There is an extensive body of literature exploring the way in which a variety of factors affect a person's attitudes towards abortion. There is significantly less research, however, on the way in which a person's attitude towards abortion affects their attitudes towards other issues. At the same time, there is evidence to suggest that a growing number of people are using their "pro- life" stance on abortion to influence their stance on other issues that revolve around the quality and sustenance of life, and that Generation Y may be more liberal than previous generations on most, if not all, issues. This research seeks to explore the extent to which "pro-life progressivism" may have affected Generation Y with two sets of logistic regression analysis. The first analysis looks exclusively at members of Generation Y, and explores the effect of a person's attitudes toward abortion on their attitudes towards government spending on childcare, assistance to the poor, and healthcare. This is to see if there is a difference between pro-life and pro-choice members of Generation Y in the way they approach other issues relating to the quality and sustenance of life. The second analysis compares pro-life members of Generation Y to older cohorts. The results show that attitudes towards abortion among members of Generation Y had no effect on their attitudes towards childcare and healthcare. Furthermore, the attitudes of pro- life members of Generation Y were statistically no different from older cohorts, with the exception of members of the Silent Generation on the issue of government assistance to healthcare. Further research, particularly of the qualitative nature, is suggested to delve more deeply into this research question.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O orçamento constitui um instrumento imprescindível para avaliarmos as prioridades de um governo e as disputas existentes entre as diferentes classes sociais no que diz respeito à apropriação dos recursos do fundo público. Neste sentido, uma aproximação cuidadosa acerca das particularidades que vêm assumindo a dinâmica de acumulação capitalista, bem como das contradições que envolvem o processo de luta e implementação das políticas sociais, parecem elementos que contribuem para nos ajudar a entender de que forma esta disputa vem acontecendo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o lugar do gasto social no governo Lula. Para tanto, consideramos importante analisar os principais elementos da dinâmica de acumulação capitalista tendo como referência a constituição do capital financeiro e o processo de financeirização da economia; discutir a relação entre divida pública, financeirização e crise do capital; apreender as tendências da política social, buscando identificar sua configuração na atualidade; resgatar o processo de formação do Brasil para pensar o governo Lula e a dinâmica da luta de classes na atualidade; e analisar os gastos sociais do governo federal, tendo como base a metodologia desenvolvida pelo IPEA, considerando o período de 2004 a 2011. Por entendermos os gastos sociais como reflexo de um processo de correlação de forças que tem, na relação entre capital e trabalho sua dimensão fundante, esta análise não pode ter um fim em si mesma. Ao contrário, entender as particularidades da dinâmica de acumulação no tempo presente é imprescindível para apreender os movimentos do capital e sua força para fazer valer os seus interesses no enfrentamento às resistências impostas pela classe trabalhadora e desta para lutar contra seus grilhões. A atuação do Estado só pode ser entendida em meio a este terreno de luta de classes e suas decisões expressam o poder destas classes de impor suas demandas, além de trazerem consigo o traço das heranças do passado, em especial os vínculos de dependência e subalternidade aos interesses imperialistas. A ausência de ruptura com o capital que marca a ascensão do Partido dos Trabalhadores ao governo federal é permeado por contradições e a análise de seus resultados situa-se em uma série de polêmicas, muitas das quais somente um maior distanciamento histórico permitirá avaliar. Isto não significa que não seja possível empreender um esforço no sentido de identificar as mudanças em curso e levantar as contradições, os limites e as possibilidades abertas pelos mandatos do presidente Lula. De maneira geral, podemos dizer que não houve avanços estruturais significativos neste governo e que a lógica da gestão dos recursos que prioriza o pagamento da dívida pública permanece tendo sofrido alterações pontuais. Entretanto, existem algumas diferenças na composição do gasto social. Estas estão mais atreladas ao provimento de programas voltados para a população de baixa renda do que à melhoria substantiva na garantia das políticas sociais universais. De qualquer forma, seu efeito sobre a melhoria nas condições de vida e de acesso ao consumo de uma parcela da população pode ser sentido. / The budget is an essential tool for assessing the priorities of government and the disputes between the different social classes with regard to the appropriation of funds from the public fund. In this sense, a careful approach regarding the particularities that are assuming the dynamics of capitalist accumulation, as well as the contradictions involved in the process of struggle and implementation of social policies, elements that seem to contribute to help us understand how this dispute has been going . The objective of this work is to analyze the place of social spending in the Lula government. Therefore, we consider it important to analyze the main elements of the dynamics of capitalist accumulation with reference to the creation of financial capital and the process of financialization of the economy, discussing the relationship between public debt, crisis and financialisation of capital; grasp the trends of social policy, seeking identify its configuration today; rescue training process to think of Brazil Lula and the dynamics of class struggle today, and analyze the social spending of the federal government, based on the methodology developed by IPEA, considering the period 2004 to 2011. Because we understand social spending as a result of a process of correlation of forces that have, in the relationship between capital and labor founding its size, this analysis can not be an end in itself. Rather, to understand the peculiarities of the dynamics of accumulation at the present time it is essential to grasp the movement of capital and its power to enforce their interests in dealing with resistance imposed by the working class and thus to fight against his shackles. The role of the state can only be understood in the midst of this plot of class struggle and their decisions express the power of these classes to impose their demands, and bring along the trace of the legacies of the past, especially the bonds of dependency and subordination to imperialist interests. The absence of a break with the capital that marks the rise of the Labor Party to the federal government is permeated by contradictions and analysis of its results lies in a series of controversies, many of which only one will assess greater historical distance. This does not mean it is not possible to undertake an effort to identify the ongoing changes and raise the contradictions, limits and the possibilities offered by the mandates of President Lula. In general, we can say that there was no significant structural advances in this government and that the logic of resource management that prioritizes the payment of public debt remains having undergone specific changes. However, there are some differences in the composition of social spending. These are more linked to the provision of programs for low-income people than for substantive improvement in assuring universal social policies. Anyway, its effect on improving the living conditions and access to the consumption of a portion of the population can be felt.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O orçamento constitui um instrumento imprescindível para avaliarmos as prioridades de um governo e as disputas existentes entre as diferentes classes sociais no que diz respeito à apropriação dos recursos do fundo público. Neste sentido, uma aproximação cuidadosa acerca das particularidades que vêm assumindo a dinâmica de acumulação capitalista, bem como das contradições que envolvem o processo de luta e implementação das políticas sociais, parecem elementos que contribuem para nos ajudar a entender de que forma esta disputa vem acontecendo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o lugar do gasto social no governo Lula. Para tanto, consideramos importante analisar os principais elementos da dinâmica de acumulação capitalista tendo como referência a constituição do capital financeiro e o processo de financeirização da economia; discutir a relação entre divida pública, financeirização e crise do capital; apreender as tendências da política social, buscando identificar sua configuração na atualidade; resgatar o processo de formação do Brasil para pensar o governo Lula e a dinâmica da luta de classes na atualidade; e analisar os gastos sociais do governo federal, tendo como base a metodologia desenvolvida pelo IPEA, considerando o período de 2004 a 2011. Por entendermos os gastos sociais como reflexo de um processo de correlação de forças que tem, na relação entre capital e trabalho sua dimensão fundante, esta análise não pode ter um fim em si mesma. Ao contrário, entender as particularidades da dinâmica de acumulação no tempo presente é imprescindível para apreender os movimentos do capital e sua força para fazer valer os seus interesses no enfrentamento às resistências impostas pela classe trabalhadora e desta para lutar contra seus grilhões. A atuação do Estado só pode ser entendida em meio a este terreno de luta de classes e suas decisões expressam o poder destas classes de impor suas demandas, além de trazerem consigo o traço das heranças do passado, em especial os vínculos de dependência e subalternidade aos interesses imperialistas. A ausência de ruptura com o capital que marca a ascensão do Partido dos Trabalhadores ao governo federal é permeado por contradições e a análise de seus resultados situa-se em uma série de polêmicas, muitas das quais somente um maior distanciamento histórico permitirá avaliar. Isto não significa que não seja possível empreender um esforço no sentido de identificar as mudanças em curso e levantar as contradições, os limites e as possibilidades abertas pelos mandatos do presidente Lula. De maneira geral, podemos dizer que não houve avanços estruturais significativos neste governo e que a lógica da gestão dos recursos que prioriza o pagamento da dívida pública permanece tendo sofrido alterações pontuais. Entretanto, existem algumas diferenças na composição do gasto social. Estas estão mais atreladas ao provimento de programas voltados para a população de baixa renda do que à melhoria substantiva na garantia das políticas sociais universais. De qualquer forma, seu efeito sobre a melhoria nas condições de vida e de acesso ao consumo de uma parcela da população pode ser sentido. / The budget is an essential tool for assessing the priorities of government and the disputes between the different social classes with regard to the appropriation of funds from the public fund. In this sense, a careful approach regarding the particularities that are assuming the dynamics of capitalist accumulation, as well as the contradictions involved in the process of struggle and implementation of social policies, elements that seem to contribute to help us understand how this dispute has been going . The objective of this work is to analyze the place of social spending in the Lula government. Therefore, we consider it important to analyze the main elements of the dynamics of capitalist accumulation with reference to the creation of financial capital and the process of financialization of the economy, discussing the relationship between public debt, crisis and financialisation of capital; grasp the trends of social policy, seeking identify its configuration today; rescue training process to think of Brazil Lula and the dynamics of class struggle today, and analyze the social spending of the federal government, based on the methodology developed by IPEA, considering the period 2004 to 2011. Because we understand social spending as a result of a process of correlation of forces that have, in the relationship between capital and labor founding its size, this analysis can not be an end in itself. Rather, to understand the peculiarities of the dynamics of accumulation at the present time it is essential to grasp the movement of capital and its power to enforce their interests in dealing with resistance imposed by the working class and thus to fight against his shackles. The role of the state can only be understood in the midst of this plot of class struggle and their decisions express the power of these classes to impose their demands, and bring along the trace of the legacies of the past, especially the bonds of dependency and subordination to imperialist interests. The absence of a break with the capital that marks the rise of the Labor Party to the federal government is permeated by contradictions and analysis of its results lies in a series of controversies, many of which only one will assess greater historical distance. This does not mean it is not possible to undertake an effort to identify the ongoing changes and raise the contradictions, limits and the possibilities offered by the mandates of President Lula. In general, we can say that there was no significant structural advances in this government and that the logic of resource management that prioritizes the payment of public debt remains having undergone specific changes. However, there are some differences in the composition of social spending. These are more linked to the provision of programs for low-income people than for substantive improvement in assuring universal social policies. Anyway, its effect on improving the living conditions and access to the consumption of a portion of the population can be felt.

nÃo hà / The state aims to meet social needs, promote an efficient use of resources and improve income distribution. However, the degree of income inequality in Brazil is still very high and is one of the main indicators of social inequality, thus requiring reexamining the mechanisms to protect people and promote socio-economic development. From this premise, this study analyzed the effects of public expenditure in relation to indicators of poverty and income inequality in the Brazilian states in the period 2005 to 2009, identifying which variables were most influential to the improvement of these indicators in the period. The theoretical reference includes chapters on Economic Growth and Income Inequality, Public Expenditure and Social and Public Policy in Brazil. The study was made using data and information from the Institute of Applied Economic Research â IPEA and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics â IBGE, and the relationship of selected variables with indicators of poverty and inequality is demonstrated empirically by estimating the elasticities using regressive cross-section models. This model was chosen because of its clear interpretation, allowing support the development of policies aimed at reducing inequality in the states. The results show that the advances were discrete in time for some of the indicators selected, being more significant for those with policies relating to proposals to transfer income and poverty reduction, which contributed to the fall of the poor and indigent and increased income, indicating that well-focused programs are better inducers of social progress. / O Estado tem como objetivos satisfazer as necessidades sociais, promover um eficiente uso dos recursos e melhorar a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Contudo, o grau de desigualdade de renda no Brasil ainda à muito elevado e se constitui como um dos principais indicadores da desigualdade social, necessitando desta forma que sejam avaliados os mecanismos de proteÃÃo à populaÃÃo e de promoÃÃo do desenvolvimento sÃcio-econÃmico. Partindo dessa premissa, este estudo consiste na anÃlise dos efeitos de algumas despesas pÃblicas em relaÃÃo aos indicadores de pobreza e desigualdade de renda nos estados brasileiros no perÃodo de 2005 a 2009, identificando quais variÃveis foram mais influentes para a melhora desses indicadores no perÃodo. O referencial teÃrico contempla os capÃtulos sobre Crescimento EconÃmico e Desigualdade de Renda, Despesas PÃblicas e PolÃticas PÃblicas Sociais no Brasil. O estudo foi constituÃdo por meio de dados e informaÃÃes do Instituto de Pesquisas EconÃmicas Aplicadas â IPEA e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica â IBGE, e a relaÃÃo das variÃveis selecionadas com os indicadores de pobreza e desigualdade à demonstrada empiricamente por estimaÃÃo das elasticidades utilizando modelos regressivos cross-section. Essa modelagem foi escolhida por ser de clara interpretaÃÃo, permitindo dar suporte à elaboraÃÃo de polÃticas que visem à reduÃÃo da desigualdade nos estados. Os resultados demonstram que os avanÃos foram discretos no perÃodo para alguns dos indicadores selecionados, sendo mais significativos para aqueles relacionados a polÃticas com propostas de transferÃncia de renda e reduÃÃo da pobreza, os quais contribuÃram para a queda da populaÃÃo pobre e indigente e aumento da renda, indicando que programas bem focalizados sÃo melhores indutores de avanÃos sociais.

This thesis analyses Okun's law and its cross-country differences based on social expenditures. To estimate the law in time, Nadaraya-Watson kernel estimation is employed, which has not been applied to Okun's law in any previous study. Thus, to assess the robustness of the model, the statistical testing of hypotheses is used to evaluate the time-varying coefficients. The analysis is executed on OECD countries between 1995 and 2019, and the results are mainly in line with the previous literature. Periods with higher GDP growth and lower unemployment rates, on average, tend to have higher Okun's coefficients. Moreover, cross-country comparison reports the tendency of countries with, on average lower unemployment spending and higher GDP per capita to exhibit higher Okun's coefficients.

Corruption, militarism, and conflict are bedfellows, and their coexistence feeds a vicious circle of violence and instability. Every dollar spent on the military is a dollar not spent on welfare-generating services such as education and healthcare. Yet, military spending makes up a bulk of government spending in several countries, and it is often shrouded from public purview. Rent-seeking behavior fostered within corrupt practices incentivize public officials to accept bribes from military suppliers, while the secrecy surrounding defense procurements allows them to act with perceived impunity. In this paper, I conduct a quantitative study using panel data from 175 countries from 2000 to 2020 to argue that corruption causes a distortion in public expenditure distribution by diverting valuable resources from social spending to military spending. Highly corrupt countries tend to spend a higher percentage of their GDP on the military, freeing up less of the finite resources for investment in education and healthcare. I find that corruption drives up military spending causing a crowding out of social spending.

This paper aims to explore the relationship of social spending and the economic development of the country or region. Work in the first, theoretical part deals with basic theories of economic growth and their view of the state expenditure on social policy. Due attention is also paid to the basic concepts and types of social policies that significantly affect the size of social spending in the marketing area. As part of the theoretical work will be fundamental characteristics of the measuring instruments for economic growth and social spending. In the second, analytical, part of the thesis will deal with empirical data comparing the economic development with the evolution of the size of social spending in several selected countries. The analysis of this part of the work will be characteristic of otherfactors, the relationship of economic growth and social spending determine, influence, and to some extent and explain, such as unemployment, public revenues and public state debt.

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of public budgets in the Czech Republic, focusing on government budgets. The thesis compares the development of fiscal policies in distinct political cycles in the modern era of the Czech Republic. This allows for the analysis of the influence of the fiscal policies on the development of distinct macroeconomic indicators which then makes possible the evaluation of the success of different approaches to budget making. The preparation of public budgets is a periodical activity which happens at all levels of public governance. Therefore, the paper thoroughly analyzes preceding budgets and attempts to reveal the errors make by our governments. A deductive method is used with these analyses and their comparisons to make the foundation for general principles which can be used for the improvement of the budget planning in the Czech Republic.