Organized in three parts, this Master’s Design Study [MDS] book summarizes the efforts of a year-long exploration of finding a way to spatialize the lessons to be learned from the urban experiments of Michel Ecochard and members of Team 10 [ATBAT Afrique, GAMMA Group] that took place under the French Protectorate during the mid-twentieth century in Casablanca, Morocco. While a great deal of post-colonial scholarship exists on this topic [Avermaete, Cohen, Eleb, et. al.], missing from this body of work is a rigorous attempt to offer mappings, diagrams, architectural, and urban design strategies that can participate in the negotiation process between colonial modernism and the rich culture of Morocco. More pressing today is the necessity for strategies that can begin to negotiate between this existing culture and globalization. / text

This dissertation analyses the endurance of colonial logics of assimilation and cultural segregation in contemporary urban France by connecting them with their origins in colonial Algeria. French urban planning and policy in Algeria emphasized the capacity of the urban environment to establish the cultural supremacy of imperial France, to ‘evolve’ Algerians toward French lifestyles and civility, and to provide stable and controllable social environments. The migration en masse of Algerians to France following the Second World War, and in the context of the Algerian war of independence, prompted the creation of new state institutions in France to house, integrate, monitor and police France’s purportedly suspect, hostile immigrant population. This paper argues the refraction of this colonial apparatus during the post-war period has rippled into the contemporary era, posing significant obstacles to social cohesion between immigrants – and their descendents – and the white ethnic majority in France.

Esta pesquisa refere-se à temática da origem e formação de cidades coloniais portuguesas, no sul do Brasil, durante o século XVIII. Pretende-se investigar a relação da presença dos imigrantes açorianos no processo de formação destas cidades, tendo como objeto de estudo a cidade de Triunfo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, que tem seu patrimônio cultural urbano caracterizado como açoriano. O questionamento fundamental desta pesquisa se encontra na existência de características peculiares de cidades coloniais portuguesas do sul do Brasil, identificadas apenas nas cidades açorianas e que não são identificadas nas cidades portuguesas do continente. O quadro metodológico desenvolvido pretende compor, através da genealogia das primeiras famílias registradas na antiga freguesia de Triunfo, a relação de influência das regiões de origem dos primeiros povoadores, identificando as possíveis especificidades. Pretende-se fornecer um panorama diversificado de tipos urbanos e seus aspectos peculiares para a compreensão da relação de Triunfo com o urbanismo português. / This research refers to the theme of the origin and formation of Portuguese colonial cities, in the south of Brazil, during the 18th century. It intends to investigate the relation of the presence of the Azorean immigrants in the process of formation of these cities, taking the city of Triunfo as an object of study which has his urban cultural heritage characterized like Azorean. The elemental question of this inquiry is in the existence of special characteristics of Portuguese colonial cities of the south of Brazil, identified only in the Azorean cities and that are not identified in the Portuguese cities of the continent. The methodology developed intends to compose, through the genealogy of the first families registered in the ancient parish of Triunfo, the relation of influence of the first colonist’s regions of origin, identifying the possible specificities. It intends to supply with itself a diversified view of urbane types and his special aspects for the understanding of the relation of Triunfo with the Portuguese town planning.

Esta pesquisa refere-se à temática da origem e formação de cidades coloniais portuguesas, no sul do Brasil, durante o século XVIII. Pretende-se investigar a relação da presença dos imigrantes açorianos no processo de formação destas cidades, tendo como objeto de estudo a cidade de Triunfo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, que tem seu patrimônio cultural urbano caracterizado como açoriano. O questionamento fundamental desta pesquisa se encontra na existência de características peculiares de cidades coloniais portuguesas do sul do Brasil, identificadas apenas nas cidades açorianas e que não são identificadas nas cidades portuguesas do continente. O quadro metodológico desenvolvido pretende compor, através da genealogia das primeiras famílias registradas na antiga freguesia de Triunfo, a relação de influência das regiões de origem dos primeiros povoadores, identificando as possíveis especificidades. Pretende-se fornecer um panorama diversificado de tipos urbanos e seus aspectos peculiares para a compreensão da relação de Triunfo com o urbanismo português. / This research refers to the theme of the origin and formation of Portuguese colonial cities, in the south of Brazil, during the 18th century. It intends to investigate the relation of the presence of the Azorean immigrants in the process of formation of these cities, taking the city of Triunfo as an object of study which has his urban cultural heritage characterized like Azorean. The elemental question of this inquiry is in the existence of special characteristics of Portuguese colonial cities of the south of Brazil, identified only in the Azorean cities and that are not identified in the Portuguese cities of the continent. The methodology developed intends to compose, through the genealogy of the first families registered in the ancient parish of Triunfo, the relation of influence of the first colonist’s regions of origin, identifying the possible specificities. It intends to supply with itself a diversified view of urbane types and his special aspects for the understanding of the relation of Triunfo with the Portuguese town planning.

Esta pesquisa refere-se à temática da origem e formação de cidades coloniais portuguesas, no sul do Brasil, durante o século XVIII. Pretende-se investigar a relação da presença dos imigrantes açorianos no processo de formação destas cidades, tendo como objeto de estudo a cidade de Triunfo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, que tem seu patrimônio cultural urbano caracterizado como açoriano. O questionamento fundamental desta pesquisa se encontra na existência de características peculiares de cidades coloniais portuguesas do sul do Brasil, identificadas apenas nas cidades açorianas e que não são identificadas nas cidades portuguesas do continente. O quadro metodológico desenvolvido pretende compor, através da genealogia das primeiras famílias registradas na antiga freguesia de Triunfo, a relação de influência das regiões de origem dos primeiros povoadores, identificando as possíveis especificidades. Pretende-se fornecer um panorama diversificado de tipos urbanos e seus aspectos peculiares para a compreensão da relação de Triunfo com o urbanismo português. / This research refers to the theme of the origin and formation of Portuguese colonial cities, in the south of Brazil, during the 18th century. It intends to investigate the relation of the presence of the Azorean immigrants in the process of formation of these cities, taking the city of Triunfo as an object of study which has his urban cultural heritage characterized like Azorean. The elemental question of this inquiry is in the existence of special characteristics of Portuguese colonial cities of the south of Brazil, identified only in the Azorean cities and that are not identified in the Portuguese cities of the continent. The methodology developed intends to compose, through the genealogy of the first families registered in the ancient parish of Triunfo, the relation of influence of the first colonist’s regions of origin, identifying the possible specificities. It intends to supply with itself a diversified view of urbane types and his special aspects for the understanding of the relation of Triunfo with the Portuguese town planning.

Cette thèse tente d'étudier la structure sociale des villes coloniales en Indochine française. Il s'agit d'une étude sur l'histoire de l'influence de la colonisation sur la société et les habitants urbains au Viêtnam, en prenant principalement le cas de Hanoi et Haiphong dans la première moitié du XXe siècle.Aprés avoir bien examiné la méthode, la politique et l'organisation de la colonisation de l'Indochine, nous mettons d'abord les questions comme suit : comment les villes de Hanoi et Haiphong ont-elles été construites ? ; À quels problèmes ont-elles fait face dans les processus de sa formation et son développement ? Ensuite, nous avons jeté un regard sur les habitants à la ville coloniale de Hanoi en remarquant la répartition géographique et démographique des professions et catégories socioprofessionnelles (PCS), notamment des petits commerçants-artisans. Les cadres indochinois auraient peut-être mieux exploités surtout en ce qui concerne le salaire et niveau de vie à la veille de l'indépendance.De cela, on pourra relever certaines caractéristiques de la structure sociale et de la stratification sociale de la ville coloniale de Hanoi. À ce propos, nous analysons le mouvement social dans le contexte mondial de la crise économique après 1930 et l'application du réglementation général du travail en Indochine de 1936, en mettant en scène une grève des ouvriers déclenchée à Hanoi en 1937, qui a permis d'exécuter la politique sociale au même niveau que la métropole. En conclusion, cette grève "légale" a eu pour résultat une création de « nouveaux réseaux sociaux indigènes » en regroupant les patrons et les ouvriers par même profession au Nord-Viêtnam. / This Thesis examines the social structure of colonial cities in French Indochina, which means that it aimes to reveal link between the colonial system and the colonial society. But we're talking about a study of history of the influence of colonization on society and urban inhabitants in Vietnam. Therefor it will take the case of Hanoi and Haiphong during the first half of the twentieth century.After examining method, policy and organization of the Indochinese colonization, we ask some questions as follows : how Hanoi was built ; what problem this city was faced with in the process of its formation and development. This subject will be treated from a comparative perspective with one of the most principal city in Vietnam : Haiphong.Then, we are intersted in the inhabitants of colonial city Hanoi pointing out the geographic distribution of "professions et catégories socioprofessionnelles" (PCS : professions and social-occupational categories). The best part of this research is characterized by demography of new PCS, especially of small marchants and craftmen.From such approach, we extract some caracteristics of social structure and social stratification of colonial city Hanoi. In this connection, we analyze, moreover, social movement in the worldwide contexte of economic crisis after 1930 and application of labour law of Indochina in 1936, directing labour strike broke out at Hanoi in 1937, only which allowed exercise the social policy at the same level as metropolitain France. In conclusion, this "legal" strike had the effect of creating « a new indigenous social network » grouping management and workers into same professions in North-Vietnam.

S'appuyant sur une approche historique, cette thèse interroge le processus de formation et de transformation de la capitale du Mozambique, et pour ce faire analyse les liens qui se sont noués, au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles, entre changements économiques, transformations institutionnelles et évolutions des formes urbaines. Située en position excentrée par rapport au reste du Mozambique, et proche de l'Union Sud-Africaine, Lourenço Marques passe successivement du statut de factorerie, à celui de bourg, puis de ville portuaire. La création, au cours du XIXème siècle, des axes de liaison, routier puis ferroviaire, avec le Natal fait de Lourenço Marques le débouché maritime des produits miniers d'Afrique du Sud et explique le développement économique de la ville. Pendant toute la période de sa formation, ce sont les plans d'urbanisme, élaborés par des ingénieurs militaires puis des architectes venus de Lisbonne, qui encadrent les extensions de la ville devenue capitale de la Province du Mozambique. Comme de nombreuses villes coloniales, Lourenço Marques devient le terrain d'expérimentation de méthodes de planification (tracés viaires, lotissement, zonage), élaborées dans différents pays européens, dont le Portugal. Pendant toute la période coloniale, ingénieurs et architectes portugais réussissent tant bien que mal à maîtriser la croissance de la ville européenne, restreignant l'accès des « africains » à cette dernière. La création à proximité du centre-ville d'un quartier « indigène » témoigne d'une volonté de séparation raciale de la part des colonisateurs. L'accession en 1975 du Mozambique à l'indépendance se traduit par l'exode des portugais et l'ouverture des portes de la ville aux africains. Cette décision soudaine produit une sorte d'appel d'air pour la population des campagnes et amorce un processus de croissance démographique rapide de Lourenço Marques devenue Maputo. Multipliant les plans d'urbanisme (qui ne sont jamais approuvés), les autorités du Mozambique indépendant rencontrent de plus en plus de difficultés à maîtriser un processus de développement qui se traduit notamment par de nombreux quartiers informels (lotissements, bidonvilles) et peinent à développer les activités économiques garantissant des emplois stables aux nouveaux habitants. / This thesis is based on a historical approach. It addresses the process whereby the capital city of Mozambique was shaped and transformed, and analyses the links that appeared during the 19th and 20th centuries between economic change, institutional transformations and the evolution of urban morphology. The location of Lourenço Marques is peripheral in Mozambique. The city is close to the Union of South Africa, and was originally a trading outpost. It later became a feitoria, small town, then a coastal city. The creation of road and, later, of rail networks with the Transvaal in the 19th century meant that Lourenço Marques became the maritime gateway for South African mining products, which explains the city's economic development. During the period in which the city was shaped, its extensions were managed through plans drawn up by engineers and army officials, and, later, by architects who came from Lisbon. It is at this point in time that the city became the capital of the Province of Mozambique. Like many other colonial cities, Lourenço Marques was subject to a wide range of planning experiments (street patterns, subdivisions, zoning) designed in various European countries, including Portugal. During the entire colonial period, Portuguese engineers and architects somehow managed to contain the growth of this European town, by restricting African people's access to it. The fact that a quarter was created near the city centre for the “indigenous population” reflects the fact that colonizers wanted racial separation. When Mozambique became independent in 1975, the Portuguese exodus took place and the city was opened up to African people. This sudden decision generated mass immigration from the countryside and initiated the rapid demographic growth of Lourenço Marques, whose name then became Maputo. The authorities of Mozambique came up with many town planning documents (which were never approved), and found it increasingly difficult to manage the development process – many informal quarters appeared (subdivisions and shanty towns) – and to generate economic activities that would give permanent jobs to the new population.