The thesis deals with sanitary engineering and gas installation in an apartment building with a healthcare facility. The theoretical part is focused on the installation systems, which are addressed to the suitability of the system in the given project, and the advantages and disadvantages of these systems. Computational and project part addresses the sewer, water mains and gas in the specified object. Designed building is without a basement and eight storeys. On the first floor is located technical facilities around the building and three residential units. All other floors are located on each floor of four residential units. This thesis is done on the basis of current Czech and European regulations.

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Intense exercise is known to cause alterations in the psychophysiological status of an athlete. Monitoring the health and recovery of an athlete is imperative for the maintenance of performance and reduced fatigue and injury incidence. The physicality associated with select sports results in significant elevations and suppression of psychophysiological biomarkers that are often modulated by game-related impacts, intense training regimes and psychosocial aspects associated with the professional era. The aim of the studies outlined in this thesis were to determine the effectiveness of selected “stress” markers in several sports that result in significant “stress”, and quantify the level of acute and chronic “stress” following individual games and competitions to improve athlete management and recovery. Study one aimed at developing a new strong-cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SCX-HPLC) method for the detection and quantification of urinary pterins and creatinine in a body-building cohort completing high intensity resistance training. The method had an intra- and inter-assay variability of 3.04 % and 5.42 % respectively, with visibly clear peaks and no tailing. Urinary neopterin (NP) and 7,8-dihydroneopterin during a week of competitive natural body-building did not significantly change indicating no alteration in immune system function and oxidative stress. It did provide evidence for the use of specific gravity as a similarly reliable method for urine volume correction following exercise. Study two focused on a playoff game of elite amateur rugby. The time course changes of NP, cortisol, salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and myoglobin in 11 elite amateur rugby players were measured up to 86 hours post-game. Cortisol increased 4-fold, myoglobin 2.85-fold, NP 1.75-fold and total NP 2.3-fold, all significant, whilst sIgA did not change. All markers returned to baseline within 17 hours providing valuable information for sample collection schedule optimization. Respiratory elastance was also measured by ventilation for the assessment of exercise induced lung inflammation/injury following the game (Chapter three). There was an increase in elastance in selected individuals that did not correlate with either global positioning system (GPS) or impact data. It was shown however, that a ventilator is capable of measuring respiratory changes in a conscious and healthy individual. Study three focused on the final three games of professional rugby in the 2013 ITM Cup. The acute and cumulative changes in the same four markers were analysed following three home games. There were significant increases in NP, total NP, cortisol and myoglobin along with significant suppression of sIgA (p < 0.05). Large intra- and inter-individual variation existed between players with changes associated with total impacts. Moreover, impact induced muscle damage may account for changes in oxidative status. Specific gravity (SG) was shown to be a more reliable marker for urine volume correction in comparison to creatinine; while some players showed signs of cumulative stress. Study four examined stress in a professional team throughout the 22 week 2014 Super 15 competition. Part one investigated changes in oxidative stress and muscle damage markers to solidify the muscle damage/oxidative status theory postulated in the previous study. Experimental evidence showed iron and myoglobin are separately capable of oxidizing 7,8-dihydroneopterin to NP in vitro. It was then identified that players who suffered the greatest muscle damage as a result of impacts also had the greatest change in oxidative status (NP). This evidence suggests rugby union induces significant alterations in oxidative status that may be exacerbated by the impact induced release of myoglobin. Part two measured urinary NT-proBNP during the last two consecutive home games to identify whether rugby union causes significant cardiovascular stress and if the pre to post-game change can be explained by GPS technology. Significant individualized elevations were observed in games one and two which did not correlate with any GPS measurements or impacts. Concentrations returned to normal ~ 36 hours post-game suggesting no permanent damage to cardiac muscle had occurred. The lack of correlation suggests GPS technology is not an accurate measure of cardiovascular stress in professional rugby union. Part three involved the measurement of cortisol, total NP and sIgA throughout the season to assess the degree of cumulative stress. Samples were taken at regular intervals ~ 36 hours post-game for 22 weeks. Extreme inter-individual variation was present. Select individuals showed continual elevation in immune system activation and psychophysiological stress, whilst others presented with a continual decline in immune system function. Collectively however, minor deviations from baseline in all markers were observed and participation in long distance travel did not significantly affect the psychophysiological status of the group. Together this suggests a season does not cause an accumulation in psychophysiological stress, although careful individual player analysis is warranted. Understanding rugby union positional demands is essential for training program specification and position specific development of players. Part four used GPS, video-analysis and biochemical analysis to identify positional demands in five regular season games. Forwards tended to be involved in more impacts and covered less distance, while backs covered more distance and carried the ball into contact more regularly. There was no difference in the psychophysiological status between positions indicating both aspects of stress (impacts and distance covered) may induce a similar response. Alternatively, individual biological variation may be solely responsible for this change suggesting careful consideration should be given when using traditional work-load measures such as GPS when quantifying “stress”. Part five assessed the effectiveness of varied recovery interventions. Total NP, cortisol, myoglobin and sIgA were measured pre- post- and ~ 36 hours post game to identify which intervention was most effective at returning players to a psychophysiological state that allowed for the resumption of normal training. Findings concluded the immediate post-game strategy employed by the team (cold bath, consumption of protein and carbohydrates, compression garments and eight hours sleep) seemed to provide the greatest psychophysiological improvement regardless of the “next-day” intervention. There was large inter-individual variation and players were still in a state of recovery ~ 36 hours post-game as indicated by the elevated total NP and sIgA concentrations. Study five had four aspects. Develop a new, cost-effective and simple reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of urinary myoglobin in a clinically relevant range, quantify the level of structural stress following a simulated mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, determine whether cold water immersion attenuates the level of inflammation and muscle damage following a contest, and whether this hypothesized attenuation may be explained by cryotherapy induced mononuclear cell activation suppression in vitro. The RP-HPLC method had an intra- and inter-assay variations from 0.32 - 2.94 %. Linearity was in the range of 5 – 1000 µg/mL which detected significant increases in urinary myoglobin following the MMA contest. Total NP was found to significantly increase following the contest and return to approximately pre-contest levels 24 hours later for the passive group only. Cold water immersion was further found to attenuate the total NP increase in the first two hours post-contest solidifying its use as a recovery technique following intense exercise, while cryotherapy significantly suppressed T-cell activation. This study provides a reliable and repeatable assay for muscle damage quantification in a clinically relevant range, evidence of the physicality associated with MMA, and indicates cold water immersion is a reliable recovery intervention that may impart its positive benefits through T-cell suppression. The data generated by these investigations highlights the necessity for individual physiological analysis. Group data often masks the extreme variation that exists in clinical and exercise trials where treatment and management of athletes is conducted for recovery and performance. Biochemical analysis provides an added sophistication of work-load and psychophysiological assessment that common technological methods cannot emulate. With a lack of correlation between the quantitative changes in specific non-overlapping biomarkers and GPS, video-analysis and questionnaires, it would seem pertinent to develop a non-invasive quantitative approach in elite sport to understand the level of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress for the precise management of athletes.

Les habitats de coraux d’eau froide formés par des scléractiniaires coloniaux, des gorgones, des antipathaires et des pennatules sont des hotspots de biodiversité et de biomasse. Ils fournissent des fonctions importantes, comme des refuges et des zones d’alimentation, pour d’autres organismes. Mais, ils sont également vulnérables aux activités humaines, parce qu’ils sont fragiles, croissent lentement et atteignent des records de longévité. Dans les canyons sous-marins, le relief tourmenté, l’hydrodynamisme et l’hétérogénéité des substrats offrent des conditions environnementales propices au développement des habitats coralliens. Dans le Golfe de Gascogne, les coraux d’eau froide sont connus depuis la fin du 19e siècle, mais leur distribution, leur densité et leur rôle fonctionnel avaient été très peu étudiés.Pour augmenter cette connaissance, 24 canyons sous-marins et 3 sites sur l’interfluve/haut de pente contiguë aux canyons adjacents ont été visités par un ROV et une caméra tractée pendant 46 plongées au cours de 7 campagnes océanographiques. Les habitats coralliens définis par le système de classification CoralFISH ont été cartographiés à partir des images prises par les engins sous-marins puis la faune associée, les types de substrat et les déchets ont été annotés.Onze habitats coralliens et 62 morphotypes de coraux ont été observés dans les canyons sous-marins du Golfe de Gascogne hébergeant 191 morphotypes de faune associée, dont 160 morphotypes uniques. Les patrons de distribution à l’échelle locale et à l’échelle régionale pourraient être liés aux régimes hydrodynamiques et sédimentaires. Le type de substrat était important pour les assemblages de coraux et leurs faunes associées, distinguant les habitats biogéniques, sur substrat dur et sur substrat meuble. Les assemblages de coraux étaient similaires entre habitats biogéniques et habitats sur substrat dur, mais la faune associées était plus abondante et diversifiée sur les habitats biogéniques. La diversité-alpha, -beta et –gamma étaient étonnement élevée sur les habitats coralliens sur substrat meuble, égalant ou dépassant la diversité des habitats biogéniques.Les déchets marins étaient abondants et principalement composés de plastiques et de matériels de pêche. Ces déchets pourraient impacter les habitats coralliens : ils ont été trouvés à des profondeurs similaires et les déchets étaient piégés par des reliefs créés par des structures biologiques et géologiques. L’ocurrence des récifs de coraux préférentiellement sur les pentes plus abruptes des canyons sous-marins tandis que les débris de coraux sont plus fréquents sur des aires plus plates de l’interfluve ou du haut de pente, pourraient indiquer un impact de la pêche.Cette étude a contribué à l’initiative en cours de création d’un réseau Natura 2000 qui protégera à terme l’habitat « récif » dont les habitats coralliens biogéniques et sur substrat dur, mais pas les habitats coralliens sur substrat meuble. Pour ces derniers, un complément d’étude et d’autres stratégies de préservation seront nécessaires. / Cold-water coral (CWC) habitats formed by colonial scleractinians, gorgonians, antipatharians and sea pens are biodiversity and biomass hotspots that provide important functions, such as shelter and feeding grounds, to other organisms. But, they are also vulnerable to human activities, because they are long-lived, grow slowly and have a low resistance. Submarine canyons may offer the environmental conditions needed for CWC habitat development, due to their steep topography, complex hydrodynamics and substrate heterogeneity. In the Bay of Biscay, which margin is incised by hundreds of canyons, CWCs are known to exist since the late 19th century, but their distribution, density and functional role remained largely unknown, which impaired their preservation.To increase this knowledge, 24 canyons and three locations between adjacent canyons were visited with an ROV and a towed camera system during 46 dives on 7 cruises. Images were analysed for CWC habitats using the CoralFISH classification system. Within these habitats, corals, associated fauna were identified and substrate cover measured. Litter was identified in 15 out of 24 canyons.Eleven coral habitats constructed by 62 coral morphotypes were observed in the canyons of the Bay of Biscay hosting 191 associated megafaunal morphotypes, including 160 unique morphotypes. The distribution patterns at regional and local scales could be linked to hydrodynamics and sedimentary regimes. Substrate type was an important driver for coral and associated faunal assemblages, distinguishing biogenic, hard substrate and soft substrate habitats. Coral assemblages were similar between biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but the associated fauna was more abundant and diverse on biogenic habitats. The alpha, beta and gamma diversity was surprisingly high on soft substrate habitats, equalling or exceeding that of biogenic habitats.Marine litter was abundant and was mainly composed of plastic items and fishing gear. Litter could co-occur with CWCs and impact them: litter and most CWC habitats were observed at similar water depths and litter was more abundant in areas with a seafloor relief created by biological or geological features. Observations of coral reefs on steeper areas in the canyons and coral debris on flatter areas on the interfluve/upper slope may indicate a potential impact of the fishing industry. This study supports the ongoing effort to create a Natura 2000 network that will protect biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but also points out the need to develop a framework for the preservation of coral habitats on soft substrate.

(Cf. corpus p. 25-26) Ce travail de thèse s'est articulé autour de deux problématiques : les réponses cardiovasculaires consécutives à l/ différents protocoles d'exercice et 2/ différents protocoles de récupération. Concernant la première, 3 protocoles de recherches ont été menés. L'un avait pour objectif de déterminer les effets aigus d'exercices de même durée proposant une quantité de travail totale équivalente distribuée de façon constante (CC) ou intermittente (IT), sur la rigidité artérielle multi-segmentaire et ses déterminants. Les deux autres se proposaient d'explorer les dysfonctions cardiaques induites par des exercices de durées plus longues (2 à 4 heures) et leurs mécanismes sous-jacents. La seconde problématique de ce travail de doctorat a conduit à la réalisation de 5 protocoles de recherche. L'immersion contrastée (alternance d'immersions d'une à deux minutes jusqu'à l'aine à ~ 12°C et à ~ 36°C), l'immersion en eau froide (~ 12°C) et la compression élastique ont été tout particulièrement étudiées. Les points suivants ont été abordés : la comparaison des effets de la compression élastique et de l'immersion contrastée sur la performance subséquente ; la connaissance des facteurs concourant aux bénéfices de ces dernières entre des efforts intenses et brefs (c.-à-d. étude du débit sanguin musculaire, de la saturation tissulaire en oxygène, de la clairance des métabolites, etc.) ; l'étude des effets de la pression hydrostatique seule (immersion à neutralité thermique ), et ceux de celle-ci associée au froid (immersion en eau froide ) ou à l'alternance de température (immersion contrastée) sur le débit sanguin musculaire; et enfin l'étude des effets sur certains paramètres de la récupération du port d'une compression élastique au cours et au décours d'un trail. Dans ce contexte, les résultats de nos études mettent en évidence qu'un exercice de type IT diminue davantage la rigidité artérielle multi-segmentaire qu'un exercice de type CC. Cette diminution plus prononcée est associée à un relargage plus important de substances vasodilatatrices (NO,ANP, lactates, etc.). Nous avons également montré qu'un exercice prolongé de durée modérée engendre des dysfonctions cardiaques transitoires. Plus particulièrement, certains indices de contractilité évalués par une technique échocardiographique de dernière génération (c.-à-d. le « Speckle Tracking Echocardiography ») nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que la baisse de la fonction systolique du ventricule gauche (VG) était associée à une atteinte contractile du myocarde dans des conditions standardisées de fréquence et de charge cardiaques. Nos résultats soulignent également le rôle clé de la torsion ventriculaire dans la diminution du remplissage du VG et par conséquent de la fonction diastolique à l'arrêt de l'effort. Les études expérimentales s'intéressant aux techniques de récupération post-exercice indiquent que l'immersion contrastée et la compression élastique par rapport à une récupération passive, lorsqu'elles sont appliquées immédiatement après un premier exercice fatiguant, améliorent la performance subséquente (exercice de pédalage de 5 min) lorsque celle-ci est répétée dans un laps de temps court (15 min). De plus, l'immersion contrastée est plus efficace que la compression élastique pour améliorer la performance subséquente. Ces techniques de récupération accélèrent la clairance du lactate, cette dernière étant accélérée davantage après l'immersion contractée. La compression élastique augmente le débit sanguin musculaire mais également la saturation tissulaire en oxygène, que ce soit avant et après l'effort. Par rapport à une récupération passive, l'immersion contrastée augmente également le débit sanguin musculaire après l'effort, et davantage que la compression élastique. (...) / (Cf. corpus p. 27-28) This thesis work focuses on the cardiovascular responses consecutive to l/ various exercice modalities and 2/ various post-exercise recovery interventions. With regard to the exercise modalities, 3 experimental protocols were led. The first one aimed to compare the acute effects of constant and interval exercises on regional arterial stiffness and these determinants. Two others studies focused on the cardiac dysfunctions induced by exercises of longer durations (2-3h) and the underlying mechanisms. The second problematic of this thesis work led to 5 studies. The following questions were approached: the comparison of the effects of contrast water therapy and compression stockings on the subsequent performance; the knowledge of the factors at the origin of the benefits of these recovery interventions between repeated brief and exhaustive bouts of physical exercise (i.e. muscle blood flow, muscle oxygenation, removal of metabolic waste, etc.) ; the changes in leg muscle blood flow, caused by hydrostatic pressure alone [thermoneutral water immersion), and in addition to cooling (cold water immersion) or alternating of temperature (contrast water therapy); and finally the effects of elastic compression worn during and after a trail running race on the participants' recovery. Our results show that interval exercise decreases more regional arterial stiffness [central and peripheral) than constant exercise. This more pronounced decrease is associated with a higher concentration of vasodilator factors (NO, ANP, lactates, etc.). We also show that a prolonged exercise (2-3h) induce transient cardiac dysfunctions. Specifically, parameters of systolic function evaluated using 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography not only at rest, but also during incremental tests to adjust heart rate demonstrate that the 3h-period of prolonged and strenuous exercise induces left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Our results also demonstrate that depressed diastolic function is associated with delayed untwisting velocity. The studies focusing on post-exercise recovery interventions indicate that compared with passive recovery, contrast water therapy and compression stockings improve the subsequent 5-min maximal performance in cycling when this one is repeated during a brief elapsed time (i.e. 15 min). Moreover, contrast water therapy is more efficient than compression stockings to improve the subsequent performance. Theses recovery interventions accelerate the removal of lactates, and contrast water therapy more than compression stockings. The elastic compression increases muscle blood flow but also tissue oxygen saturation, before and after a physical exercise. Contrast water therapy also increases muscle blood flow after an exercise compared with a passive recovery, and more than elastic compression. (...)

As the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases continues to exponentially grow in populations across the globe, the necessity of determining underlying factors, effective methods of diagnoses, and universally available preventive measures also grows. Early detection of endothelial dysfunction, a proven precursor of cardiovascular diseases, can be extremely impactful in encouraging preventative measures and early intervention before medical conditions become chronic. In recent years, ice plunging, a form of cryotherapy involving full body immersion in cold water, has gained popularity within circles of fitness and health practitioners, gaining the interest of people of all backgrounds. Certain parallels observed between the human physiological response to cold exposure and endothelial function encourage further study of the effects of ice plunging on cardiovascular health. Calibrated cuff plethysmography is a promising method of reflecting on endothelial function by measuring arterial compliance of select blood vessels. In this study, a calibrated cuff plethysmography device was built and tested for efficiency as it was used to measure compliance and cross-sectional area of the brachial artery of 14 participants 30 minutes before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after a 5-minute cold plunge in a temperature of 10°C - 15°C. Results found some significant differences between baseline measurements recorded immediately after the ice plunge and measurements recorded during reactive hyperemia conditions at normal body temperature but did not conclude that 5-minute cold-water immersion intervention had a significant impact on arterial compliance or area overall since this was a short term experiment with only acute intervention methods. The device used was concluded to effectively measure arterial compliance and area.

The paper presents new results concerning the influence of the gas density and porous plug diameter on the nature of liquid steel stirring with an inert gas in the ladle. The tests were carried out on a cold model of a 30t ladle using particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a high-speed camera to analyse the plume zone formed during the supply of argon and helium as a stirring gas. The similarity criteria for the investigation of stirring processes in cold model in the past were discussed and compared. The modified Morton number was used in this paper to relate the gas flow rate in the model with real objects. The presented results constitute complete documentation of the influence of the plug diameter and gas density on the size of formed gas bubbles and the velocity of gas bubbles rising in different zones of the plume, plume, and spout geometry, including the expansion angle, spout height, open eye area, and gas hold-up.

Master’s thesis on Energy performance of domestic hot water preparation is concerned with calculating and comparing the energy performance of domestic hot water preparation in two-generation family house with an administrative part. Energy performance of domestic hot water preparation is calculated by two calculation methods and by experimental measurements, which are compared at the end of the thesis. The calculation is performed according to standard ČSN 06 0320 and set of standards ČSN EN 15316-3. Thesis is processed in accordance with valid legislative regulations.

In this study Bradford’s (2008) approach for setting ecological flow and water level targets is tested and refined through application within the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority’s (LSRCA) subwatershed of Lover’s Creek. A method for defining subwatershed objectives and identifying habitat specialists through expert input is proposed and tested. The natural regime of each streamflow and wetland site is characterized along with the hydrological alteration at each site. Potential ecological responses to the hydrologic alterations are then hypothesized for the different types of changes calculated at each site. Methods for setting overall ecosystem health and specific ecological objective flow targets are proposed and tested. These targets are integrated into a flow regime for each site and a process for using this information for decision making is suggested. Flow magnitude quantification is attempted using hydraulic modelling and sediment transport equations, however the data used were found to be inadequate for this application. The accuracy of the targets developed using the method presented in this paper is mainly limited by the accuracy of the hydrological model and quantified flow magnitudes. Recommendations for improving these components of the assessment are made. The unique approach and recommendations presented in this paper provide explicit steps for developing flow targets for subwatersheds within the LSRCA. This research contributes toward the advancement of EFA within the LSRCA, which provides opportunity for enhanced protection and restoration of ecosystem health across the watershed. / Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority