Rugby union training and match-play are physiologically and psychologically very demanding and the execution of post-exercise recovery techniques in players‟ training regimes are therefore necessary to aid in the physiological and psychological restoration of athletes‟ training and performance abilities. However, despite numerous research findings with regard to the efficiency of especially cold water immersion (CWI), contrast water therapy (CWT) and passive recovery (PAR) on the physiological recovery of athletes post-exercise, only a limited number of researchers have examined the possible benefits of these recovery techniques on the psychological recovery of athletes. Consequently, the objectives of this study were firstly to determine the difference between the acute effects of CWI and PAR on the mood states (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vigour) and the energy index of university-level rugby players post-exercise, and secondly to determine the difference between the acute effects of CWT and PAR on the mood states and the energy index of university-level rugby players post-exercise. Twenty-three under/21 university-level rugby players (age 20.1 ± 0.41) of a South African university club voluntarily participated in this study. The players were randomly divided into a control group (PAR) and an experimental group (CWI or CWT). Participants completed the Stellenbosch Mood Scale (STEMS) questionnaire over four time periods: during the morning (baseline); before completion of a high-intensity anaerobic training session (pre-anaerobic); after completion of a high-intensity anaerobic training session of 15 minutes (post-anaerobic) and after completion of a 20-minute recovery session (post-recovery). Blood lactate measurements were also taken 3 minutes after completion of the anaerobic session. To test the first objective, the experimental group completed 20 minutes of CWI, whereas the control group recovered passively for the same time period. For the purpose of the second objective, the experimental group completed 20 minutes of CWT, whereas the control group recovered passively for the same time period. Although the dependent t-test and effect size results of the first study showed that the experimental group (CWI) experienced no significant changes from the pre-anaerobic to post-recovery time periods for any of the STEMS subscale values or the energy index, the control group‟s (PAR) confusion, depression and tension subscale values decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from the pre-anaerobic to the post-recovery time periods. Despite these changes, the one-way between groups‟ analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed no significant differences, except for the vigour subscale, which obtained a medium practical significant increase [Effect size (ES) = 0.65)] for the experimental compared to the control group when the pre-anaerobic and post-recovery changes in the STEMS subscale and energy index values between groups were compared. The dependent t-test and effect size results of the second study indicated that neither the experimental (CWT) nor the control group (PAR) experienced significant changes from pre-anaerobic to post-recovery time periods for any of the STEMS subscale or energy index values. However, the ANCOVA revealed that the experimental group showed a statistically significant higher value for the vigour subscale (p = 0.05) when compared to the control group. In addition, for vigour, the experimental group recorded a large practically significant higher value (ES = 0.92) for vigour as well as a large practically significant lower value for fatigue (ES = 0.88) compared to the control group. To the researchers‟ knowledge, this was the first study to compare the efficacy of CWI, CWT and PAR on the recovery of athletes‟ STEMS-derived mood states. Previous studies mainly focused on perceived fatigue, muscle soreness, Profile of Mood States- (POMS-) derived mood states and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) when investigating psychological recovery in athletes. However, despite the uniqueness of this study, results showed that when compared to PAR, CWI and CWT did not aid more in the acute psychological recovery of university-level rugby players‟ mood states. Vigour was the only mood state subscale for which both the CWI and CWT groups showed a practical or statistically significant higher value compared to the PAR group, while fatigue obtained a higher practical significant value for only CWT when compared to PAR. Therefore, although the study results support the use of CWI and CWT to alleviate vigour and fatigue post-exercise when compared to PAR, further research is required to gain understanding into the psychological mechanisms of both CWT and PAR, with an emphasis on knowledge and information in recovery of mood disturbances after exercise. / MSc (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Title: The influence of water temperature on the rate of recovery during repeated isometric exercise. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to assess the effect of water temperature on immersion of forearm to water for the sake of speeding up the recovery process during repeated isometric performance. Methods: Five male subjects from the students of FTVS (average age 22 ± 3 years) underwent three meaurements with repeated exercise to exhaustion with various kinds of rest periods. The exercise was represented by three series of intermittent isometric contraction of the finger flexors until exhaustion with 20 minutes rest period. The rest period was represented by the immersion of forearm into cold water (8řC; 15řC;) as well as by a passive rest. Sturation O2 of saturated hemoglobin (SmO2) was monitored by the spectrometer throughout the entire measurements at flexor digitorum profundus. Results: The reliability of measurements was rel=0,79 with standard deviation SD= 27,3s and standard measurement error SEM= 12,5s. The least effective method of recovery was passive recovery. Decrease in the time between the first, second and third contraction respectively was 35s, 34s respectively. Immersion in 15 ř C water under recovery phase led to improvement in the second contraction by 43s and by 27s in the...

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-04T11:10:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Vin?cius da Rocha Miranda.pdf: 4210864 bytes, checksum: 3c37254eedb367413a77718eae172a75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T11:10:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Vin?cius da Rocha Miranda.pdf: 4210864 bytes, checksum: 3c37254eedb367413a77718eae172a75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Cold-water coral reefs are of great ecological importance, they can support a great diversity associated with. They can offer a sheltered, three-dimensional, micro-habitat to many species. Studies involving the Brazilian deep-sea coral reefs, and the fauna which composes it, are recent and still scarce. These reefs were studied only in terms of the species of coral which composes it and their distribution in our coast, as the benthic fauna which are associated with this environment. Two projects, CAP-BC and ECOPROF, coordinated by CENPES/PETROBRAS, surveyed the Campos Basin (located at the northeast of Rio de Janeiro) with the objective of studying this environment and the associated fauna. On each project samples of the reef-building corals were collected with a ROV, at depths from 245 to 1100m. Five species of coral were surveyed: Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873, Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758), Enallopsammia rostrata (Portual?s, 1758), Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 and Errina sp.,and fixed in formalin 10% and sorted at the laboratory. Here in, we present the first, qualitative, results from the polychaetes found in association with the coral reefs in Campos BasinThe specie of Eunice prognatha McIntosh, 1885 were the most abundant, followed by Harmothoe gilchristi (Day, 1960) and Nicon maculata Kimberg, 1866. The majority of polychaetes were found associated to the coral S. variabilis, followed by E. profunda and L. pertusa, both M. oculata and Errina sp. were the corals with less associated polychaetes. Five new species of Polychaeta are reported: Harmothoe sp. (Polynoidae), Pholoides sp. (Sigalionidae), Leocratides sp. (Hesionidae), Euchone sp. (Sabellidae) and Ophryotrocha sp. (Dorvilleidae).Specimens identified as Glycerella magellanica (McIntosh, 1885), Harmothoe gilchristi (Day, 1960), Eunice gracilicirrata (Treadwell, 1922), Eunice prognatha McIntosh, 1885, Pionosyllis procera Hartman, 1965, Haplosyllis ohma (Imajima & Hartman, 1964) and Nicon maculata Kimberg, 1866, are new occurrence for the Brazilian coast. Two other species, Filogranula revizee Nogueira & Abbud, 2009 and Notopygos crinita Grube, 1855had their range of occurrence extended. This is the first study aiming on the polychaetes associated with deep sea corals in the Brazilian waters, further studies should be conducted to better understand the distribution of species described here in, as well as to better understand the polychaete assemblage associated with each species of coral. / Recifes de corais de profundidade possuem uma grande import?ncia ecol?gica, uma vez que podem abrigar uma grande diversidade de esp?cies associadas. Isso ? poss?vel gra?as ? sua conforma??o tridimensional que proporciona uma alta hetereogenidade espacial, criando um ambiente protegido para muitas esp?cies. No Brasil, estudos sobre corais. de profundidade, s?o escassos e recentes. Muitos destes se limitam a descrever as esp?cies de corais encontradas e a sua distribui??o pela costa brasileira assim como organismos bent?nicos associados a eles. Recentemente foram realizados dois projetos coordenados pela CENPES/PETROBRAS, CAP-BC e ECOPROF com objetivo de realizar um levantamento dos recifes de corais de profundidade, bem como das esp?cies associadas a estes, na regi?o da Bacia de Campos (noroeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro). Em cada um desses projetos foi utilizado um ROV para coletar amostras nas profundidades entre 300 e 1100 metros. Cinco esp?cies de corais formadores desse ecossistema foram coletadas: Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873, Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758), Enallopsammia rostrata (Portual?s, 1758), Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 and Errina sp., cada amostra foi fixada em uma mistura tamponada de formalina (10%), para posterior triagem em laborat?rio. Aqui apresentamos o estudo dos poliquetas associados a estes corais na Bacia de Campos. A esp?cie Eunice prognatha McIntosh, 1885 foi a mais abundante, seguida por Harmothoe gilchristi (Day, 1960) e Nicon maculata Kimberg, 1866. O coral S. variabilis foi o que apresentou o maior n?mero de esp?cies associadas, seguida dos corais E. rostrata e L. pertusa, j? as esp?cies M. oculata e Errina sp. foram os corais com menos esp?cies de poliquetas encontrados. Foram reportadas cinco novas esp?cies de poliquetas Harmothoe sp. (Polynoidae), Pholoides sp. (Sigalionidae), Leocratides sp. (Hesionidae), Euchone sp. (Sabellidae), e Ophryotrocha sp. (Dorvilleidae). O total de oito esp?cies foram registradas pela primeira vez para a costa brasileira: Glycerella magellanica (McIntosh, 1885), Harmothoe gilchristi (Day, 1960), Eunice gracilicirrata (Treadwell, 1922), Eunice prognatha McIntosh, 1885, Pionosyllis procera Hartman, 1965, Haplosyllis ohma (Imajima & Hartman, 1964), e Nicon maculata Kimberg, 1866. Duas outras esp?cies, viii Filogranula revizee Nogueira & Abbud, 2009 e Notopygos crinita Grube, 1855, tiveram suas ?reas de ocorr?ncia ampliadas. Este ? o primeiro estudo focando nos poliquetas associados aos corais de profundidade da costa brasileira. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para melhor compreender a distribui??o das esp?cies descritas neste trabalho, assim como entender as poss?veis associa??es destas com as esp?cies de coral desse ecossistema

Victims of exertional heat stroke (EHS) in whom treatment is delayed have higher rates of multi-organ failure and a greater number of fatalities. Death related to EHS is preventable, through immediate treatment via cold-water immersion (CWI). To date little is known about the influence of treatment delays on core cooling following EHS. Thus we sought to examine the effects of treatment delays on cardiovascular and thermal responses prior to, during, and following CWI treatment in individuals with exercise-induced hyperthermia. Our findings demonstrate that treatment delays resulted in a sustained level of hyperthermia and cardiovascular strain that significantly increased the time an individual is at risk to the potential lethal effects of EHS. Moreover, we report that cold water immersion treatment is powerful enough to overcome the adverse effects of treatment delays and rapidly reduce core temperatures while facilitating the re-establishment of blood pressure towards normal resting levels.

This thesis examined the effect of differences in body surface area-to-lean body mass ratio (AD/LBM) on core temperature cooling rates during cold water immersion (2°C, CWI) and temperate water immersion (26°C, TWI) following exercise-induced hyperthermia (end-exercise rectal temperature of 40°C). Individuals with a High AD/LBM (315 cm2/kg) had a ~1.7-fold greater overall rectal cooling rate relative to those with Low AD/LBM (275 cm2/kg) during both CWI and TWI. Further, overall rectal cooling rates during CWI were ~2.7-fold greater than during TWI for both the High and Low AD/LBM groups. Study findings show that AD/LBM must be considered when determining the duration of the immersion period. However, CWI provides the most effective cooling treatment for EHS patients irrespective of physical differences between individuals.

Scleractinian cold-water corals are widely distributed in seaways and basins of the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Straits of Florida. These corals can form extensive biogenic mounds, which are biodiversity hotspots in the deep ocean. The processes that lead to the genesis of such cold-water coral mounds and control their distribution and morphology are poorly understood. This work uses an innovative mapping approach that combines 130 km2 of high resolution geophysical and oceanographic data collected using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) from five cold-water coral habitats in the Straits of Florida. These AUV data, together with ground-truthing observations from eleven submersible dives, are used to investigate fine-scale mound parameters and their relationships with environmental factors. Based on these datasets, automated methods are developed for extracting and analyzing mound morphometrics and coral cover. These analyses reveal that mound density is 14 mound/km2 for the three surveyed sites on the toe-of-slope of Great Bahama Bank (GBB); this density is higher than previously documented (0.3 mound/km2) in nearby mound fields. Morphometric analyses further indicate that mounds vary significantly in size, from a meter to up to 110 m in relief, and 81 to 600,000 m2 in footprint area. In addition to individual mounds, cold-water corals also develop in some areas as elongated low-relief ridges that are up to 25 m high and 2000 m long. These ridges cover approximately 60 and 70% of the mapped seafloor from the sites at the center of the Straits and at the base of the Miami Terrace, respectively. Morphometrics and current data analyses across the five surveyed fields indicate that mounds and ridges are not in alignment with the dominant current directions. These findings contradict previous studies that described streamlined mounds parallel to the northward Florida Current. In contrast, this study shows that the sites dominated by coral ridges are influenced by unidirectional flowing current, whereas the mounds on the GBB slope are influenced by tidal current regime. The GBB mounds also experience higher sedimentation rates relative to the sites away from the GBB slope. Sub-surface data document partially or completely buried mounds on the GBB sites. The sediments burying mounds are off-bank material transported downslope by mass gravity flow. Mass gravity transport creates complex slope architecture on the toe-of-slope of GBB, with canyons, slump scars, and gravity flow deposits. Cold-water corals use all three of these features as location for colonization. Coral mounds growing on such pre-existing topography keep up with off-bank sedimentation. In contrast, away from the GBB slope, off-bank sedimentation is absent and coral ridges grow independently of antecedent topography. In the sediment-starved Miami Terrace site, coral ridge initiation is related to a cemented mid-Miocene unconformity. In the center of the Straits, coral ridges and knobs develop over an unconsolidated sand sheet at the tail of the Pourtales drift. Coral features at the Miami Terrace and center of the Straits have intricate morphologies, including waveform and chevron-like ridges, which result from asymmetrical coral growth. Dense coral frameworks and living coral colonies grow preferentially on the current-facing ridge sides in order to optimize food particle capture, whereas coral rubble and mud-sized sediments accumulate in the ridge leesides. Finally, this study provides a method using solely acoustic data for discriminating habitats in which cold-water corals are actively growing. Results from this method can guide future research on and management of cold-water coral ecosystems. Taken together, spatial quantitative analyses of the large-scale, high-resolution integrated surveys indicate that cold-water coral habitats in the Straits of Florida: (1) are significantly more diverse and abundant than previously thought, and (2) can be influenced in their distribution and development by current regime, sedimentation, and/or antecedent topography.

There are many public health organizations with guidelines concerning the best first-aid treatment for burn injuries. The Australian and New Zealand Burn Association recommends that a burn wound should be cooled with tap water (8-20°C) for 20 minutes, up to three hours after the injury has occurred. However, the evidence that these guidelines are based on is inconclusive and contradictory. As a result of the conflicting published data, there is controversy over whether ice water or ice may confer any beneficial wound healing effects, and what temperature of water is optimal. In the wider community there are also many different alternative therapies believed to be beneficial for the treatment of burn injuries which do not have much evidence to support their use. In this study, patients were found to use agents such as Aloe vera, tea tree oil dressings, butter, toothpaste, papaya ointment and moisturizer on the burn wound. The aim of this work was to review the current field of first-aid treatment for burn injuries and obtain evidence for the optimum first aid treatment using a good animal model, with clinically relevant assessments of wound healing and scar formation. The mechanisms behind the best first aid treatment were also investigated in an effort to better understand and identify the factors involved in optimal wound healing. Studies showed that cool running water at 15°C and 2°C improved the speed of wound healing, gave a better cosmetic outcome and decreased amounts of scar tissue compared to untreated controls. Other treatments Aloe vera, tea tree oil dressings, ice and saliva did not improve wound healing compared to untreated controls. All cold treatments acted to decrease the subdermal temperature, however as the running water was beneficial for wound healing whereas the ice was not, this suggests that the running water acts through other non-thermal mechanisms. Further studies showed that immediate treatment with 15°C water for 20 minutes duration significantly improved the re-epithelialization for 2 weeks post-burn and decreased the distribution of scar tissue compared to untreated controls, however durations as short as 10 minutes and delays of treatment for 1 hour (and perhaps longer) were also beneficial. An audit of first aid used by pediatric patients demonstrated that although 86.1% of patients used first aid, only 12.1% applied the recommended first aid treatment of cold water for 20 or more minutes. For those that did use correct first aid, re-epithelialization time and number of hospital visits were significantly reduced for children with contact and flame burns, respectively. Inadequate first aid treatment was also found to be more common for children <3.5 years old and for friction burn injuries. These studies provide compelling evidence that correct first aid treatment of burn injuries results in improved clinical outcomes, which benefit the patient as well as health care providers. There is a definite need for greater public awareness concerning the correct first aid treatment to use for burn injuries.

Title: Use of the cold water regeneration in swimming training. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to find out whether the cold water regeneration is used in training process by swimming clubs of the Czech Republic. Methods: The research was implemented through the questionnaire method. The data collection was carried out within the Czech Republic's swimming clubs registered under the Czech Association of Swimming Sports. The mathematical - statistical method was used to process acquired data. Visual and tabular representations were used to facilitate their visual analysis and overall assessment. Results: The results of the questionnaire method indicated how the cold water regeneration is used by swimming clubs of the Czech Republic. It has been found that swimming coaches in the Czech Republic use cold water regeneration to a minimum. It has been confirmed that the reason is low awareness of the regeneration method. Another reason was the inadequacy of the demonstrable effects of a given regeneration method for swimming. The noticeable value of the results was reduced by low returns of the questionnaires. Keywords: Swimming training, recovery, cold water, regeneration.

Title: Effect of water temperature during cold water immersion on repeated isometric performance Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water temperature on recovery using repeated isometric performance of finger flexors to exhaustion Methods: The study was attended by a group of climbers consisting of 16 men (aged 30.8 ± 7.2 years) and 18 women (aged 26.7 ± 4.5 years). Participants came 3 times in the laboratory, where repeated intermittent isometric performance until exhaustion with different recovery strategy (passive recovery, immersion of forearm to 8ř C water - CWI 8, immersion of forearm to 15ř C water - CWI 15) were completed Results: The results were evaluated according time of contraction and force- time-integral (FTI). After passive recovery, the second time of contraction dropped by ↓ 9% and the third contraction by 20% compared to the first one. In response to cold water (CWI), after CWI 8 second time of contraction increased by ↑ 32% and CWI 15 by ↑ 36% compared to the first one. The third time of contraction was worse for CWI 8 by ↓ 4%, and CWI 15 was better by ↑ 26% compared to the first contraction. Conclusion: Cold water immersion is an effective recovery method between intermittent isometric performance compared to passive recovery strategy. CWI 15 is more...

Cold-water corals, similar to tropical corals, contain a diverse and complex microbial landscape. Comprised of vital microscopic organisms (i.e. bacteria, viruses, archaea), the coral microbiome is a driving factor in the proliferation and survival of the coral host. Bacteria provide essential biological functions within coral holobionts, facilitating increased nutrient utilization and production of antimicrobial compounds. To date, few cold-water octocoral species have been analyzed to explore the diversity and abundance of their microbial associates. For this study, 23 samples of the family Anthothelidae were collected from Norfolk (n = 12) and Baltimore Canyons (n = 11) from the western Atlantic in August 2012 and May 2013. Genetic testing found that these samples comprised two Anthothela species (Anthothela grandiflora and Anthothela sp.) and a new genus. DNA was extracted and sequenced with primers targeting the V4-V5 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene using 454 pyrosequencing with GS FLX Titanium chemistry. Results demonstrated that the host genus was the primary driver of bacterial composition. The new coral genus, dominated by Alteromonadales and Pirellulales, had much higher species richness and a distinct bacterial community compared to Anthothela samples. Anthothela species had very similar bacterial communities, dominated by Oceanospirillales and Spirochaetes. Core bacterial diversity present across 90% of the Anthothela samples revealed genus-level conservation. This core included unclassified Oceanospirillales, Kiloniellales, Campylobacterales, and Spirochaeta; the functional abilities of which contribute to a nearly complete nitrogen cycle. Dominant bacterial members of the new coral genus also had functional capabilities in nitrogen cycling. Overall, many of the bacterial associates identified in this study have the potential to contribute to the acquisition and cycling of nutrients within the coral holobiont.