A dramatic shift in tone in the final letter of J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer reveals Farmer James' conflicting attitudes about an independent America. When the letters are juxtaposed with a Western myth of origin such as Virgil's Aeneid, it becomes clear that Crèvecoeur is forcing his narrating persona to repeat a pattern of civilization – destruction, renewal – on which all of Western civilization is based. The sudden pessimism that erupts in the penultimate "Distresses of a Frontier Man" is symptomatic of James' anxiety about the American Revolution and the resulting disruption in his bucolic way of life.

Les nouvelles coloniales de Kipling et de Maugham mettent en scène, respectivement, la société anglo-indienne à l’époque du Raj et la vie dans les colonies anglaise et hollandaise des îles d’Asie du sud-est durant l’entredeux-guerres. Malgré ces spécificités contextuelles et l’écart temporel entre les époques auxquelles les deux auteurs écrivent leurs nouvelles, ces dernières sont invariablement traversées par le motif d’une colonisation pensée comme crise. Or le genre de la nouvelle porte formellement l’idée de crise. En utilisant le rapprochement opéré par les études postcoloniales entre modernité et colonisation comme paradigme de lecture, cette thèse montre comment la nouvelle peut opérer une prise spécifique sur ce rapport et se révéler lieu de trouble. Dans le cadre de cette réflexion sur la propension de ce genre à déstabiliser la modernité politico-philosophique et les idéologies qu’elle charrie – la promotion de la raison, du savoir, du progrès – il apparaît que les nouvelles de Kipling et de Maugham opèrent selon des modalités différentes. Celles de Kipling interrogent poétiquement le politique et la modernité tels qu’ils apparaissent dans leur spécificité coloniale par le biais d’une écriture qui opère depuis les marges, ce par un double décalage par rapport au roman domestique. Le fait même de prendre pour objet la société coloniale, elle-même située sur les marges de la société métropolitaine anglaise, s’inscrit en effet dans une écriture du décentrement. Les nouvelles de Maugham s’énoncent elles aussi depuis certainesmarges mais s’inscrivent davantage dans un constat général du déclin de la civilisation européenne durant l’entre-deux-guerres et dans une réflexion sur la situation de l’écrivain face à divers centres, sources d’autorité et de savoir. Le trouble que produit la nouvelle est donc certes lié au statut de « voix solitaire » de cette dernière mais surtout à sa position de marginalité / Kipling’s and Maugham’s short stories respectively stage Anglo-Indian society during the Raj and English and Dutch colonial societies in interwar South-East Asia. In spite of contextual differences and the two specific moments when the authors wrote their short stories, the latter invariably deal with a problematic colonisation seen as a crisis while the genre of the short story formally conveys the notion of crisis. By using the relation between modernity and colonisation as it was conceptualised by the Postcolonial studies as a paradigm, this dissertation shows how short stories can operate a specific take on this relation and be considered as a site of disturbance. In this reflection on the propensity of short stories to destabilise political and philosophical modernity and the various ideologies it is associated with – such as the promotion of reason, of knowledge, of progress – Kipling’s and Maugham’s colonial short fictions seem to operate in different ways. Kipling’s short stories poetically question the “political” and modernity as they appear in the colonial paradigm through awriting that operates from a marginal position moving away from the domestic novel. By focusing on colonial society, itself being located on the margins of English metropolitan society, the writers’ works practise a decentering form of writing. Maugham’s short stories partake more of a general feeling about the decline of European civilisation in the interwar period but also reflect on the location of the writer who faces various centres which produce knowledge and cultural authority. The destabilising effect of the short story is certainly linked to its position as a “lonely voice” but above all to its marginal position

Este estudo pretendeu analisar a ideologia imperial portuguesa de 1926 a 1936, expressada por Henrique Galvão no seu Relatório de Huíla (consequência da sua prática administrativa) e nos seus romances de literatura colonial O vélo d`oiro e O sol dos trópicos. As textualidades da escrita e da história convergiam para um pensamento que reafirmava a identidade portuguesa e expandia a Nação, incorporando o Ultramar / This study intended to analyze the portuguese imperial ideology from 1926 to1936, expressed by Henrique Galvão in his Relatório de Huíla (consequence of his administrative experience) and in his romances of colonial literature O vélo d`oiro and O sol dos trópicos. The textualities of the writing and of the history had converged to a thought that reafirmed the portuguese identity and expanded the Nation, incorporating the overseas territory

Sur les territoires colonisés par la France paraissent des journaux locaux qui suivent le développement national de la presse : entre 1830 et 1880, l’époque est médiatique et le journal est un support important des publications littéraires. Dans les colonies, les périodiques contiennent ainsi des textes adaptés à leurs territoires respectifs, mais publiés toujours selon la même structure, ce qui permet une comparaison entre les différentes stratégies conduisant à l’élaboration d’identités coloniales. Ces textes, par leur diversité et leurs évolutions, représentent une sorte de chaînon manquant entre la littérature des récits de voyage et la littérature coloniale qui se définit au tournant du XXe siècle : interrogés et étudiés sous cet angle, ils prennent valeur de corpus signifiant. Ils montrent en effet le rôle identitaire de cette littérature médiatique adaptée aux colonies : en adaptant l’exotisme aux conditions coloniale, en faisant varier le critère d’altérité et par bien d’autres moyens encore, la presse locale fonde en partie une attitude coloniale qui se retrouve, mutatis mutandis, dans l’empire colonial français. C’est également la raison pour laquelle le corpus médiatique colonial du XIXe siècle se trouve être au centre de connexions avec les textes de la littérature coloniale ainsi qu’avec les problématiques de l’écriture postcoloniale : lieu de publication, de nouveauté, de tentatives identitaires et d’essais génériques, le journal colonial a produit entre 1830 et 1880 des mécanismes d’écriture appelés à se développer par la suite. / Local newspapers were published in French colonial areas following the same evolution as the national newspapers: between 1830 and 1880, media-rich times, the press represents a significant publishing-platform for literary texts. Colonial newspapers contain texts adjusted to their respective geographic areas, but keep the same structure regardless, thereby allowing the comparison between the strategies leading to the building of colonial identities. The diversity and the different evolution pathways of these texts may then be considered as the missing link between the travel narratives and the early-20th century defined colonial literature. As such, they can undoubtedly be considered as a significant corpus of colonial times. These texts reflect the identity role this colonial-area adjusted media literature had: by adapting exoticism to the colonial conditions, by varying the criterion of alterity and by many other ways, local press founds, partially, a colonial attitude that can further be found, mutatis mutandis, in the French colonial empire. This is also the reason the 19th-century colonial-media corpus is at the crossroads of both colonial literature and postcolonial writing problematics: as a place for publication, novelty, identity essays, and literary genre essays, the colonial newspaper witnessed the creation, between 1830 and 1880, of writing mechanisms that would eventually develop later on.

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Este estudo pretendeu analisar a ideologia imperial portuguesa de 1926 a 1936, expressada por Henrique Galvão no seu Relatório de Huíla (consequência da sua prática administrativa) e nos seus romances de literatura colonial O vélo d`oiro e O sol dos trópicos. As textualidades da escrita e da história convergiam para um pensamento que reafirmava a identidade portuguesa e expandia a Nação, incorporando o Ultramar / This study intended to analyze the portuguese imperial ideology from 1926 to1936, expressed by Henrique Galvão in his Relatório de Huíla (consequence of his administrative experience) and in his romances of colonial literature O vélo d`oiro and O sol dos trópicos. The textualities of the writing and of the history had converged to a thought that reafirmed the portuguese identity and expanded the Nation, incorporating the overseas territory

xvii, 417 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In the postwar era, early modern or Edo period (1600-1868) Japan has most often been represented as a culture in isolation due to ostensibly draconian Bakufu regime policies that promised death to any one returning from abroad ( sakokuron , or the "Closed-Country" theory). While historians of Japan acknowledge limited contact with Dutch, Chinese, Korean, and Ryukyuans, the two hundred and sixty-some years of the Edo Period has consistently been interpreted as a time in which an indigenous Japanese culture developed and flourished without the corrupting influence of extensive foreign contact. This project takes as its subject the stories of thousands of Japanese fisherman and sailors who became distressed at sea ( hyôryûmin ) and subsequently drifted throughout the Pacific before being rescued and repatriated by foreigners during the late 18 th and 19 th centuries. The hundreds of narratives that comprise this textual category of early modern hyôryûki or "castaway narratives" served as the primary means of representing encounters with foreigners in and around the Pacific region and, in turn projecting an emerging Japanese national consciousness. The origins of these hyôryûki are tied to the earlier establishment of diplomatic protocol for handling repatriated castaways primarily within an East Asian context and the kuchigaki ("oral testimonial") narrative records that resulted from interrogations of the repatriated subjects by both bakufu and domain officials. Late Edo castaways also had their stories of drift recorded in kuchigaki form, however with the encroachment of first Russian, and later English, American, and other western ships in the waters off the coast of Japan in the late Edo period (post-1780) other hyôryûki forms--both scholarly and popular--came to proliferate, as it became imperative to translate and re-imagine geopolitical developments in the greater Pacific. This dissertation not only uncovers a diverse textual and cultural category of hyôryûki , but also the complicated interrelationship between cultural production and concrete territorial and political concerns of the State. In so doing, it not only challenges traditional historiography of early modern Japan, but also reclaims a certain cultural specificity for the late Edo Japanese hyôryûki , contextualizing these texts within a more global process of colonization and modern Nation-State formation. / Committee in charge: Stephen Kohl, Chairperson, East Asian Languages & Literature; Alisa Freedman, Member, East Asian Languages & Literature; Maram Epstein, Member, East Asian Languages & Literature; Jeffrey Hanes, Outside Member, History

My dissertation focuses on the poetic production of three criollas —the offspring of Spaniards in the Americas— in dialogic relation with prominent male writers across the Atlantic. The works studied, Clarinda’s Discurso en loor de la Poesía (1608); Epístola a Belardo (1621) by Amarilis; and Sor Juana’s Primero sueño (1692) and La Respuesta (1691), span the entirety of the 17th century, in both the Viceroyalty of Perú and New Spain. Important interventions in Latin American colonial culture have noted criollos’ ambivalence towards the culture inherited from Spain as well as the need to assert their cultural agency through writing. The poets at the center of my study participate in this preoccupation with the added complication of being women, whose works are habitually read in isolation, as exceptions. My dissertation defines a feminine criolla poetics dialogically negotiated with western tradition, be it Spanish gongorismo or Italian humanism, while highlighting the tension between inserting themselves in the canon and critiquing it. In place of readings that emphasize the transfer of discourse and knowledge from the center to the periphery, from the metropole to the colonies, I demonstrate that the writings of these women challenge, or even reverse, this logic. My study analyzes rhetorical and intertextual strategies by which criollas, twice removed from power due to their birthplace and gender, negotiated a space in the canon. My analysis reveals the acute consciousness of gender that informs each woman’s writing; however, I also participate in recent movements in criticism and theory that interrogate conventional notions of power, space and the directionality of colonial exchange. This dissertation examines the processes of cultural appropriation as it defines a feminine criolla poetics dialogically negotiated with western tradition, one that also opens up a space to critique this tradition through parody, irony and textual transformation. This dissertation is written in Spanish.

This study aims to analyze the aspect of national and cultural identity in the works of the contemporary Angolan writer José Eduardo Agualusa. This master‛s thesis contains a brief introduction to the history of Angola, the processes of shaping society and an introduction to Agualusa and his literary works. In addition to that ideas of postcolonial thinking and literary tendencies in postmodern times are discussed, which influenced the works of this writer. Furthermore, aspects of cultural identity and related views on human and historical memory are investigated. An analysis of selected works, demonstrates Agualusa's criticism concerning the political situation in Angola and his technique of using different concepts of Angolan identity. Keywords: Angola, Agualusa, identity, nationalism, literature, postcolonialism

Bernardino de Ávila Girón was a Spanish merchant and notary who lived in Japan between 1594 and 1619. He traveled from Spain to Manila around 1583, took up residence in Nagasaki and was living there when six missionaries and twenty Japanese were crucified on February 5, 1597. He witnessed the persecution of Christians after the edict of expulsion of European missionaries on February 14, 1614. Based on these experiences and his observation of Japanese customs, he wrote the Relación del reyno del Nippon al que llaman corruptamente Jappon, the only secular account written in Spanish about Japan and the failed expansion of Christendom in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The ties linking seventeenth-century Spain and the Americas in literature have been widely explored. Literary critics have studied the relationship between Spain and Asia in the context of medieval travel writing and nineteenth- and twentieth-century Orientalism. The relations between the Spanish empire and the empires of Asia, however, have been studied mostly by historians. My dissertation examines Bernardino de Ávila’s work not as a historical account, but as a narrative composed by a layman who would not have been considered in the seventeenth century either a historian or a reliable chronicler of martyrdoms. However, he provides a valuable and memorable eyewitness account that defies categorization. I use published sources and archival documentation to establish a more complete biography of Bernardino de Ávila, study the textual transmission of the Relación, a work that exists in multiple copies, place the Relación and Bernardino de Ávila’s life in historical context, and focus on its relation to other historical and literary writing of the period, including writing on the Japanese martyrs by the Jesuit Pedro Morejón and the playwright Lope de Vega, who were writing for very different readerships. I define the genre of the Relación and examine ideas of authority in the writing of history and hagiography and conclude by tracing the history of this work from the seventeenth century to our own day, and offer an explanation of why it has been excluded from the literary and historical canon.