Part of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1932. / First part photolithographed. "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "I, private printing; III and IV, reprinted from the American journal of sociology, vol. XLI, no. 3, November, 1935."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Yale University. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. "Bibliographical essay": leaves 312-317.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha / Resumo: A necessidade de permanência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) simboliza um dos principais fatores desencadeantes de colonização e infecção. Sabe-se que logo após o nascimento, inicia-se a colonização bacteriana do neonato pelo contato com a microbiota materna, dos profissionais de saúde ou a partir da exposição ambiental. Recém-nascidos (RNs), que permanecem em tratamento intensivo, possuem predisposição aumentada para infecção posteriormente à colonização. A maior sobrevida e o prolongamento do período de internação dos neonatos têm proporcionado uma elevação nas taxas de infecções, principalmente em UTINs. Objetivos: Estudar a epidemiologia da colonização e infecção microbiana em uma coorte de neonatos admitidos em uma UTIN com abordagem clínica e molecular. Metodologia: Foram incluídos no estudo todos os neonatos admitidos na UTIN, nascidos no HC da FMB, por um período de um ano, e assim coletadas amostras de aspirado traqueal, como também por meio de swabs estéreis dos sítios nasal e anal e acompanhamento do recém-nascido até o desfecho final (alta da UTI ou óbito). Micro-organismos isolados foram submetidos à identificação e ao teste de sensibilidade às drogas antimicrobianas para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) pela técnica de E-test. Dentre os Staphylococcus spp. que apresentarem resistência à meticilina foi determinado o tipo de cassete cromossômico estafilocócico mec (SCCmec). Para a pesquisa de clones prevalentes na unidade, f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The need to stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) represents one of the main factors of colonization and infection. It is known that, soon after birth, bacterial colonization of the newborn starts from contact with maternal microbiota, health professionals, or from environmental exposure. Newborns (NBs) who remain in intensive care have a greater predisposition to infection after the colonization. The longer survival and prolonged hospitalization of NBs have led to an increase in infection rates, especially in NICUs. Objectives: To study the epidemiology of colonization and microbial infection in a cohort of neonates admitted to a NICU with a clinical and molecular approach. Methodology: All neonates born in the University Hospital of Botucatu Medical School admitted to the NICU for one year were included in the study. Tracheal aspirate samples were collected, as well as samples of the nasal and anal sites by using sterile swabs. The NBs were followed up until the final outcome - ICU discharge or death. Isolated mircroorganisms were submitted to identification and were tested for antimicrobial drug susceptibility in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the E-test. The type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) was determined among the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. For the research on prevalent clones in the unit, the characterization of clusters was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results:... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

From first contact, Europeans and Euro-Americans have been representing North American indigenous peoples in literature. Non-Indian authors colonized American Indian stories and re-presented them through a Western worldview, which distorted and misrepresented Indian peoples. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow?s piece, Song of Hiawatha, published in 1855 is an early example of this, and Ann Rinaldi?s children?s book, My Heart Is on the Ground, is a contemporary example. However, Indian peoples are not mere victims. Using story as a weapon for ?decolonization,? American Indian authors have self-re-presented and, through literature, have fought for a more accurate, tribal specific presentation of self to the dominant culture. Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin) authored decolonizing, autobiographical articles and short stories as early as 1901 and collected and published these in her text American Indian Stories in 1920. James Welch continued a legacy of tribal specific, American Indian authored literature with his 1986 publication, Fools Crow. Both texts work as weapons in the decolonization of American literature. / Master of Arts

Homeostasis of trace metal ions is essential for a variety of cellular processes and virulence mechanisms, including resistance to oxidative stress, DNA replication, and regulation of cell adhesion/invasion. Understanding how pathogenic microorganisms overcome metal starvation and intoxication provides insight into how these mechanisms could be targeted by novel antimicrobial therapies. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, commensal of the human nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. Though this organism is primarily an asymptomatic colonizer, it is also the causative agent of infections ranging in severity from reoccurring acute otitis media to life-threatening community acquired pneumonia or bacterial sepsis. This study aims to characterize aspects of pneumococcal physiology and infection that are responsive to changes in micronutrient zinc availability. Two zinc-binding lipoproteins of S. pneumoniae, AdcA and AdcAII, were characterized as playing redundant roles in zinc acquisition; however, this study shows that these proteins are not equally sensitive to zinc starvation and have additional functionality in adhesion and invasion. Mutant strains lacking AdcAII but not AdcA suffer decreased fitness when exposed to a zinc-chelator; and following chelation adcAII was upregulated 42old whereas adcA was only upregulated 4old. Zinc-deficient mutants lacking AdcA and AdcAII show increased invasion at levels reaching 200-300% compared to parental strains. Additionally, AdcAII-deficient strains show decreased ability to adhere to epithelial cells and colonize nasal tissues during murine challenge, suggesting a role for AdcAII or zinc homeostasis in biofilm formation. Analysis of biofilms grown in varying concentrations of metals revealed that increased zinc, specifically, resulted in the formation of larger, more architecturally complex biofilms. The increase in biofilm size was determined to be due to the formation of cell-to-cell aggregates. In addition to encountering high concentrations of metals, pathogens are competing for micronutrients from the host, and are thus adept to surviving metal starvation. A previously uncharacterized operon, SP1434-1438, was found to be sensitive to zinc-starvation and proteomics strongly suggest an importance for these genes in cellular metabolism. These results have identified roles for zinc homeostasis in cell adhesion, colonization, cell and bloodstream invasion, biofilm formation, and the maintenance of cellular metabolism.

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The domination of Etruria by Rome is an aspect of Roman colonization which is generally well understood. Etruria, which began as a significantly more powerful entity than Rome, was brought to heel through the establishment of bilateral treaties and Roman colonies. This study seeks an even further nuanced model for the nature of the conquest of Etruria-namely looking at the underlying mechanisms that made the treaties and colonies successful. Social network analysis is particularly well suited for this task as it visualizes interaction and exchange between sites which often times dictates a sites success or failure. When enlarged to the regional scale SNA can be used to understand how a region prospers or declines based on site interactions. For my study I used SNA to discuss how Roman conquest affected Etruscan exchange networks-especially economic exchange networks-and how this network transformation was used to control the region of Etruria. The results show that Rome all but replaced the previous Etruscan network with their own Imperial network that seems, based on preliminary research, centered on strategically selected administration centers in Etruria-utilizing both native Etruscan sites and newly inaugurated Roman colonies.