Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Moraes Gregores / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2017. / O Large Hadron Collider (LHC) do CERN foi projetado e construído com o objetivo de proporcionar a observação de fenômenos na fronteira das altas energias. O Compact Muon Solenoide (CMS) é um dos quatros experimentos que observam o resultado das colisões hadrônicas de altas energias geradas pelo LHC, podendo medir com grande precisão diversos parâmetros do Modelo Padrão das interações fundamentais bem como propiciar o descobrimento de novos constituintes da matéria e suas interações. Em sua nova fase de operação, iniciada em junho de 2015 e prevista para durar até 2020, ele vem gerando colisões de prótons a 13 e 14 TeV, propiciando um ambiente de descobertas em regiões do espaço de fase ainda não acessíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a possível existência de ressonâncias pesadas que tenham por sinal característico seu decaimento em bósons vetoriais massivos do Modelo Padrão, em particular em um par de bósons vetoriais VZ (V = W, Z). A existência de tais ressonâncias é prevista em muitas extensões do Modelo Padrão, tais como as que preveêm la existência de dimensões extras espaciais ou modelo Simplificados que descrevem novos bósons vetoriais de spin um. Estudaremos o indício da existência de tais ressonâncias analisando os sinais experimentais surgidos quando o bóson V decai em dois jatos hadrônicos e o bóson Z decai invisivelmente em dois neutrinos. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN was designed with the purpose to observe new phenomena on the high energies frontier. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the four experiments that examine the outcome of hadronic collisions at high energies generated by LHC. It can measure with great accuracy various parameters of the Standard Model of fundamental interactions as well as facilitate the discovery of new constituents of matter and their interactions. In this new stage of operation, initiated in June 2015 and expected to last until 2020, the LHC generates collisions of protons at energies of 13 and 14 TeV, providing an environment of discoveries in regions of phase space still not accessible. The objective of this work is to investigate the existence of heavy resonances which have as characteristic signature, decaying in massive vector bosons of the Standard Model, particularly in a pair of vector bosons VZ (V = W, Z). These kind of resonances are predicted by many extensions of the Standard Model, such as models with extra dimensions or Simplified models that describe new vector bosons of spin one. We will examine the evidence of such resonances by analyzing the experimental signatures that arise when the V boson decays into two jets and the Z boson decays invisibly into two neutrinos.

Ce travail consiste en l'étude des événements diffractifs avec production de jets pour lesquels le proton diffusé est détecté dans le spectromètre à protons, VFPS, au sein de l'expérience H1 auprès du collisionneur HERA.<p><p>L'objectif est de mesurer la section efficace de ce processus et de la confronter aux prédictions théoriques de la Chromo Dynamique Quantique (QCD). Ces prédictions reposent sur le théorème de factorisation collinéaire, via l'universalité des densités de partons (PDF).<p><p>Les analyses précédentes de la Collaboration H1 ont montré un bon accord entre les données et les prédictions dans le domaine de l'électro-production supportant la factorisation. Cependant, en photo-production, une brisure de la factorisation a été observée.<p><p>Dans ce travail, le nouveau spectromètre à protons VFPS a été utilisé afin de détecter le proton diffusé lors de l'interaction diffractive, permettant de supprimer le bruit de fond dominant dans les mesures précédentes et de réduire d'autres sources d'incertitudes expérimentales.<p><p><p>La section efficace de production de jets dans le domaine de l'électro-production est extraite et comparée aux prédictions QCD au NLO. Ces prédictions sont basées sur les fonctions de distribution de partons (PDF) extraites des mesures antérieures par la Collaboration H1.<p><p>Les sections efficaces obtenues dans ce travail sont en accord tant d'un point de la normalisation que de celui de la dépendance en les différentes variables cinématiques avec les prédictions théoriques.<p><p>Nous pouvons en conclure l'universalité des PDF telle que prédite par le théorème de factorisation. De plus, l'analyse des sections efficaces différentielles permet de montrer que les prédictions basées sur des PDF extraites à partir d'une combinaison de mesures en diffraction inclusive et de production de jets semble être favorisée.<p><p>La production de jets en diffraction dans le domaine de la photo-production est également étudiée dans cette thèse. On y traite de la mise en place d'un nouveau sous-déclencheur permettant de sauvegarder les données sur banques. Les données en photo-production ont été comparées aux données simulées par un programme par Monte Carlo. Le bon accord entre les deux échantillons permet de s'assurer que les différents effets détecteurs ont été correctement pris en compte et montre que la mesure de la section efficace est faisable.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis deals with a broad range of aspects that concern the simulation of QCD jet physics by Monte Carlo event generators. Phenomenological work is presented in validating the CKKW approach for merging tree-level matrix elements and parton showers. In the second part the main project is documented comprising the definition, realization and verification of a new QCD colour-dipole cascade. Finally, a new cluster-hadronization model is introduced.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008. / Title from file title page. Xiaochun He, committee chair; William Nelson, Steven Manson, Brian Thoms, Douglas Gies, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 21, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-108).

La these de doctorat intitulee ``Mesure de la diffusion Compton a haute virtualite a HERA II'<p>a ete realisee au sein du service de physique des particules elementaires de l'ULB sous<p>la direction de mon promoteur Laurent Favart<p>et porte sur l'analyse des donnees enregistrees par l'experience H1 situee aupres du collisionneur<p>electron-proton HERA du laboratoire DESY a Hambourg. <p><p>L'analyse presentee concerne l'etude d'un processus diffractif exclusif particulier,<p>le processus de diffusion Compton a haute virtualite ou DVCS (Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering), e p -> e p gamma, qui correspond a <p>la diffusion gamma* p -> gamma p$ d'un photon<p>hautement virtuel par le proton, dans le domaine cinematique 6.5 < Q^2 < 80 GeV2,<p>30 < W < 140 GeV et / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Elektronen- und Positronenstrahlen mit niedrigsten Emittanzen und hohen Strömen werden in zukünftigen Linearbeschleunigern, wie zum Beispiel dem Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), benötigt, um die geforderte Leuchtkraft für physikalische Experimente bereit zu stellen. Diese Strahlen können in Dämpfungsringen, ausgestattet mit starken, supraleitenden Dämpfungswigglermagneten, erzeugt werden. In dieser Arbeit sind Designkonzepte verschiedener supraleitender Dämpfungswigglermagnete entwickelt worden. Testspulen sowie Modelle sind gebaut und getestet, elektrische Verbindungstechniken entwickelt worden. Eine Wärmelastrechnung für den Betrieb in Dämpfungsringen und ein Designkonzept für den kryogenen Betrieb bei 4.2 K ist erstellt worden. Es konnte theoretisch und experimentell gezeigt werden, dass supraleitende Dämpfungswigglermagnete mit Nb-Ti und Nb3Sn Niedertemperatursupraleitern die magnetischen, mechanischen, elektrischen und thermischen Anforderungen erfüllen und in Dämpfungsringen betrieben werden können.

This thesis deals with a broad range of aspects that concern the simulation of QCD jet physics by Monte Carlo event generators. Phenomenological work is presented in validating the CKKW approach for merging tree-level matrix elements and parton showers. In the second part the main project is documented comprising the definition, realization and verification of a new QCD colour-dipole cascade. Finally, a new cluster-hadronization model is introduced.

<p>The future International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) are intended for precision measurements of phenomena discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and also for the discovery of new physics. In order to offer optimal conditions for such experiments, the new colliders must produce very-high-luminosity collisions at energies in the TeV regime.</p><p>Emittance growth caused by imperfections in the main linacs is one of the factors limiting the luminosity of CLIC and ILC. In this thesis, various emittance preservation and luminosity tuning techniques have been tested and developed in order to meet the challenging luminosity requirements.</p><p>Beam-based alignment was shown to be insufficient for reduction of emittance growth. Emittance tuning bumps provide an additional powerful preservation tool. After initial studies of tuning bumps designed to treat certain imperfections, a general strategy for design of optimised bumps was developed. The new bumps are optimal both in terms of emittance reduction performance and convergence speed. They were clearly faster than previous bumps and reduced emittance growth by nearly two orders of magnitude both for CLIC and ILC.</p><p>Time-dependent imperfections such as ground motion and magnet vibrations also limit the performance of the colliders. This type of imperfections was studied in detail, and a new feedback system for optimal reduction of emittance growth was developed and shown to be approximately ten times more efficient than standard trajectory feedbacks.</p><p>The emittance tuning bumps require fast and accurate diagnostics. The possibility of measuring emittance using a wide laserwire was introduced and simulated with promising results. While luminosity cannot be directly measured fast enough, it was shown that a beamstrahlung tuning signal could be used for efficient optimisation of a number of collision parameters using tuning bumps in the Final Focus System.</p><p>Complete simulations of CLIC emittance tuning bumps, including static and dynamic imperfections and realistic tuning and emittance measurement procedures, showed that an emittance growth six times lower than that required may be obtained using these methods.</p>

La théorie de la Supersymétrie est étudiée ici en tant que théorie complémentaire au Modèle Standard, sachant que celui-ci n'explique qu'environ 5% de l'univers et est incapable de répondre à plusieurs questions fondamentales en physique des particules. Ce mémoire contient les résultats d'une recherche de Supersymétrie effectuée avec le détecteur ATLAS et utilisant des états finaux contenant entre autres une paire de leptons de même charge électrique ou trois leptons. Les données proviennent de collisions protons-protons à 13 TeV d'énergie dans le centre-de-masse produites au Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons (LHC) en 2015. L'analyse n'a trouvé aucun excès significatif au-delà des attentes du Modèle Standard mais a permis tout de même de poser de nouvelles limites sur la masse de certaines particules supersymétriques. Ce mémoire contient aussi l'étude exhaustive d'un bruit de fond important pour cette analyse, soit le bruit de fond provenant des électrons dont la charge est mal identifiée. L'extraction du taux d'inversion de charge, nécessaire pour connaître combien d'événements seront attribuables à ce bruit de fond, a démontré que la probabilité pour que la charge d'un électron soit mal identifiée par ATLAS variait du dixième de pourcent à 8-9% selon l'impulsion transverse et la pseudorapidité des électrons. Puis, une étude fut effectuée concernant l'élimination de ce bruit de fond via l'identification et la discrimination des électrons dont la charge est mal identifiée. Une analyse multi-variée se servant d'une méthode d'apprentissage par arbres de décision, basée sur les caractéristiques distinctives de ces électrons, montra qu'il était possible de conserver un haut taux d'électrons bien identifiés (95%) tout en rejetant la grande majorité des électrons possédant une charge mal identifiée (90-93%). / Since the Standard Model only explains about 5% of our universe and leaves us with a lot of open questions in fundamental particle physics, a new theory called Supersymmetry is studied as a complementary model to the Standard Model. A search for Supersymmetry with the ATLAS detector and using final states with same-sign leptons or three leptons is presented in this master thesis. The data used for this analysis were produced in 2015 by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV of center-of-mass energy. No excess was found above the Standard Model expectations but we were able to set new limits on the mass of some supersymmetric particles. This thesis describes in detail the topic of the electron charge-flip background, which arises when the electric charge of an electron is mis-measured by the ATLAS detector. This is an important background to take into account when searching for Supersymmetry with same-sign leptons. The extraction of charge-flip probabilities, which is needed to determine the number of charge-flip events among our same-sign selection, was performed and found to vary from less than a percent to 8-9% depending on the transverse momentum and the pseudorapidity of the electron. The last part of this thesis consists in a study for the potential of rejection of charge-flip electrons. It was performed by identifying and discriminating those electrons based on a multi-variate analysis with a boosted decision tree method using distinctive properties of charge-flip electrons. It was found that we can reject the wide majority of mis-measured electrons (90-93%) while keeping a very high level of efficiency for well-measured ones (95%).

The future International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) are intended for precision measurements of phenomena discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and also for the discovery of new physics. In order to offer optimal conditions for such experiments, the new colliders must produce very-high-luminosity collisions at energies in the TeV regime. Emittance growth caused by imperfections in the main linacs is one of the factors limiting the luminosity of CLIC and ILC. In this thesis, various emittance preservation and luminosity tuning techniques have been tested and developed in order to meet the challenging luminosity requirements. Beam-based alignment was shown to be insufficient for reduction of emittance growth. Emittance tuning bumps provide an additional powerful preservation tool. After initial studies of tuning bumps designed to treat certain imperfections, a general strategy for design of optimised bumps was developed. The new bumps are optimal both in terms of emittance reduction performance and convergence speed. They were clearly faster than previous bumps and reduced emittance growth by nearly two orders of magnitude both for CLIC and ILC. Time-dependent imperfections such as ground motion and magnet vibrations also limit the performance of the colliders. This type of imperfections was studied in detail, and a new feedback system for optimal reduction of emittance growth was developed and shown to be approximately ten times more efficient than standard trajectory feedbacks. The emittance tuning bumps require fast and accurate diagnostics. The possibility of measuring emittance using a wide laserwire was introduced and simulated with promising results. While luminosity cannot be directly measured fast enough, it was shown that a beamstrahlung tuning signal could be used for efficient optimisation of a number of collision parameters using tuning bumps in the Final Focus System. Complete simulations of CLIC emittance tuning bumps, including static and dynamic imperfections and realistic tuning and emittance measurement procedures, showed that an emittance growth six times lower than that required may be obtained using these methods.