No description available.

The main purpose of this research was to understand the civil war in Sierra Leone and its antecedents, and to analyse the package of reconstruction reforms which came along in the post-war era and their relevance for and impact on the local challenges for longer term peace. Continued corruption among the political class, the persistent disenfranchisement of important social groups, and emerging tensions along political party lines suggested that, ten years on from the Lomé Peace Accord, there may have been a malaise in the peacebuilding plan. To investigate the complex issues, and to support the hypothesis that the model for reconstruction was not best suited to local conditions and local priorities, the work first made a deep interrogation of the historic political, cultural and economic factors which led to the violent conflict. This scrutiny of the local experience allowed the conceptualisation of a germane 'framework for peace' which represented the most pressing priorities of the local community and the central challenges for peace. The framework reflected the main concerns of the local populace and was used as an analytical tool to better understand the relevance of the model for reconstruction vis-à-vis the local context. Through a critical analysis of the post-war reforms and their impact on the social dimensions of recovery, in particular macro-economic reforms and the promotion of democracy, conclusions were drawn about the appropriateness and efficacy of the model of reconstruction experienced in Sierra Leone and how it supported local priorities for peace. The enquiry found that, in general, the model for reconstruction was not best suited to the local context because of its inflexibility to support the local peacebuilding and its many challenges. In some ways the model for reconstruction heightened residual tensions from the conflict because it failed to address key issues for reform such as governance and social justice.

Baggrund: Sammenhæng i sundhedsvæsenets aktiviteter er et aktuelt fokusområde. Den danske strukturreform af 2007 tilsigtede, udover at videre udvikle et demokratisk styret offentligt sundhedsvæsen, at skabe sammenhæng, effektivitet og kvalitet i sundhedsvæsenet. Denne undersøgelse ser nærmere på begrebet sammenhæng. Formål: Belyse fænomenet sammenhæng i genoptræning i relation til rygsygdom og i relation til strukturreformen. Metode: Undersøgelsen rummer kvalitative gruppeinterviews af patienter og sundhedsprofessionelle og en modificeret fænomenologisk analysemodel. Teorigrundlaget er tre forskellige perspektiveringer; et sundhedsplanlæggende-, et subjekt- og et integrationsperspektiv. Resultater: Sammenhæng i genoptræning er når udgangspunktet for genoptræningen er en klar diagnose, når genoptræningen subjekt orienteres, når ræsonnementer vedrørende ressourcer tænkes ind i genoptræningen og når den faglige kapacitet udnyttes maximalt. Konklusion: En klar diagnose er helt central for sammenhængen både for patienter og terapeuter. Strukturreformen har forandret rammerne og ansvarsfordelingen for genoptræning, men har ikke i sig selv forbedret sammenhængen. Sammenhæng kan relateres til evalueringsmodellen indeholdende struktur, proces og resultat. / Background: Cohesiveness in health care activities is a current topic. The Danish structural reform of 2007 intended to create coherence, efficiency and quality in health care and to further the development of Denmark´s democratically run public health care system. Purpose: This study aimed to look more closely at the phenomenon of cohesive rehabilitation in relation to the structural reform, particularly regarding low back pain. Method: The investigation used group interviews with patients and health professionals, and a modified fenomenological model of analyses. Its theory is based on three different perspectives: a health planning perspective, a particular subject perspective and an integration perspective. Results: Cohesive rehabilitation exists when the basis for rehabilitation includes an evident diagnosis, subject orientated, considerations of resources, and completely exploited professional knowledge. Conclusion: An evident diagnose is a crucial aspect of cohesive rehabilitation for both patients and health professionals. Although reform changed the settings and responsibilities of rehabilitation it did not increase cohesiveness. Cohesiveness can be related to the model of evaluation including structure, process and outcome. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-04-1</p>

Free Schools entail increased involvement from civil society actors in the provision of State-funded education in England. The increased devolution of freedoms and responsibilities to these 'self-governing' schools is reflected in a significant range of strategic decisions made through the development process. These include decisions over such issues as religious character, social purpose, educational priorities and innovations in organisation. However, which factors influence the exercise of these strategic freedoms within local experiences of the strategic development processes remains unclear. Existing literature and media debate has predominantly focussed on justification for these structural reforms and their educational and social outcomes. In maintaining focus at the macroscopic level the link between policy and outcomes is assumed. Furthermore, discussion at this level may ignore important features of the provision within Free Schools at the local level. This study focusses on how the social experiences of governors provide an alternative narrative within the broader debate on structural reform. It presents empirical findings focused on the reported experiences from 21 governor interviews with those responsible for the development of three Free Schools. Analysis followed a grounded theory methodology in which theoretical sampling was influenced by a broader range of interview, survey and secondary data. Coding of the data revealed that the formation of the vision and purpose, diverse relationships, continuous reorganisation and the positioning of oneself relative to others were recurring themes in the experiences reported within and between the schools. In order to explain the diversity of experiences in relation to these themes three categories were developed, namely motivations, relating and power. Similarities and differences in motivations (including personal relationships, vested interests and subjective judgements), relations (including social groupings and experiences of specific interactions) and power (including its configuration, perpetuation and dynamism) were analysed across the participant accounts. Diverse and manifold motivations and relations emerge in complex responsive processes of relating through which tacit hierarchies, sub-group identities and individual interests emerge in the conduct of loosely defined roles. It is concluded that the freedoms to self-define expose governors to diverse social influences on development. The enduring influence of founding relationships challenges the capacity of governors to maintain the balance required of the critical friend role. Furthermore, the local reallocation of diverse value propositions in school provision does not guarantee the relevance of schools to their communities, or democratic accountability over public spending.

This dissertation reports on a qualitative study of school leadership with nine secondary-school headteachers (of maintained schools) or principals (of academy-type schools) in England. The project maps schooling provision and offers an empirical account of leaders’ identities and practices in neoliberal and neoconservative times. Informed by a critical policy-scholarship methodology, documentary data from primary and secondary sources supplement narrative and semi-structured interviews conducted over 18 months. The findings are reported in five journal articles and one book chapter. The first output maps school types through different lenses: legal status; curriculum; selection; types of academy; and school groupings. The mapping highlights the intersections between the reform agenda and historical diversity. I conceptualise the landscape holistically through locus of legitimacy and branding, arguing that diversification policies facilitate corporatised and religious interests. Second, I show how UTCs and studio schools construct children’s abilities as fixed and differentiable in terms of predicted economic value. They select, but the responsibility for this, following Bourdieu, is transferred discursively from the school through branding and habitus to the “consumers” where it is to be misrecognised as exercising ‘school choice’. Third, I typologise three effects on heads’ and principals’ agency and identities of a few elite multi-academy trust principals, or courtiers, who have won regional empires through expanding their academy chains to occupy the spaces opened up by the dismantling of LAs. Public-sector and school-leader identities and histories permit the promotion of their activities as “school led” and downplays their close relationship with central-state policy makers and private-sector networks. Fourth, I argue that corporatised leadership in schools in England is being promoted through new actors and new types of school. Corporatised leadership is characterised inter alia by the promotion of business interests and the adoption of business-derived leadership practices and identities. I use Bourdieu’s concept of field to explain the impact of business on educational leadership and the dissonance between leaders and led. Fifth, I argue with Gunter that school leaders are removing those who embody or vocalise alternative conceptualisations of educator by eradicating ‘inadequate’ teaching,and implementing the leader’s ‘vision’. We deploy Arendtian thinking to show how current models of school leadership enable totalitarian practices to become ordinary. Sixth, I develop Bourdieu’s concept of hysteresis through narratives from two heads to argue that rather than simply being an effect of change, hysteresis may be an actively sought outcome whereby the state intervenes to deprivilege welfarist headteachers and privilege corporatised principals through structurally facilitating their habitus and mandating its dispositions for the field. Collectively, these findings demonstrate how the diversification of provision in England and the demands of a performative, marketised regime have ontological and professional stakes for school leaders and for the led. Symbolic and economic capital is accruing to the capitalised, facilitated by corporate practices and corporate structural solutions through acquisitions and alliances. Resistance is possible, but a dissident habitus limits standing in the field. This hierarchisation is reflected in the relationship between school types and in how children are meant to self-select into that provision. This is a landscape constituted of positions, where pupils are expected to know their place and the purpose of education is to facilitate social segregation for economic efficiency.

The main purpose of this research was to understand the civil war in Sierra Leone and its antecedents, and to analyse the package of reconstruction reforms which came along in the post-war era and their relevance for and impact on the local challenges for longer term peace. Continued corruption among the political class, the persistent disenfranchisement of important social groups, and emerging tensions along political party lines suggested that, ten years on from the Lomé Peace Accord, there may have been a malaise in the peacebuilding plan. To investigate the complex issues, and to support the hypothesis that the model for reconstruction was not best suited to local conditions and local priorities, the work first made a deep interrogation of the historic political, cultural and economic factors which led to the violent conflict. This scrutiny of the local experience allowed the conceptualisation of a germane ¿framework for peace` which represented the most pressing priorities of the local community and the central challenges for peace. The framework reflected the main concerns of the local populace and was used as an analytical tool to better understand the relevance of the model for reconstruction vis-à-vis the local context. Through a critical analysis of the post-war reforms and their impact on the social dimensions of recovery, in particular macro-economic reforms and the promotion of democracy, conclusions were drawn about the appropriateness and efficacy of the model of reconstruction experienced in Sierra Leone and how it supported local priorities for peace. The enquiry found that, in general, the model for reconstruction was not best suited to the local context because of its inflexibility to support the local peacebuilding and its many challenges. In some ways the model for reconstruction heightened residual tensions from the conflict because it failed to address key issues for reform such as governance and social justice. / Economic and Social Research Council

“Supply-side structural reform” (SSSR) has been the most important ongoing economic reform in China since 2015, but its important environmental health effects have not been properly assessed. The present study addresses that gap by focusing on reduction of overcapacity in the coal, steel, and iron sectors, combined with reduction of emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and projecting resultant effects on air quality and public health across cities and regions in China. Modeling results indicate that effects on air quality and public health are visible and distributed unevenly across the country. This assessment provides quantitative evidence supporting projections of the transregional distribution of such effects. Such uneven transregional distribution complicates management of air quality and health risks in China. The results challenge approaches that rely solely on cities to improve air quality. The article concludes with suggestions on how to integrate SSSR measures with cities' air quality improvement attainment planning and management performance evaluation

Baggrund: Patientbehandling på sygehuse sker i et højt specialiseret tempo, hvor flere patienter modtager kompliceret pleje og behandling, som ofte fortsætter i kommunerne efter udskrivelsen. Efter strukturreformen skal aftaler om infektionshygiejnisk bistand fra sygehus til kommune indskrives i sundhedsaftaler. Formål: Formålet med studiet var at udforske og analysere samarbejde på tværs af sektorer, og få en øget forståelse for fænomenet tværsektorielt samarbejde i relation til patient/borger med behov for ydelser, hvori der indgår infektionshygiejnisk bistand. Metode: Studiet er et kvalitativt multiple casestudie, hvor empirien hentes via semistrukturerede interviews. Teorigrundlaget er perspektivet på tværsektorielt samarbejde, eksempler på modeller for samarbejde, og styrker og svagheder i samarbejde. Resultat: Studiet viste, at motiverende faktorer for tværsektorielt samarbejde i praksis var: fokus på organisering og struktur i organisationerne, at arbejde sammen i netværk, bevidsthed om klare kommunikationsveje og fokus på faglighed og kompetencer i forhold til infektionshygiejne. Struktureret samarbejde mellem kommune og sygehus med oprettelse af hygiejneorganisation mellem sektorer, gav adgang til ekspertviden, tryghed hos plejepersonalet og motivere til at arbejde med infektionshygiejne som indsatsområde. Konklusion: Nosokomielle infektioner hos patienter og borgere i sektorovergange, kan sandsynligvis forebygges ved dels at tilføre viden om infektionshygiejne til personale på alle niveauer i organisationerne, og dels ved at indgå et formelt samarbejde mellem kommune og sygehus omkring etablering af en tværsektoriel hygiejneorganisation. / Background: Today, patient care in hospitals is highly specialised and undertaken at high speed. Many patients receive complex treatment and care, which often continues in the primary-care sector after the patient is discharged. Structural reform of the health care sector requires infection control measures in intersectoral health agreements. Aim: This study aimed to investigate and analyse intersectoral collaboration and gain better understanding of collaboration across health sectors in relation to the treatment and care of patients requiring treatment and care for infection control. Method: This is a qualitative, multiple-case study, wherein semi-structured interviews form the basis of the empirical knowledge. The theory underpinning the study is the perspective on intersectoral collaboration, examples of models of collaboration, and the strengths and weaknesses of collaboration. Results: The findings showed that the motivational factors for intersectoral collaboration include focus on organisational structure and organisation, collaboration through networks, awareness of the importance of clear communication, and focus on the relationship between professional competencies and infection hygiene. Structured collaboration with the establishment of an actual infection control organisation resulted in access to expert knowledge, security among personnel, and motivation to work with infection control as an area of focus. Conclusion: Patient transference of nosocomial infections from one health sector to another likely can be prevented by increasing workers’ knowledge of infection control in all sectors, and by formalised collaboration across health sectors to establish an intersectoral, infection control organization. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-26-3</p>

No / The National Health Service (NHS) in England must improve productivity by 6% per annum if projected savings of £21 billion are to be attained by 2014, while simultaneously improving or at least maintaining the quality of care (Department of Health (DH), 2009; 2010a). Given that staff costs represent 60% of the current NHS budget, it is likely that both the number and composition of the 1.7 million strong workforce will need to be changed to meet these targets. In the Department of Health's draft Structural Reform Plan (2010b), the emphasis is on shifting resources to promote better healthcare outcomes, to which end a review of working practices and role relationship must take place, with increased delivery of services by community nurses.

O presente trabalho busca discutir o papel político das idéias econômicas em um contexto de transformação estrutural. A Argentina enfrentou, durante os anos 80 e 90, os dilemas próprios de um processo de reformas estruturais. O giro para estas reformas foi produzido sob o impacto da crise da dívida externa. A resposta inicial à emergência econômica, que teve um alcance limitado, não comportou mudanças apreciáveis na organização das instituições econômicas. Este alcance das políticas de ajuste foi correspondido com os diagnósticos do momento que postulavam que os desequilíbrios macroeconômicos eram, fundamentalmente, de curto prazo. O governo lançou, em 1985, um plano de estabilização heterodoxo. Os economistas heterodoxos, chamando a atenção para os componentes inerciais da dinâmica inflacionária, sustentaram que as políticas ortodoxas, eram ineficazes e custosas para resolver o problema inflacionário. Contudo, esse programa não conseguiu estabilizar a economia. O fracasso da experiência heterodoxa abriu as portas para a ortodoxia. A partir do final dos anos 80 a agenda governamental foi dominada por uma onda de reformas estruturais. Em 1989, o governo eleito estabeleceu uma nova orientação em política econômica, a partir da qual levou adiante um profundo processo de ajuste. Para entender a modalidade de mudança estrutural seguida pela Argentina existem alguns elementos fundamentais. Em primeiro lugar, aqueles de caráter econômico relacionados com o impacto da crise. Contudo, embora a crise econômica tenha constituído um estímulo poderoso para o início de um programa de reformas estruturais, por si só não foi suficiente para definir quando, como e em o que medida era necessário fazer o ajuste. A interpretação das causas da crise foi central na direção da inovação política. Assim, o debate de idéias cumpriu um papel chave na entrada das reformas econômicas na agenda pública. Para a direção da inovação política foi central a interpretação das causas dos desequilíbrios econômicos. A controvérsia entre alternativas de políticas, que se levou a cabo tendo como pano de fundo a emergência econômica, constituiu a primeira via de entrada das reformas estruturais na agenda pública. Portanto, o desenlace da disputa de interpretações que se estabeleceu durante esses anos acerca da definição da natureza dos desequilíbrios é o foco central de nosso trabalho. / The present work seeks to discuss the political power of the economic ideas in a context of structural transformation. Argentina faced, during ´80 ´90, the dilemmas characteristic of a process of structural reform. The turn toward the structural reform took place under the impact of the crisis of the foreign debt. The initial answer to the economic emergency that had a limited reach, didn\'t behave appreciable changes in the organization of the economic institutions. This limited reach of the adjustment belonged together with the diagnoses of the moment that postulated that the macroeconomic imbalances, were fundamentally imbalances of short term. The government rushed, in 1985, a heterodox stabilization plan. The heterodox economists, getting the attention on the inertial components of the inflationary dynamics, they sustained that the politicians of orthodox, were ineffective and expensive to solve the inflationary problem. However the program was not able to stabilize the economy. The failure of the heterodox experience opened the doors for the orthodoxy. From ends of the years eighty, the government agenda was dominated by a wave of political of structural reforms. In 1989, the elect government established a new orientation in economic politics, starting from which took a deep adjustment process ahead. To understand the modality of structural change continued by the Argentina, some fundamental elements exist. In the first place, those of economic character related with the impact of the crisis. But, although the economic crisis constituted a powerful stimulus for the setting in march of a program of structural reform, by itself it was not enough to define when, how and in what measure it must make the adjustment. The interpretation of the causes of the crisis was central in the address of the political innovation. The debate of ideas completed a key role in the entrance of the economic reform in the public calendar. For the address of the political innovation it was central the interpretation of the causes of the economic imbalances. The controversy among alternative of political that was taken to end on the backdrop of the economic emergency, it constituted the first road of entrance from the structural reform to the public agenda. Therefore, the outcome of the bid of interpretations that was begun in those years about the definition of the nature of the imbalances is the central focus for our work.