For the effective conformity social resource, rescues the wifeless widowed wretched populace, further achieves Datong's boundary, the government must be able to assign the existing resources effectively fairly; Enables always to have the institute, young to have finally raises, promotes the lives of the people peace and good health. Whence this, the government proclaims specially decides the society to rescue the law to enable can follow, the deadletter is only insufficient voluntarily, must have the reliable society administrative personnel to promote the execution, but the society administrative personnel's subjective and objective condition with is closely linked to the social rescue's method cognition, and is rescued the helper regarding the government way jing with application procedure, whether can utilize the understanding fully, affects perfect development which the overall society rescues. Therefore, this article intends to by the social rescue method discussion, the society administrative personnel carries out the manner with understanding three which rescues to the society face to come helping the conformity society to rescue. The analysis which the researcher for an actual impetus society administration's individual contribution, will encounter the case which does faces, simultaneously regarding the condition factor which refutes, the comparison existing texts stipulated that makes a comparative analysis. The hope can grasp the difficulty which truly by this article discussion current faces, provides the trifle to be of help, lets be supposed to receive the helper to be able to obtain government's concern and to assist, improvement current bitter experience difficult position, also lets the society administrative personnel not need to suffer the suffering which the beauty joins battle, can defer to the authority help to need the helper, will not have wants to help but not be able regretting, simultaneously will also discuss the present society to rescue the law whether should keep pace with the times conforms to populace's hope truly.

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The Social Welfare expenses of Taiwan local governments are not increasing to follow the social structure in the last few years. According to the increased social issues caused by poverty, people have the position to suspect that our government have not provided organized cares to help those people who suffer from poverty. This study focuses on analyzing the performance of social assistance in local governments and provides possible improvements. This study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, 5 input and 4 output data analysis, to evaluate the performances of social work in 23 local governments in Taiwan from 2004 to 2006. This evaluation includes CCR, BCC, scale efficiencies, scale-return, slack analysis, and delicacy analysis. From 2004 to 2006, the best management performance of social work is Tainan city and the second best is Kaohsiung city. The third best is Taipei city. The worst management performance of Social assistance is Tainan county and then Miaoli county. The third worst is Taoyuan county.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about how social workers perceive the underlying factors that may be behind clients’ need of social assistance for longer periods. A qualitative approach has been used and six telephone interviews with social workers from two different municipalities in Stockholm have been performed. The results show that the social workers’ views are that individuals are in need of social assistance because they are unemployed and because they can not speak Swedish, but it also depends on the client's relationship to the social worker and the municipality's employee turnover. The social services can help to prevent clients from being trapped in a long term need of social assistance, for example by clarifying the municipal rules and regulations, by developing and introducing new activities in the municipality and / or by reducing employee turnover and workload. Keywords: social worker, social assistance, unemployment / Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att få kunskap om hur socialsekreterare ser på de faktorer som kan ligga bakom arbetsföra klienters behov av försörjningsstöd under längre perioder. Kvalitativ metod har använts och sex telefonintervjuer med socialsekreterare från två olika kommuner i Stockholm har genomförts. Informanternas bild är att individer är i behov av försörjningsstöd eftersom de är arbetslösa och på grund av bristande kunskap i svenska, men det kan även bero på klientens relation med socialsekreteraren och kommunens höga personalomsättning. Socialtjänsten kan hjälpa till med att förhindra att klienter fastnar i ett långvarigt behov av försörjningsstöd, exempelvis genom att förtydliga kommunens regler och riktlinjer, genom att utveckla och införa nya insatser i kommunen och/eller genom att minska personalomsättningen och arbetsbelastning. Nyckelord: social worker, social assistance, unemployment

Social assistance is becoming a major part of education process in secondary schools. This sphere in secondary schools is quite new and little explored. In order to organize effective social assistance it is important to conduct more detailed research and evaluate factors which affect it. The topic of the Master thesis is „Social assistance organization for secondary school students”; its object is students’ attitude to social assistance organization at school; its aim is to examine social assistance for students’ state and factors influencing it in secondary schools. Referring to scientific and methodological resources the thesis discusses the forms of social assistance rendering, social assistance possibilities and peculiarities in secondary schools. The aim of the research was to find out social assistance organization in Trakai municipality secondary schools. The research was conducted in 2006 March and April. It helped to learn that social assistance organization factors at school were: organization of students’ occupation, class teacher’s work, preventive work, rendering social assistance and transportation organization. Research methodology is based on famous Lithuanian and foreign scientists and pedagogues thought, ideas, conclusions on the importance of school in positive child socialization process, social assistance organization; education and social security system confirming documents. 64.

The effect of welfare policies is evident in the behaviours of welfare recipients and in their patterns of health. Yet there are very few studies with up to date analyses on the health consequences of the mid-1990s welfare reform in Canada. This study examines the effects of welfare income and welfare reforms on health outcomes of welfare recipients. I use National Population Health Survey (NPHS) in 1996 to present a baseline health differences by welfare status. I later utilize the mid-1900s welfare reform in a natural experiment setting to examine the health outcomes of welfare poor and working poor respondents. By using provincial welfare reform intensities, I detect exogenous variation that can indicate the effect of a greater reduction in welfare funding on health outcomes. Overall, my results show a strong correlation between welfare income and health outcomes, but policy makers must be cautious when interpreting causality.

In this master`s work, social assistance conception of Lithuania is didcussed, reasons of demand of social assistance are given, social assistance systems and rules for giving payments of foreign countries are analysed and systematyzed, estimation method of the efficiency of social assistance system and particular payments is presented. The paper includes the analysis of monetary assistance for families in Lithuania in 1999 – 2004. The hypothesis that the existing income compensatory rate reduces work incentives was confirmed.

This thesis contributes new knowledge to discussions of inequality in three arenas and two methodological syntheses that might inform future statistical analyses. Methodologically, the application of unconditional quantile regression in a two-stage model is used to determine whether response bias plays any role in the patterns observed in survey responses (Chapter 2), and, a recent development in the program evaluation literature (the synthetic control method) is combined with flexible parametric survival models to identify treatment effects where stratification is perfectly correlated with treatment (albeit under restrictive assumptions). The analyses undertaken herein have discovered: that self-assessed unmet need for healthcare has an empirical basis for application as reporting behaviour statistically predicts decline in health, that the likelihood of reporting unmet need conditional on health and healthcare utilization is correlated with the dimensions along which social scientists might map inequality, that government programs intended to provide a minimum level of utility are unresponsive to regional poverty-relief efforts, and that household bargaining outcomes regarding number of children can be predicted by exposure to a parental divorce. The implications of these findings are manifold. First, while self-assessment of healthcare access is a valid metric on average to overcome limitations of needs-adjusted utilization, its use in cross-sectional analysis as it is currently obtained in survey across many different jurisdictions is suspect. Second, the patterns of fertility conditional on parents’ divorce suggest that household bargaining in Canada does not likely belong to several different theoretical frameworks. Specifically, bargaining most likely exists in an environment where women still bear the cost of children in the event of a divorce, or bargaining exists without commitment. Finally, while the theoretical literature makes compelling claims about interactions between different levels of government policy, in practice this may not be the case even if policy-wordings seem to suggest this would be particularly relevant. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis explores three separate dimensions of inequality. First, a method of improving measurement of inequity in healthcare is demonstrated in a world of heterogeneous preferences where traditional methods exploiting observed utilization are shown to be inadequate. Potential issues resulting from response bias in the metric used in the method from chapter 1 are investigated in chapter 2. Next, the experience of a parents’ divorce as a child is correlated with adult fertility showing that the intergenerational transmission of marital instability may influence decisions on family size as an adult, specifically, only women show a change in fertility outcomes after the exposure to their parents’ divorce. Finally, the effect of a regional transfer intended to improve living standards for the poor is examined for its effect on the workfare program in Ontario. The transfer is found to increase the duration of welfare benefit receipt by two months, representing a welfare improvement for eligible recipients.

A tese propõe-se a analisar e a interpretar a representação social do usuário sobre a assistência social. Para tanto, foi utilizada a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos, inspirados na teoria pedagógica dos círculos de cultura de Paulo Freire, que procura superar a dicotomia entre pesquisador-pesquisando. Como nos círculos de cultura, os pesquisandos participam ativamente do processo de pesquisa. Foram realizados nove círculos epistemológicos com os usuários, em três Centros de Referência de Assistência Social – CRAS de Porto Alegre RS, três em cada CRAS. Após a realização dos nove círculos epistemológicos, todas as informações foram transcritas, lidas, categorizadas a partir de sua dimensão semântica e analisadas à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Da análise dos dados, foram construídos mapas representacionais com as categorias e subcategorias que revelaram os elementos centrais que constituem tal representação. Os resultados foram interpretados a partir de aportes teóricos de autores que trabalharam temáticas ligadas à assistência social. As contribuições dos usuários pesquisandos foram levadas em consideração na produção final da tese. A tese compõe-se de quatro capítulos organizados em forma de artigo. O primeiro apresenta o referencial teórico das representações sociais e discute a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos mostrando as conexões entre eles. O segundo artigo, também teórico, trata da formação do Estado brasileiro e como sua estruturação influenciou as políticas de assistência social. O terceiro apresenta os resultados empíricos da representação social da assistência social na perspectiva dos usuários. Tal representação apresenta-se como contraditória revelando duas dimensões centrais, uma ideológica e outra crítica. No quarto e último artigo, também empírico, é enfatizada uma dimensão específica da representação social que se destacou das informações colhidas e que se julgou oportuno aprofundá-la: a representação social que os usuários revelaram sobre si mesmos. Tal representação revelou duas dimensões contraditórias, mas inter-relacionadas: por um lado os usuários discriminam-se como “bons” e “maus”; por outro, se reconhecem como iguais pertencentes a um mesmo grupo social e deixam entrever sinais de solidariedade, que oferece condições para a emergência de uma cidadania para além dos direitos. / The dissertation proposes to analyze and interpret the social representation of the user about social assistance. The methodology of epistemological circles inspired by the educational theory of cultural circles of Paulo Freire was used, which seeks to overcome the dichotomy between researcher and research subject. As in the circles of culture, the research subjects actively participate in the research process. Nine epistemological circles were conducted with users in three reference centers of Social Assistance-CRAS of Porto Alegre RS, three in each CRAS. After the completion of the nine epistemological circles , all the information was transcribed, read, categorized from its semantic dimension and analyzed in the light of the theory of social representations. From the data analysis, representational maps were constructed with the categories and subcategories which revealed the central elements that constitute such representation. The results were interpreted from theoretical contributions of authors who worked on welfare-related themes. Research subject users ' contributions were taken into consideration in the production end of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of four chapters arranged in article form. The first presents the theoretical framework of social representations and discusses the methodology of the epistemological circles demonstrating the connections between them. The second article, also theoretical, deals with the formation of the Brazilian State and how its structure influenced the policies of social assistance. The third presents the empirical results of social representation of social assistance from the perspective of the users. Such representation is presented as contradictory revealing two central dimensions, an ideological one and another critical one. In the fourth and last article, also empirical, emphasized a specific dimension of social representation that stood out from the information collected which was deemed appropriate to deepen into: social representation that users reveal about themselves. Such representation revealed two contradictory but interrelated dimensions: on the one hand users discriminate as "good" and "bad"; on the other, recognize each other as equals belonging to the same social group and they see signs of solidarity, which provides conditions for the emergence of a citizenship beyond rights.

A tese propõe-se a analisar e a interpretar a representação social do usuário sobre a assistência social. Para tanto, foi utilizada a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos, inspirados na teoria pedagógica dos círculos de cultura de Paulo Freire, que procura superar a dicotomia entre pesquisador-pesquisando. Como nos círculos de cultura, os pesquisandos participam ativamente do processo de pesquisa. Foram realizados nove círculos epistemológicos com os usuários, em três Centros de Referência de Assistência Social – CRAS de Porto Alegre RS, três em cada CRAS. Após a realização dos nove círculos epistemológicos, todas as informações foram transcritas, lidas, categorizadas a partir de sua dimensão semântica e analisadas à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Da análise dos dados, foram construídos mapas representacionais com as categorias e subcategorias que revelaram os elementos centrais que constituem tal representação. Os resultados foram interpretados a partir de aportes teóricos de autores que trabalharam temáticas ligadas à assistência social. As contribuições dos usuários pesquisandos foram levadas em consideração na produção final da tese. A tese compõe-se de quatro capítulos organizados em forma de artigo. O primeiro apresenta o referencial teórico das representações sociais e discute a metodologia dos círculos epistemológicos mostrando as conexões entre eles. O segundo artigo, também teórico, trata da formação do Estado brasileiro e como sua estruturação influenciou as políticas de assistência social. O terceiro apresenta os resultados empíricos da representação social da assistência social na perspectiva dos usuários. Tal representação apresenta-se como contraditória revelando duas dimensões centrais, uma ideológica e outra crítica. No quarto e último artigo, também empírico, é enfatizada uma dimensão específica da representação social que se destacou das informações colhidas e que se julgou oportuno aprofundá-la: a representação social que os usuários revelaram sobre si mesmos. Tal representação revelou duas dimensões contraditórias, mas inter-relacionadas: por um lado os usuários discriminam-se como “bons” e “maus”; por outro, se reconhecem como iguais pertencentes a um mesmo grupo social e deixam entrever sinais de solidariedade, que oferece condições para a emergência de uma cidadania para além dos direitos. / The dissertation proposes to analyze and interpret the social representation of the user about social assistance. The methodology of epistemological circles inspired by the educational theory of cultural circles of Paulo Freire was used, which seeks to overcome the dichotomy between researcher and research subject. As in the circles of culture, the research subjects actively participate in the research process. Nine epistemological circles were conducted with users in three reference centers of Social Assistance-CRAS of Porto Alegre RS, three in each CRAS. After the completion of the nine epistemological circles , all the information was transcribed, read, categorized from its semantic dimension and analyzed in the light of the theory of social representations. From the data analysis, representational maps were constructed with the categories and subcategories which revealed the central elements that constitute such representation. The results were interpreted from theoretical contributions of authors who worked on welfare-related themes. Research subject users ' contributions were taken into consideration in the production end of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of four chapters arranged in article form. The first presents the theoretical framework of social representations and discusses the methodology of the epistemological circles demonstrating the connections between them. The second article, also theoretical, deals with the formation of the Brazilian State and how its structure influenced the policies of social assistance. The third presents the empirical results of social representation of social assistance from the perspective of the users. Such representation is presented as contradictory revealing two central dimensions, an ideological one and another critical one. In the fourth and last article, also empirical, emphasized a specific dimension of social representation that stood out from the information collected which was deemed appropriate to deepen into: social representation that users reveal about themselves. Such representation revealed two contradictory but interrelated dimensions: on the one hand users discriminate as "good" and "bad"; on the other, recognize each other as equals belonging to the same social group and they see signs of solidarity, which provides conditions for the emergence of a citizenship beyond rights.