationsperspektiv. Resultater: Sammenhæng i genoptræning er når udgangspunktet for genoptræningen er en klar diagnose, når genoptræningen subjekt orienteres, når ræsonnementer vedrørende ressourcer tænkes ind i genoptræningen og når den faglige kapacitet udnyttes maximalt. Konklusion: En klar diagnose er helt central for sammenhængen både for patienter og terapeuter. Strukturreformen har forandret rammerne og ansvarsfordelingen for genoptræning, men har ikke i sig selv forbedret sammenhængen. Sammenhæng kan relateres til evalueringsmodellen indeholdende struktur, proces og resultat. / Background: Cohesiveness in health care activities is a current topic. The Danish structural reform of 2007 intended to create coherence, efficiency and quality in health care and to further the development of Denmark´s democratically run public health care system. Purpose: This study aimed to look more closely at the phenomenon of cohesive rehabilitation in relation to the structural reform, particularly regarding low back pain. Method: The investigation used group interviews with patients and health professionals, and a modified fenomenological model of analyses. Its theory is based on three different perspectives: a health planning perspective, a particular subject perspective and an integration perspective. Results: Cohesive rehabilitation exists when the basis for rehabilitation includes an evident diagnosis, subject orientated, considerations of resources, and completely exploited professional knowledge. Conclusion: An evident diagnose is a crucial aspect of cohesive rehabilitation for both patients and health professionals. Although reform changed the settings and responsibilities of rehabilitation it did not increase cohesiveness. Cohesiveness can be related to the model of evaluation including structure, process and outcome. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-04-1</p>

This thesis presents health care organizations as heterogenic and highly complex in nature with particular normative structures underpinning their formal rational structures. It seeks to explore the evolution of organization structure as applied to a medical corporation in Qatar and to examine the nature of organizational culture and multi professional cohesiveness. In doing so it assesses a range of models on organizational design and change. The three hospitals that compose the corporation are investigated through triangulated interpretative qualitative and quantitative methodologies and the application of the Competing Values Framework. The comprehensive approach of the investigation resulted in a series of conclusions on the evolution of hospital organizational structures, the link between life cycle and structure, forms of organizing health services, characertistics of professional structures, the nature and success of change management strategies, coordination mechanisms, organizational and professional cultures, and health service, organizational and team effectiveness assessment. Findings demonstrated that autonomous and sometimes conflicting professions worked in harmony and cohesiveness as a consequence of shared core values and the human relations focus of health organizations. In examining organizational design it showed that coordination mechanisms were preferred to integration mechanisms with the former playing an important role in conflict resolution and human relations. Finally, findings indicated that when organizational design has shortcomings, the organization substitutes through other mechanisms.

Historically human endeavors around the globe are in search of bilateral relationships. Knowledge and commerce has played a very significant role in increasing the ability for humans to connect for the betterment of the human species. As the means of communication improve, mutual benefits to the community as a whole also increase. Moreover, the benefits are filtered down to members of the overall community. Recent advancement in electronic communication technologies and in knowledge, in particular, physical, chemical, engineering and medical sciences and philosophies, have facilitated nearly instantaneous multi-cultural interactions. Local problems and solutions have become global. This has generated a need for cooperation, coordination, and co-management at local and global levels. This instant communication and easy access to almost all members of the global community, with minimal cost and effort, causes an increase in uncertainty and lack of clarity in communication and misunderstanding between the members of the community. This leads to a fuzzy and stochastic environment. In short, the 21st century has seen a significant increase in the need to consider all human endeavors as being subject to random environmental fluctuations. More precisely, currently the human species is highly mobile. In this work, an attempt is made (1) to balance communities working cooperatively and cohesively with one another while preserving member ability to retain individuality and fostering an environment of cultural state diversity. We develop (2) constructive analytic algorithms that provide tools to study qualitative and quantitative properties of multicultural diverse dynamic social networks. Under network parametric space/set conditions (3) cohesion and co-existence of members of multicultural dynamic network are insured. The parametric conditions (4) are algebraically simple, easy to verify, and robust. Moreover, the presented study of parametric representations of cohesion, co-existence and consensus attributes and robustness of multicultural dynamic networks provides a quantitative tool for planning, policy and performance of human mobility processes for members of a multicultural dynamic network. We develop and investigate (5) a deterministic dynamic multicultural network. To exhibit the significance of the analysis, ideas, the complexity and limitations, we present a specific prototype model. This serves to establish the framework for finding explicit sufficient conditions in terms of system parameters for studying a complex dynamic network. Further, we decompose the cultural state domain into invariant subsets (6) and consider the behavior of members within each cultural state subset. Moreover, we analyze the relative cultural affinity between individual members relative to the center of the social network. We then (7) outline the general method for investigating a multicultural cultural network. We also demonstrate the degree of conservatism of the estimates using Euler type numerical approximation schemes. We are then able to consider how changes in the various parametric effects are reflected on the dynamics of the network. The deterministic multicultural dynamic model and analysis is extended (8) to a multicultural dynamic network under random environmental perturbations. We present a detailed prototype model for the purpose of investigation. Introducing the concept of stochastic cohesion and consensus in the context of probabilistic modes of convergence (9), the explicit sufficient conditions in terms of system parameters are given to exhibit the cohesive property of the stochastic network. The effects of random fluctuations are characterized. We then extend the stochastic model (10) to a multicultural hybrid stochastic dynamic network model. By considering a hybrid dynamic, we can explore the properties of a multicultural dynamic under the influence of both continuous-time and discrete-time cultural dynamic systems. This model captures external influences and internal changes that may have an impact on the members and system parameters of the dynamic network. We extend the ideas of global cohesion and consensus to local cohesion and consensus (11). Again, the detailed study is focused on a prototype hybrid multicultural dynamic network. Using the ideas and tools developed from the stochastic network (12), we are able to establish conditions on the network parameters for which the cultural network is locally cohesive. Using Euler-Maruyama type numerical approximation schemes to model the network, we better understand to what extent the analytically developed estimates are feasible.

Wisdom, though ancient in concept, has only recently grown in empirical research. Often seen as the pinnacle of human development, wisdom includes the key aspects of exceptional insight, reflection, discernment, knowledge, and judgment, which are required for guiding the long-term future of an organization. Wisdom is believed to enhance an organization's ability to work towards multiple goals simultaneously, assist in appropriately assigning priorities, and lessen the organization's reliance on guidance or rules. Utilizing simultaneous regression analysis, available through partial least squares modeling, this research study included 230 full time non-instructional staff from both a traditional university setting and numerous branch offices. The collective wisdom of individuals in a business setting, measured as a composite of the three dimensions (cognitive, affective and reflective), significantly increased team cohesiveness, cognitive-based and affective-based interpersonal trust, and intrinsic job satisfaction. The reflective wisdom factor of lack of self-pity or resentment provided the largest effect upon all three organizational measures. Perspective-taking significantly increased both team cohesiveness and all four aspects of emotional intelligence. Though emotional intelligence did have many significant relationships with wisdom, it was not determined to serve as a mediating variable.

A number of significant challenges confront effective communication in partially distributed conceptual design teams (PDCDTs), mainly due to the ill-defined and open nature of conceptual design tasks and their associated solution spaces. In contrast to co-located team members who interact face-to-face, communication difficulties among PDCDTs can intensify as a result of the physical separation of team members and their heavy reliance on communication technologies to achieve desired outcomes. Despite advances in these technologies, the ability to convey contextual and paralinguistic cues is still more limited between distant partners in comparison to face-to-face interactions. Thus, team members often experience challenges in establishing and maintaining shared understanding. In addition, partially distributed teams are more vulnerable to in-group dynamics than fully distributed or fully co-located teams. There have been substantial theoretical advances in the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) that seek to address these challenges. Although CMC theories are hypothetically convincing and generally accepted, actual empirical findings are to some extent either unconvincing or contradictory. Moreover, questions remain about whether CMC theories can hold up in the context of non-equivalent communication technologies. The proliferation of various communication devices (e.g., smart phones, tablets, laptops, and desktops)–not to mention the growing corporate use of fully immersive telepresence technologies–means that a variety of combinations of communication devices can be used. To date, however, the majority of CMC studies have focused on the use of equivalent communication technologies (e.g., laptop to laptop). Given these practical challenges and research gaps, the overall objective of this study was to investigate how to improve shared understanding in PDCDTs. The study encompassed four distinct research threads. Study 1 conceptualized shared understanding in PDCDTs. From Study 1, factors associated with shared understanding were identified, and an input-process-output (IPO) model of shared understanding was developed. Study 2 examined the intra- and inter-sub-group communication patterns among PDCDTs. From Study 2, three different analytical approaches for exploring communication patterns were used to elucidate valuable insights into how interactions within and across sub-groups change with design tasks, as well as how individual roles and interpersonal dynamics affect those interactions. Study 3 utilized the outcomes from Study 1 (IPO model of shared understanding) to develop and validate an instrument to measure shared understanding. Lastly, Study 4 examined how different combinations of non-equivalent communication technologies impacted shared understanding in PDCDTs by using the shared understanding instrument developed from Study 3. Specifically, four types of communication technology conditions were utilized: (1) telepresence to telepresence (two different sizes), (2) telepresence to laptops, (3) telepresence to mobile devices, and (4) laptops to mobile devices. The findings revealed significant impacts of communication technologies on co-located and distant shared understanding, as well as differences between co-located and distant shared understanding for each communication technology condition. In addition, the impacts of shared understanding on different communication technology user groups were identified. Based on these findings, a number of communication technology recommendations, as well as managerial intervention strategies to operate successful PDCDTs, were developed. / Ph. D.

Women are often predominated in so-called "women´s jobs" including nursing, teaching and administration while jobs such as manager, board of director and financier are dominated by men. Hence, the corporate board has been male-dominated. However, in recent decades the number of women entering the boardroom has increased. Women are aware of their opportunites in terms of managerial jobs. Nevertheless, Sweden has one of the highest levels of gender equality in the world. Women with business experience and education are steadily moving upp the corporate ladder. The importance of female directors´ contributions on the corporate board has been recognized. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how women contribute on the corporate board in Sweden. The focus of the study lies on the perspectives of female and male directors. The study was conducted with the use of a qualitative method. It provided us with an understanding of the subject based on respondents´ experience. In order tol fulfill the purpose, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with male and female directors on the corporate board in Sweden. The empirical data was analyzed by the process of qualitative data analysis (QDA). We have increased the knowledge of female directors´ contributions on the corporate board in Sweden. Female directors do not posses a profound understanding of female customers. There is a strong link between female representatives and enhanced board communication. Furthermore, there is no relation between female directors and companies´ involvement in charitable activities. There is no difference in the way female and male directors monitor the board.

As far as wage disparity and its social, political and economic consequences are concerned, one can easily see that it is a popular topic on which many studies and research have been conducted. The recent financial turmoil drew the people`s attention on the issue of wage disparity, and the people started to discuss this issue on the equity and fairness grounds, but the only thing that economists can do is to examine the economic consequences of the wide wage disparities. It is much easier to conduct a study on the issue of wage disparity by using the data on the professional sport teams due to their several advantages and in this paper I chose to study the relationship between intra-team wage dispersion and teams` performance by using data on randomly chosen 16 teams from the National Football League over the sample period of 2000-2008. First of all, a general introduction to the issue takes place. Then a detailed theoretical background is provided. After mentioning some previous evidence and methodology, empirical results are revealed. Those results show us that Ramaswamy`s and Rowthorn`s Damage Potential Hypothesis is supported over Levine`s Cohesiveness Hypothesis by the data.

In the last decades, the spatial organization of services has become a key issue in the urban planning literature. The basic reasons for this significance are the difficulties not only in understanding this complex and context-dependent organization, but also in developing planning interventions for this organization. Moreover, author believes that the existing theoretical frameworks have some inabilities in interpreting the spatial organization at the intra-metropolitan scale. Therefore, this study basically aims to redefine the spatial organization of service activities in Ankara with a relational perspective, and consequently, to develop an information-base for new types of planning interventions. For this purpose, first, the concepts and the fields of concepts that are integral to the spatial organization of services are examined. These concepts are the spatial patterns of concentration and dispersion and the spatial cohesiveness. Thereafter, the analytical framework that is required to study these concepts empirically, is introduced by stating the advantages of using descriptive mathematical techniques, indicators and methodological procedures in relational perspective. In the case study, the spatial organization of services in Ankara is redefined basically with reference to the spatial patterns of concentration and dispersion and the spatial cohesiveness of services. This redefinition displays the monocentric structure of Ankara and the differentiated parts within the spatial organization of services according to the activity compositions. Afterwards, this redefinition is utilized as the starting point for the reformulation of a new planning approach and new regulations directed towards the differentiated parts of the spatial organization of services. Finally, the methodological and contentual contributions, and also the possible further studies are presented as concluding remarks.

<p>Women are often predominated in so-called "women´s jobs" including nursing, teaching and administration while jobs such as manager, board of director and financier are dominated by men. Hence, the corporate board has been male-dominated. However, in recent decades the number of women entering the boardroom has increased. Women are aware of their opportunites in terms of managerial jobs. Nevertheless, Sweden has one of the highest levels of gender equality in the world. Women with business experience and education are steadily moving upp the corporate ladder. The importance of female directors´ contributions on the corporate board has been recognized. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how women contribute on the corporate board in Sweden. The focus of the study lies on the perspectives of female and male directors. The study was conducted with the use of a qualitative method. It provided us with an understanding of the subject based on respondents´ experience. In order tol fulfill the purpose, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with male and female directors on the corporate board in Sweden. The empirical data was analyzed by the process of qualitative data analysis (QDA). We have increased the knowledge of female directors´ contributions on the corporate board in Sweden. Female directors do not posses a profound understanding of female customers. There is a strong link between female representatives and enhanced board communication. Furthermore, there is no relation between female directors and companies´ involvement in charitable activities. There is no difference in the way female and male directors monitor the board.</p>

<p>As far as wage disparity and its social, political and economic consequences are concerned, one can easily see that it is a popular topic on which many studies and research have been conducted. The recent financial turmoil drew the people`s attention on the issue of wage disparity, and the people started to discuss this issue on the equity and fairness grounds, but the only thing that economists can do is to examine the economic consequences of the wide wage disparities. It is much easier to conduct a study on the issue of wage disparity by using the data on the professional sport teams due to their several advantages and in this paper I chose to study the relationship between intra-team wage dispersion and teams` performance by using data on randomly chosen 16 teams from the National Football League over the sample period of 2000-2008. First of all, a general introduction to the issue takes place. Then a detailed theoretical background is provided. After mentioning some previous evidence and methodology, empirical results are revealed. Those results show us that Ramaswamy`s and Rowthorn`s Damage Potential Hypothesis is supported over Levine`s Cohesiveness Hypothesis by the data.</p>