Pacientes vítimas de queimaduras convivem com seqüelas que podem diminuir sua auto-estima e qualidade de vida. Vítimas de queimaduras faciais são excluídos social e profissionalmente solicitando ao cirurgião plástico tratamentos complementares aos cirúrgicos para melhoria da aparência e qualidade da pele. Quinze pacientes do sexo feminino, vítimas de queimadura facial por álcool com mais de dois anos de evolução, foram submetidas a tratamento tópico com tretinoína 0,05% durante um ano, com exceção da região pré-auricular. Após este período, duas biópsias faciais, uma na região pré-auricular e outra um centímetro abaixo do lóbulo da orelha, foram realizadas para comparar áreas não tratadas e tratadas. Os fragmentos biopsiados foram submetidos à análise mecânica e histológica. Medidas de resistência e elastância foram significativamente menores nas áreas tratadas (resistência p=0,03 e elastância p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre as densidades de fibras colágenas totais e de colágeno tipo III, fibras elásticas e versicam nas áreas tratadas e não tratadas / Patients that are victims of burns live with sequelae that may decrease their self-esteem and quality of life. Victims of facial burns are excluded from social and professional life. They request the plastic surgeon to provide complementary treatment to the surgical one, so as to improve their appearance and the quality of the skin. Fifteen female patients, victims of facial burns caused by alcohol with more than two years of evolution, underwent topical treatment with 0.05% tretinoin during one year. During this period, a small area at the pre-auricular region was spared from the treatment. After this period two facial biopsies, one in the pre-auricular area and the other one, 1 cm below the ear lobe, were performed to compare treated and non treated areas. Skin strips underwent a mechanical and histological analysis. Measurements of resistance and elasticity were significantly lower in the treated skin as compared with non-treated skin (resistance, p=0.03 and elasticity, p<0.05). The density of collagen and collagen type III fibers, elastic fibers and versican was not significantly different between treated and non-treated skins

Sialidose é uma doença neurossomática causada pela deficiência congênita da neuraminidase-1 (Neu1), enzima envolvida na regulação do catabolismo de sialoglicoconjugados nos lisossomos. Com o acúmulo de sialoglicoconjugados, ocorre comprometimento sistêmico e neurológico. Achados histológicos musculares incluem expansão da matriz extracelular (MEC) devido à proliferação anormal de fibroblastos, invasão das fibras musculares por componentes da MEC, fragmentação do citoplasma, formação vacuolar e atrofia das fibras musculares. Entretanto o mecanismo da atrofia muscular na deficiência de Neu1 não está completamente esclarecido, sendo o objetivo desse estudo. Desnervou-se o músculo gastrocnêmio direito de camundongos com deficiência de Neu1 (Neu1 -/-) e de controles Neu1 +/+. Os animais foram eutanasiados 0, 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias pós desnervação. Os músculos desnervados e contralaterais foram submetidos às seguintes análises: 1) histologia geral e medida da área transversa das fibras; 2) autofagia, através da avaliação da presença de vacúolos autofágicos por estudo ultraestrutural e da análise da expressão da proteína LC3; 3) ativação do sistema lisossomal, por reação de fosfatase ácida e análise da expressão proteica de catepsina L e lamp1; 4) deposição de colágeno e infiltração de tecido conjuntivo no tecido muscular; 5) níveis das proteínas Akt e GSK3b; 6) expressão dos atrogenes MuRF1 e Atrogina-1; 7) níveis da proteína MyoD, relacionada à diferenciação muscular; e 8) expressão dos genes Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 e Neu4. Os animais Neu1-/- apresentaram menor peso corporal e muscular compararando-se com animais Neu1 +/+. Houve redução progressiva da área das fibras dos músculos desnervados em relação aos músculos contralaterais. Os animais Neu1-/- apresentaram atrofia muscular basal, com aumento acentuado dos espaços endomisiais e perimisiais. Ocorreu formação de vacúolos autofágicos a partir de 14 dias de desnervação tanto em animais Neu1+/+ quanto em Neu1-/-. Os níveis de expressão proteica de catepsina L e de lamp1 aumentaram a partir de 14 dias de desnervação, mais notadamente em músculos desnervados de camundongos Neu1-/-. A expressão proteica de colágeno III mostrou-se aumentada em animais Neu1-/-, principalmente após desnervação. A expressão proteica da forma fosforilada do Akt (forma ativada) diminuiu após 21 dias de desnervação principalmente em músculos desnervados de animais Neu1+/+. Os níveis de PGSK3 b, forma inativa de GSK3b, diminuíram após a desnervação, em animais Neu1+/+ e animais Neu1-/-. Houve aumento na expressão gênica de Atrogina-1 e MuRF1 após 3 e 7 dias de desnervação, respectivamente; a expressão gênica de Atrogina-1 nos camundongos Neu1-/- teve um aumento atrasado, mostrando diferença significante após 7 dias de desnervação. Não houve diferença significativa entre níveis proteicos de MyoD. A expressão gênica de Neu1 mostrou-se elevada em músculos desnervados de animais Neu1+/+. Conclui-se, portanto, que a Neu1 parece atuar na regulação da massa muscular principalmente controlando o processo de ativação do sistema lisossomal, porém aparentemente sem afetar a autofagia / Sialidosis, a severe neurosomatic disease, results from congenital neuraminidase-1 (Neu1) deficiency. This enzyme regulates the catabolism of sialoglycoconjugates in the lysosomes. Systemic and neurologic manifestations occur due to the sialoglycoconjugates accumulation. In the mouse model for Neu1 deficiency, the muscle histologic findings include extracellular matrix (ECM) expansion, due to abnormal fibroblast proliferation, muscle fibers invasion by ECM components, cytoplasm fragmentation, vacuolar formation and muscle atrophy. Nevertheless the mechanisms of muscle atrophy in Neu1 deficiency are not completely known. This study was designed to investigate Neu1 involvement in muscle atrophy process. Denervation of gastrocnemius muscle was performed by sectioning sciatic nerve from Neu1 deficient mice (Neu1 -/-) and from normal control Neu1 +/+; the animals were euthanized 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after denervation. Denervated and control muscles were collected and submitted to several analysis: 1) histological; 2) autophagic vacuoles formation, performed by ultrastructural analysis and LC3 protein expression; 3) acid phosphatase reaction, lamp1 and cathepsin L protein expression, to analyze lysosomal activation; 4) collagen deposition and fibrous formation; 5) proteins involved with muscle trophism, Akt and GSK3b; 6) MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression; 7) MyoD protein expression; 8) Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 and Neu4 genes expression. Neu1 -/- mice presented decreased body and muscle weight comparing to Neu1 +/+ animals. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area was reduced in denervated muscles comparing to contralateral muscles. Neu1 -/- mice muscles presented basal atrophy and increase of endomisial and perimisial spaces, which became more evident after denervation. After 14 days of denervation, autophagosome formation was noticed on Neu1 +/+ and Neu1-/- animals. Cathepsin L protein levels were increased after 14 and 21 days of denervation, especially in denervated muscles from Neu1 -/- mice. Lamp1 protein expression was increased in Neu1-/- animals. Type III collagen protein levels were increased in Neu1-/- animals. There were no significant differences between MyoD protein levels. P-Akt, active form of Akt protein levels, decreased after 21 days of denervation, especially in denervated muscles from control group animals, indicating that protein synthesis is decreased. P-GSK3b, inactive form of GSK3b decreased in denervated muscles from Neu1 -/- and Neu1 +/+ animals, which indicates that this protein remained activated during muscle atrophy process. There were significant differences in Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression levels after 3 and 7 days of denervation. Neu1 -/- animals muscles presented a delayed Atrogin-1 response. Neu1 gene expression was increased in denervated muscles from Neu1 +/+ mice. These findings suggest that Neu1 seems to act in the regulation of muscle mass mainly by controlling the process of lysosomal system activation, but apparently without affecting autophagy

No description available.

A alveolite é uma complicação pós-operatória de carácter inflamatório que acomete alvéolos de dentes recém-extraídos. A incidência dessa complicação varia de 1 a 4% e pode chegar a 30%. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no processo de reparo de alvéolos intencionalmente infectados, em ratos; comparar diferentes modalidades de tratamento e correlacionar os resultados encontrados através de duas análises (microscópica e molecular). Foram utilizados 84 ratos, divididos nos grupos: I: alvéolo não infectado; II: alvéolo infectado sem nenhum tratamento; III: alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação de solução de iodeto de sódio a 2% e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3% na proporção de 1:1; e IV: alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com soro fisiológico e preenchimento com uma pasta à base de metronidazol. Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 6, 15 e 28 dias pós-operatório. Foi realizada a análise quantitativa da expressão de genes envolvidos no processo de reparo [colágeno tipo I (COL-I), fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF), osteocalcina (OCN), fosfatase alcalina (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-\'alfa\')], através da RealTimePCR, correlacionando sua expressão com as características microscópicas observadas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Com base nos resultados da análise microscópica e molecular, podemos concluir que os marcadores RUNX2, OCN e TNF-\'alfa\' podem ser usados como indicadores para avaliar a neoformação óssea e a quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório em alveolite. Os marcadores ALP e VEGF não representaram adequadamente o que se observou microscopicamente. Embora o tratamento da alveolite com a pasta à base de metronidazol promova maior densidade de neoformação óssea aos 28 dias, não há diferenças entre os tratamentos. / Dry socket is an inflammatory postoperative complication that undertakes sockets of recently extracted teeth. The incidence of such complication varies from 1 to 4% and might reach up to 30%. The objective of this study was to analyze the biological mechanisms involved in the repair process of intentionally infected sockets in mice; compare different treatment conditions and correlate the results of two different analysis (microscopic and molecular). 84 mice were used in this study, divided according the following groups: I: uninfected socket; II: infected socket without any treatment; III: infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution at 1:1 proportion; and IV: infected socket submitted to curettage, physiological saline solution irrigation and fulfillment with metronidazole base paste. The animals were killed at a postoperative period of 6, 15 and 28 days. A quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression involved [Collagen Type I (COL-I), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\'alpha\')], in the repair process, correlating its expression with the microscopic characteristics observed in both qualitative and quantitative manner. Based in the results of the microscopic and molecular analysis, it can be concluded that the RUNX2, OCN and TNF-\'alpha\' markers can be used as indicators to evaluate the dry socket bone neoformation and inflammatory infiltrate quantity. The ALP and VEGF markers did not represented appropriately what was observed microscopically. Although the dry socket treatment with metronidazole base paste promotes an increase in the bone neoformation density at 28 days, no difference was found among the treatments.

Pacientes vítimas de queimaduras convivem com seqüelas que podem diminuir sua auto-estima e qualidade de vida. Vítimas de queimaduras faciais são excluídos social e profissionalmente solicitando ao cirurgião plástico tratamentos complementares aos cirúrgicos para melhoria da aparência e qualidade da pele. Quinze pacientes do sexo feminino, vítimas de queimadura facial por álcool com mais de dois anos de evolução, foram submetidas a tratamento tópico com tretinoína 0,05% durante um ano, com exceção da região pré-auricular. Após este período, duas biópsias faciais, uma na região pré-auricular e outra um centímetro abaixo do lóbulo da orelha, foram realizadas para comparar áreas não tratadas e tratadas. Os fragmentos biopsiados foram submetidos à análise mecânica e histológica. Medidas de resistência e elastância foram significativamente menores nas áreas tratadas (resistência p=0,03 e elastância p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre as densidades de fibras colágenas totais e de colágeno tipo III, fibras elásticas e versicam nas áreas tratadas e não tratadas / Patients that are victims of burns live with sequelae that may decrease their self-esteem and quality of life. Victims of facial burns are excluded from social and professional life. They request the plastic surgeon to provide complementary treatment to the surgical one, so as to improve their appearance and the quality of the skin. Fifteen female patients, victims of facial burns caused by alcohol with more than two years of evolution, underwent topical treatment with 0.05% tretinoin during one year. During this period, a small area at the pre-auricular region was spared from the treatment. After this period two facial biopsies, one in the pre-auricular area and the other one, 1 cm below the ear lobe, were performed to compare treated and non treated areas. Skin strips underwent a mechanical and histological analysis. Measurements of resistance and elasticity were significantly lower in the treated skin as compared with non-treated skin (resistance, p=0.03 and elasticity, p<0.05). The density of collagen and collagen type III fibers, elastic fibers and versican was not significantly different between treated and non-treated skins

Sialidose é uma doença neurossomática causada pela deficiência congênita da neuraminidase-1 (Neu1), enzima envolvida na regulação do catabolismo de sialoglicoconjugados nos lisossomos. Com o acúmulo de sialoglicoconjugados, ocorre comprometimento sistêmico e neurológico. Achados histológicos musculares incluem expansão da matriz extracelular (MEC) devido à proliferação anormal de fibroblastos, invasão das fibras musculares por componentes da MEC, fragmentação do citoplasma, formação vacuolar e atrofia das fibras musculares. Entretanto o mecanismo da atrofia muscular na deficiência de Neu1 não está completamente esclarecido, sendo o objetivo desse estudo. Desnervou-se o músculo gastrocnêmio direito de camundongos com deficiência de Neu1 (Neu1 -/-) e de controles Neu1 +/+. Os animais foram eutanasiados 0, 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias pós desnervação. Os músculos desnervados e contralaterais foram submetidos às seguintes análises: 1) histologia geral e medida da área transversa das fibras; 2) autofagia, através da avaliação da presença de vacúolos autofágicos por estudo ultraestrutural e da análise da expressão da proteína LC3; 3) ativação do sistema lisossomal, por reação de fosfatase ácida e análise da expressão proteica de catepsina L e lamp1; 4) deposição de colágeno e infiltração de tecido conjuntivo no tecido muscular; 5) níveis das proteínas Akt e GSK3b; 6) expressão dos atrogenes MuRF1 e Atrogina-1; 7) níveis da proteína MyoD, relacionada à diferenciação muscular; e 8) expressão dos genes Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 e Neu4. Os animais Neu1-/- apresentaram menor peso corporal e muscular compararando-se com animais Neu1 +/+. Houve redução progressiva da área das fibras dos músculos desnervados em relação aos músculos contralaterais. Os animais Neu1-/- apresentaram atrofia muscular basal, com aumento acentuado dos espaços endomisiais e perimisiais. Ocorreu formação de vacúolos autofágicos a partir de 14 dias de desnervação tanto em animais Neu1+/+ quanto em Neu1-/-. Os níveis de expressão proteica de catepsina L e de lamp1 aumentaram a partir de 14 dias de desnervação, mais notadamente em músculos desnervados de camundongos Neu1-/-. A expressão proteica de colágeno III mostrou-se aumentada em animais Neu1-/-, principalmente após desnervação. A expressão proteica da forma fosforilada do Akt (forma ativada) diminuiu após 21 dias de desnervação principalmente em músculos desnervados de animais Neu1+/+. Os níveis de PGSK3 b, forma inativa de GSK3b, diminuíram após a desnervação, em animais Neu1+/+ e animais Neu1-/-. Houve aumento na expressão gênica de Atrogina-1 e MuRF1 após 3 e 7 dias de desnervação, respectivamente; a expressão gênica de Atrogina-1 nos camundongos Neu1-/- teve um aumento atrasado, mostrando diferença significante após 7 dias de desnervação. Não houve diferença significativa entre níveis proteicos de MyoD. A expressão gênica de Neu1 mostrou-se elevada em músculos desnervados de animais Neu1+/+. Conclui-se, portanto, que a Neu1 parece atuar na regulação da massa muscular principalmente controlando o processo de ativação do sistema lisossomal, porém aparentemente sem afetar a autofagia / Sialidosis, a severe neurosomatic disease, results from congenital neuraminidase-1 (Neu1) deficiency. This enzyme regulates the catabolism of sialoglycoconjugates in the lysosomes. Systemic and neurologic manifestations occur due to the sialoglycoconjugates accumulation. In the mouse model for Neu1 deficiency, the muscle histologic findings include extracellular matrix (ECM) expansion, due to abnormal fibroblast proliferation, muscle fibers invasion by ECM components, cytoplasm fragmentation, vacuolar formation and muscle atrophy. Nevertheless the mechanisms of muscle atrophy in Neu1 deficiency are not completely known. This study was designed to investigate Neu1 involvement in muscle atrophy process. Denervation of gastrocnemius muscle was performed by sectioning sciatic nerve from Neu1 deficient mice (Neu1 -/-) and from normal control Neu1 +/+; the animals were euthanized 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after denervation. Denervated and control muscles were collected and submitted to several analysis: 1) histological; 2) autophagic vacuoles formation, performed by ultrastructural analysis and LC3 protein expression; 3) acid phosphatase reaction, lamp1 and cathepsin L protein expression, to analyze lysosomal activation; 4) collagen deposition and fibrous formation; 5) proteins involved with muscle trophism, Akt and GSK3b; 6) MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression; 7) MyoD protein expression; 8) Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 and Neu4 genes expression. Neu1 -/- mice presented decreased body and muscle weight comparing to Neu1 +/+ animals. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area was reduced in denervated muscles comparing to contralateral muscles. Neu1 -/- mice muscles presented basal atrophy and increase of endomisial and perimisial spaces, which became more evident after denervation. After 14 days of denervation, autophagosome formation was noticed on Neu1 +/+ and Neu1-/- animals. Cathepsin L protein levels were increased after 14 and 21 days of denervation, especially in denervated muscles from Neu1 -/- mice. Lamp1 protein expression was increased in Neu1-/- animals. Type III collagen protein levels were increased in Neu1-/- animals. There were no significant differences between MyoD protein levels. P-Akt, active form of Akt protein levels, decreased after 21 days of denervation, especially in denervated muscles from control group animals, indicating that protein synthesis is decreased. P-GSK3b, inactive form of GSK3b decreased in denervated muscles from Neu1 -/- and Neu1 +/+ animals, which indicates that this protein remained activated during muscle atrophy process. There were significant differences in Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression levels after 3 and 7 days of denervation. Neu1 -/- animals muscles presented a delayed Atrogin-1 response. Neu1 gene expression was increased in denervated muscles from Neu1 +/+ mice. These findings suggest that Neu1 seems to act in the regulation of muscle mass mainly by controlling the process of lysosomal system activation, but apparently without affecting autophagy

Synthetic biomaterials are constantly being developed and play central roles in contemporary strategies in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as artificial extracellular microenvironments. Such scaffolds provide 2D- and 3D-support for interaction with cells and thus convey spatial and temporal control over their function and multicellular processes, such as differentiation and morphogenesis. A model fibrillar system with tunable viscoelastic properties, comprised of 2 native ECM components like collagen type I and the GAG heparin, is presented here. Although the individual components comply with the adhesive, mechanical and bioinductive requirements for artificial reconstituted ECMs, their interaction and structural characterization remains an intriguing conundrum. The aim of the work was to analyze and structurally characterize a xenogeneic in vitro cell culture scaffold reconstituted from two native ECM components, collagen type I and the highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan heparin. Utilizing a broad spectrum of structural analysis it could be shown that pepsin-solubilized collagen type I fibrils, reconstituted in vitro in the presence of heparin, exhibit an unusually thick and straight shape, with a non-linear dependence in size distribution, width-to-length ratio, and morphology over a wide range of GAG concentrations. The experiments imply a pronounced impact of the nucleation phase on the cofibril morphology as a result of the strong electrostatic interaction of heparin with atelocollagen. Heparin is assumed to stabilize the collagen-GAG complexes and to enhance their parallel accretion during cofibrillogenesis, furthermore corroborated by the heparin quantitation data showing the GAG to be intercalated as a linker molecule with a specific binding site inside the cofibrils. In addition, the exerted morphogenic effect of the GAG, appears to be influenced by factors as degree of sulfation, charge, and concentration. Further detailed structural analysis of the PSC-heparin gels using TEM and SFM showed a hierarchy involving 3 different structural levels and banding patterns in the system: asymmetric segment longspacing (SLS) fibrils and symmetric segments with an average periodicity (AP) of 250 - 260 nm, symmetric fibrous longspacing (FLS IV) nanofibrils with AP of 165 nm, and cofibrils exhibiting an asymmetric D-periodicity of 67 nm with a striking resemblance to the native collagen type I banding pattern. The intercalation of the high negatively charged heparin in the cofibrils was suggested as the main trigger for the hierarchical formation of the polymorphic structures. We also proposed a model explaining the unexpected presence of a symmetric and asymmetric form in the system and the principles governing the symmetric or asymmetric fate of the molecules. The last section of the experiments showed that the presence of telopeptides and heparin both had significant effects on the structural and mechanical characteristics of in vitro reconstituted fibrillar collagen type I. The implemented structural analysis showed that the presence of telopeptides in acid soluble collagen (ASC) impeded the reconstitution of D-periodic collagen fibrils in the presence of heparin, leaving behind only a symmetric polymorphic form with a repeating unit of 165 nm (FLS IV). Further x-ray diffraction analysis of both telopeptide-free and telopeptide-intact collagen fibrils showed that the absence of the flanking non-helical termini in pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) resulted in a less compact packing of triple helices of atelocollagen with an increase of interhelical distance from 1.0 to 1.2 nm in dried samples. The looser packing of the triple helices was accompanied by a decrease in bending stiffness of the collagen fibrils, which demonstrated that the intercalated heparin cannot compensate for the depletion of telopeptides. Based on morphological, structural and mechanical differences between ASC and PSC-heparin fibrils reported here, we endorsed the idea that heparin acts as an intrafibrillar cross-linker which competed for binding sites at places along the atelocollagen helix that are occupied in vivo by telopeptides in the fibrillar collagen type I. The performed studies are of particular interest for understanding and gaining control over a rather versatile and already exploited xenogeneic cell culture system. The reconstituted cofibrils with their unusual morphology and GAG intercalation – a phenomenon not reported in vivo – are expected to exhibit interesting biochemical behavior as a biomaterial for ECM scaffolds. Varying the experimental conditions, extent of telopeptide removal, and heparin concentration provides powerful means to control the kinetics, structure, dimensions, as well as mechanical properties of the system which is particularly important for predicting a certain cell behavior towards the newly developed matrix. The GAG intercalation could be interesting for studies with required long-term 'release upon demand' of the GAG, as well as native binding and stabilization of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, thus providing a secondary tool to control cell signaling and fate, and later on tissue morphogenesis. / Synthetische Biomaterialien werden stetig weiterentwickelt und spielen als künstliche Mikroumgebungen eine zentrale Rolle in den modernen Strategien der regenerativen Medizin und des Tissue Engineerings. Solche sogenannten Scaffolds liefern eine 2D- und 3D-Struktur zur Interaktion mit Zellen und üben somit eine räumliche und zeitliche Kontrolle auf ihre Funktion und multizelluläre Prozesse aus, wie die Differenzierung und Morphogenese. Obwohl häufig die adhäsiven, mechanischen und bioinduzierenden Eigenschaften von Einzelkomponenten aus natürlichen Bestandteilen der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) rekonstituierten Trägerstrukturen bekannt sind, bleiben die funktionalen und strukturellen Auswirkungen in Mehrkomponentensystemen eine faszinierende Fragestellung. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Analyse und die strukturelle Charakterisierung einer xenogenen in vitro Zellkultur-Trägerstruktur, die aus den zwei nativen ECM Komponenten Kollagen Typ I und das stark negativ geladene Glykosaminoglykan (GAG) Heparin rekonstituiert wurde. Unter Nutzung eines breiten Spektrums von Methoden zur strukturellen Analyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Beisein von Heparin rekonstituierte Pepsin-gelöste Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen eine ungewöhnlich dicke und gerade Form, mit nichtlinearen Abhängigkeiten der Größenverteilung, des Breite-zu-Länge Verhältnises und der Morphologie für eine Reihe von GAG Konzentrationen, aufweisen. Die Experimente deuten auf eine besondere Wirkung der Nukleierungsphase auf die Kofibrillmorphologie hin, als Folge der starken elektrostatischen Inteaktionen Heparins mit Atelokollagen. Es wird angenommen, dass Heparin die Komplexe aus Kollagen-GAG stabilisiert, die parallele Anlagerung während der Kofibrillogenese verbessert und dass überdies, belegt durch Heparin Quantitätsdaten, als Verbindungsmolekül mit einer spezifischen Anbindungsstelle innerhalb der Kofibrillen eingelagert wird. Darüber hinaus scheint der ausgeübte morphogene Effekt des GAGs Heparins von Faktoren wie Grad der Sulfatierung, Ladung und Konzentration abzuhängen. Weitere detailierte Strukturanalysen der PSC - Heparin Gele mit TEM und SFM zeigten eine Hierarchie mit drei unterschiedlichen strukturellen Ebenen und Bandmustern im System: asymmetrisch segmentierte, weitabständige Fibrillen (SLS) und symmetrische Segmente mit einem AP von 250-260 nm, symmetrische fibrose weitabständige (FLS IV) Nanofibrillen mit einem AP von von 165 nm und Kofibrillen asymmetrischer D-Periodizität von 67 nm, die eine erstaunliche Ähnlichkeit zum natürlichen Kollagen Typ I Bandmuster haben. Die Einlagerung des sehr negativ geladenen Heparins in die Kofibrillen wurde als Hauptauslöser der hierarchischen Formation der polymorphen Strukturen betrachtet. Wir schlugen ebenso ein Model vor, welches sowohl das unerwartete Vorhandensein symmetrischer und asymmetrischer Formen im System als auch die Regeln erklärt, die das symmetrische oder asymmetrische Schicksal der Moleküle steuern. Der letzte Abschnitt der Experimente zeigte, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide und Heparins eine signifikante Wirkung auf die strukturellen und mechanischen Charakteristika der in vitro rekonstituierten Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen hatte. Die durchgeführten Strukturanalysen zeigten außerdem, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide in säurelöslichem Kollagen (ASC) die Rekonstitution D-periodischer Kollagenfibrillen mit Heparin verhinderte, sodass nur symmetrisch polymorphe Formen mit einer Wiederholeinheit von 165 nm möglich waren (FLS IV). Weitere Messungen der Telopeptid-freien und Telopeptid-intakten Kollagenfibrillen mit Röntgendiffraktometrie ergaben, dass die Abwesenheit der nicht-helix-strukturierten Enden in Pepsin-gelöstem Kollagen (PSC) zu einer weniger kompakten Anordnung der Tripelhelices von Atelokollagen führte. Der interhelix Abstand erhöhte sich von 1,0 zu 1,2 nm für getrocknete Proben. Das zeigt, dass die losere Anordnung der Tripelhelices einhergeht mit der Verringerung der Biege-Elastizitäts-module der Kollagenfibrillen,. Basierend auf den hier vorgestellten morphologischen, strukturellen und mechanischen Unterschieden zwischen ASC und PSC-Heparin Fibrillen wird die Idee unterstützt, dass Heparin als intrafibrillärer Vernetzer fungiert und an Bindungsstellen der Helix bindet, welche in vivo bei Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen durch Telopeptide besetzt sind. Die durchgeführten Studien sind von besonderem Interesse für das Verständnis und die Steuerung eines sehr vielseitigen und bereits verwendeten xenogenes Zellkultursystem für das Tissue Engineering. Von den rekonstituierten Kofibrillen mit ihrer ungewöhnlichen Morphologie und GAG Einlagerung - ein in vivo nicht bekanntes Phänomen - erwartet man, dass sie ein intressantes biochemisches Verhalten als Biomaterial für ECM Scaffolds zeigen. Variationen der experimentellen Bedingungen, des Ausmaßes der Telopeptidentfernung und der Heparinkonzentration liefern vielfältige Möglichkeiten um die Kinetik, Struktur, Dimension sowie die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Systems zu kontrollieren. Damit sollte es möglich sein, ein bestimmtes Zellverhalten gegenüber der neu entwickelten Matrix vorherzusagen. Die GAG-Einlagerung bietet interessante Optionen für eine langfristige Freisetzung des GAGs 'on demand', sowie die native Bindung und Stabilisierung von Wachstumsfaktoren, Cytokinen, Chemokinen, womit zusätzlich Zellsignalisierung und -schicksal und später Gewebemorphogenese kontrolliert werden kann.