This study examines Boiotia in the Geometric and Archaic periods (ca. 1050-500 BC), concentrating on three aspects in particular, namely population, settlement, and colonisation. A brief chapter introduces the reader to Boiotia, the setting, which gives the relevant background to later developments. In chapter II, it is argued that Boiotia participated rather extensively in emigration during the Dark Age, leaving the homeland, with the exception of a few refuge settlements, somewhat denuded of its previous population. The following chapter not only builds on this latter point archaeologically but also looks at the development of settlement, focusing primarily on the fact that settlement, and presumably population, grew steadily in Boiotia until well into the Classical period. The final chapter is divided into two parts; it first examines the secure cases of Boiotian colonisation and then the doubtful or possible instances. After considering possible socio-political factors, the discussion is taken in another direction. The search for metals is suggested, and the study ends with a plea for a systematic study of whether land-shortage was really as paramount a cause of Greek colonisation as presently believed.

This thesis has explored the problems incurred by Oliver Cromwell in colonizing Jamaica during his rule as Lord Protector of England. It has also revealed that the Lord Protector's motives were influenced by friends and family members who had been involved in colonial endeavors twenty years prior to the Protectorate, 1653-1658.Additionally, the study has examined England's colonial and foreign policies from approximately 1620 to 1658. This examination has shown that Cromwell's foreign policy was connected to his colonial policy and was based on political, religious and commercial objectives. Cromwell's sense of empire motivated him to use the full force of his military government to gain control of the West Indies. Jamaica became the center of England's West Indian empire and England eventually replaced Spain as the dominant European nation in the Caribbean.

The “colonial wall” is the analogy drawn between a visible, physical barrier designed to confine, control, and contain a nation and a psychological barrier designed to control, confine, and contain a nation by internalized colonialist subjugation or colonizer domination. This thesis answers the question, “How are colonial policies and ideologies internalized by Indigenous and Settler populations to maintain the relationship of domination and oppression in modern society?” The secondary questions explore how colonialism is perpetuated by both colonizer and colonized and ask if there are situations occurring in society today to indicate a correlation to the Indigenous Seven Prophecies and Eighth Fire Prophecy. Research constitutes a review of literature to explore the questions from thematic categories that emerged from the analysis: economics, epistemology, politics, and patriarchy. There are numerous literary contributions on the colonial phenomenon but few offered explanations about how it affected the psychology of a colonized individual or even how cognitive function is affiliated with acts of domination that affect the psyche of the colonizer. This thesis documents and offers emerging theories on how colonial policies and practices are taken up to influence the dyadic relationship between Settler peoples and Aboriginal populations in Canada today. / Graduate / 0740 / 0452 / 0631 / brenda_st_germain@shaw.ca

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-227)

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 60 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-227)

Cette thèse, ancrée dans le cadre de l'Analyse du discours (PÊCHEUX), propose d'analyser les discours touristiques, à partir d'un découpage théorico-analytique qui cherche à considérer les discours en tant que genrés et racialisés. Dans ce sens, nous avons constitué un corpus (archive) à partir de différentes matérialités : ouvrages imprimés (le Guide du Routard, le Guia da Folha de São Paulo et le Guia 4 Rodas) publiés entre 2013-2014; et discours formulés dans l'environnement numérique (un album photo publié sur la page Facebook du Ministère du tourisme brésilien; un document publié sur le site de cette institution, lié à une campagne diffusée pendant les préparatifs pour la Coupe du Monde en 2014; ainsi qu’un forum de discussion lié au Guide du Routard). Nous avons identifié un double dispositif dans le fonctionnement de l'archive, que, à des fins analytiques, nous avons appelé tourisme officiel (qui se formule dans les différentes matérialités) et tourisme officieux (qui ne se formule et ne circule que dans l'environnement numérique). Pour effectuer le découpage analytique, aussi bien dans la délimitation de l'archive que du corpus, mais aussi pour le découpage des séquences, nous avons utilisé la notion d'espace d'énonciation (GUIMARÃES), étant donné que nous travaillons avec des discours produits dans des espaces d'énonciation français et brésiliens. Une des formulations qui nous a amenée à prendre en compte la dimension du genre (BUTLER, SCOTT) et de la race/ethnie (DORLIN, CARNEIRO), dans le cadre de l'Analyse du Discours, a été celle qui consiste à nommer la femme noire en tant que belle mulata, mais aussi celles qui évoquent le métissage comme un processus naturalisé, de façon à reproduire les discours de l'harmonie raciale. La dimension de race/ethnie dans ces discours est analysée à travers les manières dont est déterminé le sens d'indigène, afro-brésilien, noir, mulato, métis, par rapport à la brésilianité. À cette proposition, nous associons également, comme fondement théorique de ce travail, la notion de mémoire (PÊCHEUX, COURTINE, ROBIN), en vue de penser les effets de sens liés à la mémoire de la colonisation, de l'immigration, et de l'altérité. Nous analysons la constitution discursive des éléments à valeur touristique à partir des discours de la museification, patrimonialisation et de la fétichisation, qui, liés à la mémoire de la colonisation et de l'immigration, produisent des discours identitaires. Ces discours construisent, à leur tour, le sens d'un Brésil qui ne ressemble pas au Brésil (le Sud du pays) et un Brésil-métisse, qui n'arrive pas à se dire en tant que brésilien (les différentes races/ethnies ne sont pas formulées comme brésiliennes). L'analyse nous a permis de penser également la production d'un « effet touriste » qui se formule dans les discours touristiques contemporains. / This thesis, inscribed in the scope of Discourse Analysis (PÊCHEUX), purposes to analyze the tourism discourses (our object), from a theoretical-analytical clipping which posters that discourses as gendered and racialized. For this anaylsis, we constitute an archive based on several materialities: printed (the Guide du Routard, the Guia da Folha de São Paulo and the Guia 4 Rodas) published between 2013-2014; digital(a photo album published on the official website of the Ministry of Tourism on Facebook); a document published on the website of this institution, linked to a campaign released during the preparations for the 2014 World Cup; and the discussion forum from the Guide du Routard. We identified a double device in the operation of the archive, which for analytical purposes we call official tourism (which is textualized in different materialities) and unofficial tourism (which formulates and circulates the discourses on sex tourism, which circulates only in digital environment). For the constitution of the analytical cuts, as much in the delimitation of the archive, we use the notion of enunciation space (GUIMARÃES) given that we work with discourses produced in two spaces of enunciation, of France and Brazil. The formulation that led us to think about the theoretical proposal to take into account the gender dimension (BUTLER, SCOTT) and race / ethnicity (DORLIN, CARNEIRO, CESTARI) in the scope of discourse studies, was the one that speaks of the black woman as the beautiful mulata, in addition to those who speak of the miscegenation as a naturalized process, linked to a discourse of racial harmony. This thesis analyzes the dimension of race in discourse by determining the meanings of indigenous, Afro-Brazilian, black, mulato, and mixed raced, in relation to Brazilianness. To this proposal we also associate, as the theoretical basis of this work, the notion of memory (PÊCHEUX, COURTINE, ROBIN), to think about the effects of meaning sustained in the memory of colonization, immigration and alterity. We analyze the constitution of the elements of tourist value, which, linked to the memory of colonization and immigration, produce identity discourses. Through the discourses of museifications, patrimonialzation, and fetishization, this thesis discovers an identity discourse in which there is a meaning of Brazil which does not resemble the Brazil (the southern part) and a mixed race Brazil, which is not even formulated as Brazillian (the different races/ethnicities are not formulated as Brazilian). The analysis also allowed us to think about the production of the tourist effect that is formulated in contemporary tourist discourses. / Nesta tese, inscrita no âmbito da Análise do Discurso (PÊCHEUX), temos o propósito de analisar os discursos turísticos (nosso objeto), a partir de um recorte teórico-analítico que propõe pensar os discursos enquanto gendrados e racializados. Para tanto, constituímos um arquivo a partir de diversas materialidades: impressas (o Guide du Routard, o Guia da Folha de São Paulo e o Guia 4 Rodas), publicados entre 2013 e 2014; e formuladas no ambiente digital (um álbum de fotografias publicado na página oficial do Ministério do Turismo, no Facebook; um documento publicado no site deste órgão, vinculado a uma campanha divulgada durante os preparativos para a Copa do Mundo, de 2014; e o fórum de discussão do Guide du Routard). Identificamos um duplo dispositivo no funcionamento do arquivo, que para fins analíticos chamamos de turismo oficial (que se textualiza nas diferentes materialidades) e turismo oficioso (o que formula e faz circular os discursos sobre o turismo sexual, que circula apenas no digital). Para a constituição dos recortes analíticos, tanto na delimitação do arquivo, do corpus e dos recortes, utilizamos a noção de espaço de enunciação (GUIMARÃES), dado que trabalhamos com discursos produzidos em dois espaços de enunciação, da França e do Brasil. Uma das formulações que nos levaram a pensar a proposta teórica de se levar em conta a dimensão de gênero (BUTLER, SCOTT) e de raça/etnia (DORLIN, CARNEIRO, CESTARI) no âmbito dos estudos do discurso, foi a que fala da mulher negra como a bela mulata, além das que falam da mestiçagem/miscigenação como processo naturalizado, vinculado a um discurso da harmonia racial. A dimensão de raça no discurso é analisada nas formas de se determinar os sentidos de indígena, afro-brasileiro, negro, mulato, mestiço na relação com a brasilidade. A essa proposta associamos igualmente, como base teórica deste trabalho a noção de memória (PÊCHEUX, COURTINE, ROBIN), para pensar os efeitos de sentido sustentados na memória da colonização, da imigração e da alteridade. Analisamos a constituição dos elementos de valor turístico, a partir dos discursos da museificação, da patrimonialização e da fetichização, que, vinculados à memória da colonização e da imigração, produzem discursos identitários. Estes discursos projetam um sentido de Brasil que não se parece com o Brasil (o Sul do país) e um Brasil-mestiço, que não chega a se formular como brasileiro (as diferentes raças/etnias não são formuladas como brasileiras). A análise nos permitiu pensar igualmente na produção do efeito turista que se formula nos discursos turísticos contemporâneos.

Immigration has become an increasingly salient issue across Europe in recent years. However, much of the existing economics literature focuses on the impact of immigration on labour markets. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of immigration on a host country, it is important to take a broader perspective. In this thesis we investigate some of the wider effects of immigration on host countries and their native citizens. The thesis contains three self-contained chapters, each of which tries to establish the causal effects of immigration on a separate socio-economic aspect of the host country. Chapter 2 investigates the causal link between migration and trade flows. We exploit the large, exogenous increase in migrants to the UK as a result of the 2004 EU enlargement. In contrast to the standard gravity model approach, we use a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, which enables us to compare changes in UK trade flows with accession countries to changes in UK trade flows with other central and eastern European countries. At the product level, separating goods according to their informational content using the classification put forward by Rauch (1999), we find evidence that UK imports from accession countries increased, and that this was driven by differentiated goods. In Chapter 3 we investigate whether the proportion of migrants in a local area affects the success of an anti-immigration political party. Using Swedish municipality-level data, we focus on the impact of large inflows of migrants, many of whom were refugees, from non-OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In order to address concerns over the endogeneity of migrant location, we exploit a refugee placement policy which aimed to disperse refugees across the country. Initial OLS estimates suggest that a one percentage point increase in the migrant share is associated with a 0.28 percentage point increase in the New Democracy vote share. However, we do not find evidence of a positive relationship between the arrival of refugees and the New Democracy vote share in our 2SLS estimation. Further analysis suggests that our OLS results are driven by municipalities surrounding the three major urban areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. In addition, we find no evidence that natives responded to an influx of migrants by relocating to another area. In Chapter 4 we examine the relationship between immigration and house prices. Focusing on the case of England and Wales, we exploit variation in migrant inflows across local authority districts to identify the effects of migration on changes in house prices. We build on existing papers by conducting the analysis at the local authority district level which enables us to better account for unobserved local level characteristics. In addition, we then exploit data on the postcode of each individual housing transaction in an attempt to better control for housing quality. In our OLS specifications we find no conclusive evidence of any relationship between migrant inflows and changes in house prices. We then address endogeneity concerns by using an instrument based on historical settlement patterns. Although our 2SLS estimates suggest that a 1% increase in the migrant share is associated with a 2.4% fall in house prices, we show that this effect is driven by local authorities in London, and that our instrument based on historical migrant settlement patterns is weak and fails to fulfil the relevance requirement for local authorities outside of London. These findings cast doubt over the suitability of the shift-share instrument for addressing endogeneity concerns in this setting.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Charles W. Rice / Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple crop whose wild ancestor was domesticated about 9,000 years ago (Beadle, 1939). Long-term breeding for more desirable traits ultimately resulted in the maize we see today. This long-term breeding likely impacted the processes within the rhizosphere of maize, however, to what extent is not well understood. This study examined the microbial communities between an inbred maize line (B73), a hybrid of two isogenic lines (B73xMo17), and two genetically modified maize hybrids (DKC63-55RIB and DKC64-69RIB) to determine if the plant’s ability to attract beneficial microbes changed with breeding. The hypothesis was that the isogenic cultivar forms better relationships with bacteria and fungi compared to the newer cultivars, especially in low P soil. It was also expected that the greater the difference between the cultivars the more distinct their soil microbiome. To test these hypotheses, experiments were conducted under greenhouse and field conditions. Analyses consisted of root staining to test symbiotic relationships, phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) for microbial communities, total plant and root biomass, and nutrient content to understand plant responses. Based on the field results, there was no impact on root and shoot biomass and nutrient content by differences in cultivar. Differences in cultivar did impact arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, which decreased over time and depth for all. Soil AMF also saw a significant effect by cultivar. Other microbial groups were not impacted by cultivar, were greatest in the control, and decreased over time. Greenhouse results showed a cultivar by time interaction for root and shoot biomass. Soil P also impacted shoot biomass, but not root biomass. Shoot nutrient content was greater in high P soil, while roots only saw an impact for root P. No cultivar effect was found for soil microbial groups except for fungi, while all microbial groups were reduced in the control soil. Most soil microbial groups were also impacted by soil P as indicated by reduced concentrations in low P soil. AMF was the only microbial group that was not negatively impacted by limited soil P. In addition, all soil microbial groups increased over time, although fungi saw a decrease at R1. No significances were observed for percent AMF colonization.