This thesis describes a laboratory investigation of in-situ treatment of synthetic leachate representative of that generated by a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The overall objective is to evaluate alternative designs and operating procedures for effective leachate collection in conjunction with efforts to accelerate waste stabilization (i.e. leachate recirculation). In the investigation five 15 cm (6) diameter PVC columns were packed with pea gravel and concrete of different sizes; geotextiles were also placed between the packed sections as filter-separators and promoters of bacterial growth. Synthetic leachate was continuously input to the top of the columns and circulated at rates representative of operating field conditions. For each column, effluent was discharged to a nitrification reactor before recirculation. The tests were conducted under anaerobic and unsaturated conditions in the columns. Results indicate about a 97% decrease in COD from the synthetic leachate concentration entering the top of the column, and about 98 % conversion of the ammonia to nitrogen gas. COD depletion and methane production were not significantly inhibited by the denitrification process. Optimum Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) for the nitrification-denitrification system makes it economically viable for its development at a landfill site. Gas production shows low CO2 values, decreasing the potential of clogging in the Leachate Collection System (LCS) and extending the Landfill Gas (LFG) networks life service by generating a less corrosive environment. The use of concrete as an alternative to the most commonly used natural gravel as leachate collection drains may not be a good option. During the experiment, the leachate that permeated the columns packed with crushed concrete, presented a higher pH than the leachate that permeated the natural stone. At the conclusion of the experiment noticeable weathering was observed when the columns where dismantled. Further studies are recommended until more conclusive evidence as to concrete performance is found. The overall results obtained from the experiment show that in situ passive treatment at landfills is viable.

This thesis describes a laboratory investigation of in-situ treatment of synthetic leachate representative of that generated by a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The overall objective is to evaluate alternative designs and operating procedures for effective leachate collection in conjunction with efforts to accelerate waste stabilization (i.e. leachate recirculation). In the investigation five 15 cm (6) diameter PVC columns were packed with pea gravel and concrete of different sizes; geotextiles were also placed between the packed sections as filter-separators and promoters of bacterial growth. Synthetic leachate was continuously input to the top of the columns and circulated at rates representative of operating field conditions. For each column, effluent was discharged to a nitrification reactor before recirculation. The tests were conducted under anaerobic and unsaturated conditions in the columns. Results indicate about a 97% decrease in COD from the synthetic leachate concentration entering the top of the column, and about 98 % conversion of the ammonia to nitrogen gas. COD depletion and methane production were not significantly inhibited by the denitrification process. Optimum Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) for the nitrification-denitrification system makes it economically viable for its development at a landfill site. Gas production shows low CO2 values, decreasing the potential of clogging in the Leachate Collection System (LCS) and extending the Landfill Gas (LFG) networks life service by generating a less corrosive environment. The use of concrete as an alternative to the most commonly used natural gravel as leachate collection drains may not be a good option. During the experiment, the leachate that permeated the columns packed with crushed concrete, presented a higher pH than the leachate that permeated the natural stone. At the conclusion of the experiment noticeable weathering was observed when the columns where dismantled. Further studies are recommended until more conclusive evidence as to concrete performance is found. The overall results obtained from the experiment show that in situ passive treatment at landfills is viable.

Thesis (M.S.F.S.) / There is need for further development of cellular collection techniques in the field of forensic science. Currently, forensic analysts are limited to the use of swabs, taping, cutting, and scraping methods to collect cellular material. Each of these methods has its own benefits and drawbacks, however, none of them result in 100% recovery of the cells. The Microbial Vacuum system (M-Vac®), developed by MSI, is a liquid based cellular collection system that was originally developed to collect microbes in the food-processing industry from various surfaces. This research represents a detailed study into the feasibility of utilizing the M-Vac® system for forensic purposes. Specifically, the phosphate buffer used with the M-Vac® was tested to confirm that it does not have a detrimental effect on cellular retrieval. Further, the ability of the M-Vac® to collect cellular material from a variety of substrates was tested. It was determined the M-Vac® can successfully collect both blood and semen from tile, denim, carpet, and brick materials in sufficient quantity for downstream PCR analysis. Additionally, examination into whether DNA was dispersed during collection due to the significant force of impact of the liquid striking the surface was conducted. Specifically, areas surrounding the sample collection region were swabbed after collection with the M-Vac® and tested. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that DNA was retrieved up to 4 inches away from the collection area. This indicates that the M-Vac® system is a viable cell collection technique for forensic purposes, but only for samples which are isolated (i.e. where there is not another probative sample adjacent to it). If there are two probative samples within the same vicinity, then swabbing or taping is the recommended method of collection.

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Projektet handlar om utveckling av ett mätpixelbibliotek och en besöksräknare för företaget Askås. Detta är ett viktigt område på grund av att spårning av användardata på webben blir allt vanligare och låter oss förstå användarbeteende noggrannare. Det största problemet gällande projektet är att användarnas integritet måste skyddas samtidigt som insamlingen sker, därför behöver användarna ge sitt samtycke för insamling av data. Data som kategoriseras som personuppgifter krypteras och tas bort när de inte längre behövs. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla ett system som både är enkelt att använda och effektivt. För att lösa dessa problem implementeras JavaScript-kod på webbsidor som samlar in data. En server används för att ta emot data, bearbeta den och skicka till en databas. Systemets alla delar tillsammans kallar vi ett mätpixelbibliotek. Resultaten visar att systemet kan samla in och lagra användardata för vidare analys som till exempel för att räkna ut antalet besökare. Systemet testades på en webbsida och visade sig vara funktionellt. Analyser av den insamlade informationen kan ge insikter kring användarbeteende, vilket gör det möjligt att optimera webbplatsen. Sammantaget har projektet uppnått sina mål bestående av mätpixelbibliotek och besöksräknare. Trots det finns det plats för förbättringar och utveckling. / The project involves the development of a data collection system and a visitor-counter for the company Askås. This is an important area due to the tracking of user data on the web is becoming more common and it also allows us to understand user behavior more accurately. The biggest problem regarding the project is that when collecting users data we also have to protect their privacy, therefore the users need to give their consent for the collection of data. Data categorized as personal data is encrypted and deleted when no longer needed. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a system that is both useful and efficient. To solve these problems, JavaScript code that collects the data is implemented on web pages. A server is used to receive the data, process it and send it to a database. The parts of the system together is the data collecting system. The results show that the system can collect and store user data for further analysis like counting a websites number of visitors. The system was tested on a web page and was found to be functional. The analyzes of the collected information can provide insights into user behavior, which makes it possible to optimize the website. Overall, the project has achieved its goals, although there is room for improvement and development.

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Metoden för att avgränsa modellområdet i delavrinningsområden med homogena hydrologiska parametrar inför hydrauliska ledningsnätssimuleringar kan vara tidsödande. Olika metoder och tillvägagångssätt finns att tillgå, men kunskapen om hur valet av avgränsningsmetod påverkar simuleringsresultaten är begränsad.   I examensarbetet undersöktes hur fyra enkla avgränsningsmetoder, i jämförelse med två detaljerade metoder, påverkade en hydraulisk simulering av en regnhändelse på sex olika modelluppsättningar av spill- och dagvattennät. De detaljerade metoderna byggde på information om markhöjder i kombination med byggnaders placering, medan de enklare metoderna byggde på information om markhöjder respektive Thiessenpolygoner. Avgränsningsmetoderna testades för en dagvattenmodell, en kombinerad spill- och dagvattenmodell, och fyra spillvattenmodeller. Alla modellparametrar förutom de associerade med delavrinningsområdena (bidragande yta, koncentrationstid) hölls konstanta medan en regnhändelse med återkomsttid tio år och en maximal regnintensitet av 22,8 µm/s (82.1 mm/h) simulerades för varje avgränsningsmetod och modelluppsättning.    De olika metoderna gav upphov till skillnader i simulerat maximalt vattendjup i modelluppsättningarnas brunnar. De enklare metoderna tenderade att underskatta de simulerade vattendjupen och avvikelsen mot de detaljerade metoderna översteg 0,1 m, vilket utgjort en gräns för när avvikelsen får praktisk betydelse. Fler avvikelser erhölls uppströms i ledningsnätet och för modelluppsättningar med större avrinningsbildning. Inga entydigt upprepande förhållanden mellan metodernas påverkan på simuleringsresultaten mellan modelluppsättningarna fanns, varvid modellområdesegenskaper tros påverka effekten av vald avgränsningsmetod. Resultaten indikerade att det kan vara mer motiverat att använda enklare avgränsningsmetoder för spillvattenmodeller i förortsmiljö än för dagvattenmodeller i stadsmiljö, samt att metoder baserat på Thiessenpolygoner ger bättre överensstämmelse mot detaljerade metoder än de topografibaserade. / The method of delineating a model into sub-catchments with homogenous hydrological parameters, before performing hydraulic simulations, can be tedious work. Different approaches and methods for this purpose exist, but the understanding for how the choice of delineation method affects the modeling process and in the end the simulation results is limited.    This thesis explored how four simplified delineation methods, in comparison with two detailed methods, affected hydraulic simulation of a rain event on six different model set ups. The detailed methods were based on terrain analysis and property boundaries. The simplified methods were composed of twomethods based on terrain analysis of elevation models, and two methods based on Thiessen polygons. The delineation methods were applied on one stormwater model, one combined storm- and wastewater model, and on four wastewater models. All model parameters except for those associated with the sub-catchments (time of concentration, imperviousness) were kept constant as a scenario of a rain event with a return time period of 10 years and maximum intensity of 22.8 µm/s (82.1 mm/h) were simulated for every delineation method and model set up.   The different methods resulted in differences in simulated maximal water depth in the modelled manholes. The simplified methods tended to underestimate the water depth. Additionally, the deviation from the detailed methods exceeded 0.1m, which is a threshold value for when the deviations will be of practical importance. Greater deviations occurred upstream in the sewer system and for models with greater runoff volume. No unambiguous patterns were found between the methods and the model setups. Hence, the delineation methods cannot by themselves explain the observed deviation in the simulated water depths. The results indicate that it is more suitable to apply a simple method on a sewage model in a suburban area, than for a stormwater model in an urban area. In addition, the simplified methods based on Thiessen polygons showed more agreement with the detailed methods than the simple methods based on terrain analysis.

The thesis deals with electronic fee collection systems and their interoperability within European Electronic Toll Service. It closely looks on future of Czech EFC system with scope on dealing with obligations of European Electronic Toll Service legislation. In the first part the basic terms of EFC systems are described and basic technologies to be used within EFC systems are explained. The second part then deals with European Electronic Toll Service matters, its legislation and present stage of implementation. In the third part, there are specific technological applications on national EFC systems of chosen European Union countries described. The last part closely describes Czech EFC system, its history, present and its possible future outcomes.