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THE IMPACT OF DUAL CHAMBER COW WATERBEDS AS A FREESTALL BASEWadsworth, Barbara Alice 01 January 2014 (has links)
The objectives of this research were to compare lying time, milk yield, rumination time, hock score, stall cleanliness, and stall temperature for 97 cows (Holsteins (n = 71), Jerseys (n = 10), and crossbreds (n = 16)) housed on Dual Chamber Cow Waterbeds™ (DCCW, Advanced Comfort Technology, Reedsburg, WI) or conventional rubber mattresses (MAT). This study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Research Dairy Farm from January 18, 2012 to May 3, 2013. Lying times were longer (P < 0.01) for cows housed on the DCCW (10:32 ± 0:13) compared to cows housed on the MAT (9:47 ± 0:15). Milk yield was not different (P ≥ 0.05) between cows housed on the DCCW or MAT. Rumination times were greater (P = 0.03) for cows housed on MAT (6:44 ± 0:08) compared to cows housed on DCCW (6:29 ± 0:08). Hock scores were lesser (P = 0.02) for cows housed on DCCW (1.86 ± 0.03) compared to cows housed on MAT (1.97 ± 0.04). Stall cleanliness was not different (P ≥ 0.05) between the DCCW and the MAT. The DCCW stall temperature was warmer (P < 0.01) (13.29 ± 0.21 ⁰C) than the MAT (10.52 ± 0.21 ⁰C).
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Tuning for Ride Quality in Autonomous Vehicle : Application to Linear Quadratic Path Planning AlgorithmSvensson, Lars, Eriksson, Jenny January 2015 (has links)
When introducing autonomous functionality in personal vehicles the ability to control the quality of the ride is transferred from the driver to the vehicle control system. In this context, a reference method for quantifying ride quality may be a useful tool in the development and tuning process. This master’s thesis investigates whether general quantitative measures of ride quality can be of value in the tuning of motion controllers for autonomous vehicles. A set of tools is built for a specific case study, analysing a lateral path planning algorithm, based on a finite horizon linear quadratic tracking controller, and how its tuning affects ride quality performance. A graphical user interface is built, with functionality for frequency domainanalysis of the path planning algorithm, individually and in combination with the remaining lateral control system, as well as ride quality evaluation based on lateral acceleration data, from logged test runs and simulation results. In addition, a simulation environment for the lateral control system is modified to be used in combination with the evaluation tool. Results of the case study indicate a measurable difference in ride quality performance when comparing manual and autonomous driving with the current implementation. Attempts were made to improve ride quality by re-tuning the path planning algorithm but little or no improvement from the previous tuning was made. The work has recognized the potential of using ride quality measures in the development and tuning process for autonomous vehicles as well as devising a tuning strategy incorporating frequency analysis and ride quality evaluation through simulation for the lateral control system. To further increase ride quality performance via the path planning algorithm an altered controller structure, such as a frequency weighted linear quadratic controller is suggested.
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Sjuksköterskors uppfattning om främjandet av trygghet, tillit och hopp i det akuta omhändertagandet vid skada i strid : – En kvalitativ intervjustudie / Nurses' perception of supporting comfort, trust and hope in the emergency care of injury in combat : – A qualitative interview studyLibert, Anna, Olsson, Elin January 2013 (has links)
Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har historisk sett haft till uppgift att vårda personer som skadats i strid. Ett arbetsområde för sjuksköterskor idag är att deltaga i insatser utomlands där de kan komma att vårda individer som skadats i strid. Att skadas i strid kan uppfattas som en traumatisk händelse som utmanar individens upplevelse av trygghet, tillit och hopp. Omvårdnadslitteratur belyser att det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor stärker upplevelsen av trygghet, tillit och hopp hos patienter. Syfte: Beskriva hur sjuksköterskor uppfattar att de stödjer en patients upplevelse av trygghet, tillit och hopp i det akuta omhändertagandet vid skada i strid. Metod: En empirisk studie med kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och data har bearbetats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Upplevelsen av trygghet uppfattas av informanterna främjas av smärtlindring, information, säkerhet, kunskap, erfarenhet, strukturerat arbetssätt, lugn samt närhet och beröring. Tillit uppfattas av informanterna främjas av förståelse, empati, äkthet, förtroendefull relation och kontroll. Informanterna uppfattar att upplevelsen hopp hos patienten främjas genom delaktighet, ärlighet, information och behandling av livshotande tillstånd. Slutsats: De faktorer som upplevs främja trygghet, tillit och hopp kan identifieras som både sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt och dennes aktiva åtgärder. Resultatet indikerar att enskilda strategier uppfattas främja flera vitala behov samtidigt och kan därmed förstås som bundna till varandra. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie kan ha betydelse för sjuksköterskor som ämnar främja patienters upplevelser av trygghet, tillit och hopp. Studiens erfarenhetsredovisning kan inspirera och stödja andra sjuksköterskor i deras arbete inom vården. / Background: Nurses have historically cared for individuals injured in combat. One field of operations for nurses today is to participate in missions abroad where they may care for individuals injured in combat. To be injured in combat might be perceived as a traumatic event which challenges an individual's experience of comfort, trust and hope. Nursing literature emphasizes the importance of nurses’ ability to support a patient’s experience of comfort, trust and hope. Purpose: To describe how nurses perceive that they support a patient's experience of comfort, trust and hope during emergency care of injury in combat. Method: An empirical study with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews and was processed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The perception of comfort is perceived by the informants as supported by pain management, information, security, knowledge, experience, a structured course of action, calm, presence and physical contact. The perception of the informants is that trust is supported by understanding, empathy, authenticity, trusting relationship and control. Hope is perceived as supported by participation, honesty, information, and treatment of life-threatening conditions. Conclusion: Factors perceived to support comfort, trust and hope can be identified as the nurse´s approach and active measures. The result indicates that single actions are perceived supporting several vital needs simultaneously and can be understood as interlinked. Clinical significance: This study may be relevant to nurses who aim to support patients' experiences of comfort, trust and hope. This description of the lived experiences can inspire and support other nurses in health care.
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God's nhm ("comfort") as the unfolding of God's promise in four Old Testament historical passages / David Lee BeakleyBeakley, David Lee January 2014 (has links)
God expresses Himself with emotions. This is well attested in Scripture, with
statements of love (1Jn 4:8), anger (Ex 4:14), and delight (Isa 62:4). But the real
question is not whether God has emotions, but what is the source of those emotions.
If God emotes in the context of our suffering, and our suffering is not abated, does this
mean that God is impotent or indifferent? Both possibilities yield a frightening
conclusion. Rightly understanding the character and nature of God in this regard is
paramount.
For the past two thousand years, the prevailing doctrine was that God was in some
way impassible, in that He is without passions or emotions with respect to his creation.
This means that God does not change his feelings or thoughts about events on the
earth. Even though certain passages called the “divine repentance” passages in the
Old Testament (Ge 6:6-7; Ex 32:12-14; 1Sa 15:11, 35; Nu 23:19) appeared to
contradict God’s impassibility, this was solved through the idea of anthropopathism,
that is, the belief that God describes Himself with emotional terms.
Prior to 1930, most of the English Bible renderings of the divine repentance passages
preferred the word “repent,” because the prevailing theology was rooted in the
impassibility of God, and these passages were deemed to be anthropopathic. But with
the doctrine of God’s impassibility now in question, English Bible translations began
to reflect the view that God actually reacts to our suffering with strong emotion. Words
such as “sorry,” “grief,” “regret,” and even “changed his mind” were now used to
describe the reaction of God whenever God appeared to be disappointed with his
creation, or worse, if He was disappointed with his own plan.
The purpose of this study is to provide an exegetical solution to the problem of God’s
response in the divine repentance passages in four Old Testament historical texts.
These passages are labelled as such because of the use of the Hebrew verb ~xn
which describe God as “sorry” or “repenting.” For those who hold to God’s full
immutability, the preferred view through the ages was that the Hebrew ~xn was to be
taken as anthropopathically. This study will want to explore the possibilities of an
alternative view for the Hebrew ~xn in the divine repentance passages which allow for
God’s passibility while holding to his full immutability. Specifically, this study not only
strives to answer the question “Does God repent?”, but through a sound methodology also wants to answer the larger question of the source of God’s emotion when his
judgment or grace is in view.
The methodology followed in this study is two-fold. First, it is biblical-theological,
meaning that it utilises a whole-Bible theology, and following the work of Walter Kaiser
and James Hamilton, posits that the Old Testament contains a theme or centre of
grace within judgment. At the Fall in Ge 3, God simultaneously introduced judgment
and grace into the world. That judgment and grace has never left. As one looks
through the Bible, these are the two unbroken strands that weave their way through
every chapter and every book.
In addition, this study is also an exegetical study, and follows the grammaticalhistorical-
lexical-syntactical methodology of Walter Kaiser. God disclosed Himself
objectively through the words of a book. This book records actual historical events,
as well as specific declarations and commands from God Himself. It is necessary that
the words of this book be correctly understood in their context so that a correct
understanding of God will result.
Using this methodology, this study will explore the meaning of God’s ~xn in each divine
repentance passage. The lexical study will be combined with the biblical-theological
approach of a theme or centre of “grace within judgment” that flows through the Old
Testament.
Because of this, is it possible that God, who is fully immutable, provide us everything
that we need to navigate a world of sin, suffering and uncertainty? The answer could
very well be in the understanding of God’s ~xn in light of our suffering and sin. / PhD (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Experimental and numerical investigations of a ventilation strategy – impinging jet ventilation for an office environmentChen, Huijuan January 2014 (has links)
A well-functioning, energy-efficient ventilation system is of vital importance to offices, not only to provide the kind of comfortable, healthy indoor environment necessary for the well-being and productive work performance of occupants, but also to reduce energy use in buildings and the associated impact of CO2 emissions on the environment. To achieve these goals impinging jet ventilation has been developed as an innovative ventilation concept. In an impinging jet ventilation system, a high momentum of air jet is discharged downwards, strikes the floor and spreads over it, thus distributing the fresh air along the floor in the form of a very thin shear layer. This system retains advantages of mixing and stratification from conventional air distribution methods, while capable of overcoming their shortcomings. The aim of this thesis is to reach a thorough understanding of impinging jet ventilation for providing a good thermal environment for an office, by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) supported by detailed measurements. The full-field measurements were carried out in two test rooms located in a large enclosure giving relatively stable climate conditions. This study has been divided into three parts where the first focuses on validation of numerical investigations against measurements, the second addresses impacts of a number of design parameters on the impinging jet flow field and thermal comfort level, and the third compares ventilation performance of the impinging jet supply device with other air supply devices intended for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, under specific room conditions. In the first part, velocity and temperature distributions of the impinging jet flow field predicted by different turbulence models are compared with detailed measurements. Results from the non-isothermal validation studies show that the accuracy of the simulation results is to a great extent dependent on the complexity of the turbulence models, due to complicated flow phenomena related to jet impingement, such as recirculation, curvature and instability. The v2-f turbulence model shows the best performance with measurements, which is slightly better than the SST k-ω model but much better than the RNG k-ε model. The difference is assumed to be essentially related to the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy predicted in the vicinity of the stagnation region. Results from the isothermal study show that both the SST k-ω and RNG k-ε models predict similar wall jet behaviours of the impinging jet flow. In the second part, three sets of parametric studies were carried out by using validated CFD models. The first parametric study shows that the geometry of the air supply system has the most significant impact on the flow field. The rectangular air supply device, especially the one with larger aspect ratio, provides a longer penetration distance to the room, which is suitable for industrial ventilation. The second study reveals that the interaction effect of cooling ceiling, heat sources and impinging jet ventilation results in complex flow phenomena but with a notable feature of air circulation, which consequently decreases thermal stratification in the room and increases draught discomfort at the foot level. The third study demonstrates the advantage of using response surface methodology to study simultaneous effects on changes in four parameters, i.e. shape of air supply device, jet discharge height, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature. Analysis of the flow field reveals that at a low discharge height, the shape of air supply device has a major impact on the flow pattern in the vicinity of the supply device. Correlations between the studied parameters and local thermal discomfort indices were derived. Supply airflow rates and temperatures are shown to be the most important parameter for draught and stratification discomfort, respectively. In the third part, the impinging jet supply device was shown to provide a better overall performance than other air supply devices used for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, with respect to thermal comfort, heat removal effectiveness, air exchange efficiency and energy-saving potential related to fan power.
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Young women’s comfort with closeness after parental divorce: Does a close relationship with dad make a difference? What promotes resiliency?Regev, Rotem 25 August 2014 (has links)
Study 1 examined the role closeness to father plays in the developmental-like process associating family form (divorced/non-divorced) with later young adulthood attachment style in a sample of 525 men and women. Participants reported their closeness to father while growing up and current comfort with closeness. As expected, closeness to father fully mediated the association between family form and comfort with closeness for both men and women, but more strongly for women. The association between family form and comfort with closeness was only evident for women; women who experienced parental divorce reported feeling less comfortable with closeness in relationships. Contrary to expectation, the mediating role of closeness to father in the association between family and form and comfort with closeness was not moderated by gender. The key role fathers may play in fostering their male and female children’s later attachment style in divorced and nondivorced families, as well as the attenuated role of gender in explaining young adults’ attachment style, are discussed. Study 2 examined the role of
dyadic and family environment factors which are implicated in young adults’ insecure attachment in predicting relational resilience. Relationally resilient women were defined as women who experienced parental divorce yet experience comfort with closeness. Ninety-three women reported on the level of overt and subtle conflict in their families-of- origin, the effectiveness of their parents’ coparenting, and their closeness to father. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses predicted membership in the relationally resilient group based on these dyadic and family environment predictors. As expected, results demonstrate that lower pre-divorce subtle and overt conflict; higher levels of coparenting before separation, during separation, and after separation; and closeness to father while growing up all predicted membership in the relationally resilient group. However, no one variable uniquely predicted membership in the relationally resilient group. Study 2’s results are translated to preventative implications at the family, parental, dyadic and individual levels. Final remarks integrating the results of both studies follow. / Graduate
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Samvete i vården : att möta det moraliska ansvarets rösterDahlqvist, Vera January 2008 (has links)
The overall aim of this thesis is twofold: first, to develop and validate questionnaires that could be used for investigating relationships between perceptions of conscience, moral sensitivity and burnout and second, to describe patterns of self-comfort used to ease stress and illuminate meanings of living with a troubled conscience. The thesis comprises five studies and is based on both quantitative and qualitative data. In study I, a questionnaire was constructed to assess perceptions of conscience; the Perceptions of Conscience Questionnaire (PCQ). This 15 item-questionnaire was distributed to 444 care providers. Statistical analyses of responses showed sufficient distribution and a stable six factor solution congruent with reviewed literature. The six factors were labelled: ‘the voice of authority’, ‘warning signal’, ‘demanding sensitivity’, ‘asset’, ‘burden’ and ‘depending on culture’. The findings suggest that the PCQ is a valid questionnaire. The aim of study II was further development of an existing questionnaire assessing care providers’ moral sensitivity, enabling its use in various care contexts. The revised nine-item questionnaire, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire Revised version (MSQ-R), was distributed to 278 care providers with various professional backgrounds. Statistical analyses of responses showed sufficient distribution and a three-factor solution congruent with reviewed literature. The three factors were labelled: ‘sense of moral burden’, ‘sense of moral strength,’ and ‘sense of moral responsibility.’ The findings suggest that MSQ-R is valid for use in various healthcare contexts. In study III, the PCQ, the MSQ-R and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were distributed to a population of psychiatric care providers (n=101) to investigate relationships between perceptions of conscience and moral sensitivity and levels of burnout. The hierarchical cluster analysis shows two clusters with Pearson’s r >.50. Cluster A comprising items such as: being sensitive, interpreting and following the voice of conscience that warns us against hurting other or ourselves and developing as human beings was labelled ‘experiencing a sense of moral integrity’. Cluster B comprising items such as: feeling inadequate, doing more than one has strengths for, feeling always responsible, having difficulties to deal with wearing feelings, perceiving that conscience gives wrong signals and express social values, having to deaden one’ conscience, were all related to scores of the MBI subscales emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalisation (DP). Cluster B was labelled ‘experiencing a burdening accountability’. The results show that levels of ‘experiencing a burdening accountability’ are closely related to levels of being at risk of burnout. The aim of study IV was to describe patterns of self-comforting measures used to ease stress. The written accounts of 168 care providers and healthcare students were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis. The findings disclose two dimensions: an ability to use early learned measures to take care of oneself (ingression) and an ability to feel intimately related to life, other human beings and universe or God (transcendence). The findings provide valuable knowledge about self-comfort as a coping strategy. The aim of study V was to illuminate meanings of living with a troubled conscience. Ten psychiatric care providers, respondents of study III with various perceptions of conscience were interviewed. The interviews were interpreted using a phenomenological - hermeneutical method. The findings show that one meaning of living with a troubled conscience is being confronted with inadequacy and struggling to view oneself as ‘good enough.’ The comprehensive understanding indicates that inadequacy, both one’s own and that of organization one represents, infuse feelings of shame rather than feelings of guilt. Shame concerns one’s identity and need of reconciliation. Conclusions: The results reveal two ways of encountering a troubled conscience. One is being unable to interpret the ethical demand from a troubled conscience. This is indicated by connections between levels of moral burden and levels of burnout. The other way is being able to interpret the ethical demand and using one’s troubled conscience to develop practical wisdom. This means facing shame of feeling inadequate, reconciling images of the ideal self and self-contempt, and becoming realistic about what one can do. In this process comfort seems to be a mediator of reconciliation.
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The Effects Of Construction Materials On Thermal Comfort In Residential Buildings / An Analysis Using Ecotect 5.0.Aydin Gezer, Nevin 01 January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
The aim of this study was to provide information about the effects of
construction materials on thermal comfort in residential buildings using Ecotect 5.0.
Three residential buildings, each of different construction in the province of Yozgat,
Turkey were used as study material to this end. At the end of this study, the effects
of materials on thermal comfort have been explained by graphical and statistical
analysis.
Pertinent literature reports that the thermal responses of occupants depend to
some extent on the outdoor climate in naturally ventilated buildings with operable
windows. Furthermore, an adaptation occurs in these buildings regarding the
occupants& / #8217 / previous thermal experiences, the availability of control, and shifts in
expectations. The study therefore focused on collecting data on both indoor and
outdoor air temperature and humidity to show the comfort level in such buildings.
By collecting data on 3 houses constructed of different materials the author aimed to
show the effects of materials on thermal comfort. The analyses were further
extended with computer simulations, which enabled restriction of the parameters on
construction materials.
The study has shown that in naturally ventilated residential buildings,
construction materials affect both thermal comfort and thermal performance of the
buildings. Buildings with traditional construction material showed a better
performance in achieving the preferred thermal comfort while decreasing energy
costs.
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Analysis of three ventilation systems in an office: Mixing, displacement and confluent jet ventilation system. : Analysis of temperature gradient, tracer gas and thermal comfort.Peña Malo, Julio J., Panjkov Zafra-Polo, Igor January 2013 (has links)
Scandinavian countries have always been the first in investigation and development of new ventilation systems. In the last years, engineers from Finland and Sweden are studying a new ventilation system known “Confluent jet ventilation system” which is trying to improve displacement and mixing results. The aim of this thesis master is to study the behaviour of three different ventilation systems, mixing ventilation, displacement ventilation and confluent jet ventilation, in an office room by mean of three analysis, temperature gradient analysis, tracer gas analysis and thermal comfort analysis, and to compare them to know if the new one, confluent jet, increases the performance of mixing or displacement ventilation system. In case of confluent jet ventilation system, there were two different cases: one with the supply air device at 2.2m high, and the other with it at 1.7m high to compare which one was the correct position and gets the best results. For each studied system 3 different cases were analyzed, having the same parameters each one of them for the three ventilation systems.The measurements were taken in an office room located in the laboratory of the University of Gävle, Högskolan I Gävle, in collaboration with the Finnish company specialized in ventilation systems, Stravent. For temperature gradient analysis, ten sensors took temperatures from the low level, 0.1m high, to the top level of the room, 2.4m, during all the time that the other measurements were being taken. For tracer gas analysis, a data logger took measurements of the contaminant concentration, N2O, from when the contaminant was thrown into the room until it disappeared following a Decay curve. Lastly, in thermal comfort analysis 4 transducers took measurements each 12 minutes of air temperature, operative temperature, air velocity and air humidity are measured in 6 different points inside the office room and at 3 different heights, 0.1m, 1.1m and 1.7m. After analyzing the results of temperature gradient, tracer gas and thermal comfort the best results were obtained by confluent jet system with the supply air device at 2.2m in case of temperature gradient, since the difference of temperatures between the low and the top level were the minimum and contaminants and indoor air were not in a homogeneous mixing. In case of tracer gas, the results about air change efficiency were not the expected because they showed a well-mixed situation for every system and it should not have been like that. It was caused for the influence of a cooling system situated in the ceiling of the room and the temperature difference between inside and outside the room that affected more than expected. Finally, in thermal comfort analysis, the best results were obtained by confluent jet ventilation, therefore in case of the supply air device at 2.2m and in case of it at 1.7m. To sum up, taking account the results achieved, the confluent jet ventilation got the best results and showed that it is a new ventilation system that must be taken in consideration in the following buildings. Between supply air device at 2.2m and 1.7m the results were very similar, but a bit better in case of the highest height.
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The implication of global warming on the energy performance and indoor thermal environment of air-conditioned office buildings in AustraliaGuan, Li-Shan January 2006 (has links)
Global warming induced by the emissions of greenhouse gases is one of the most important global environmental issues facing the world today. Using the building simulation techniques, this research investigates the interaction and relationship between global warming and built environment, particularly for the air-conditioned office buildings. The adaptation potential of various building designs is also evaluated. Based on the descriptive statistics method, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the regression analysis method, ten years of historical hourly climatic data for Australia are first analyzed. The distribution patterns of key weather parameters between a Test Reference Year (TRY) and multiple years (MYs), and between relatively cold and hot years are also compared. The possible cross-correlation between several different weather variables are then assessed and established. These findings form a useful basis and provide insights for the development of future weather models under "hot" global warming conditions and the explanation of building performance at different locations. Based on a review of the existing weather data generation models and findings from historic climatic data analysis, an effective method to generate approximate future hourly weather data suitable for the study of the impact of global warming is presented. This is achieved by imposing the future temperature projection from the global climate model on top of the historically observed weather data. Depending on the level of information available for the prediction of future weather conditions, this method allows either the method of retaining to current level, constant offset method or diurnal modelling method to be used. Therefore it represents a more comprehensive and holistic approach than previous one that have been used to convert the available weather data and climatic information to a format suitable for building simulation study. An example of the application of this method to the different global warming scenarios in Australia is also presented. The performance of a representative office building is then examined in details under the five weather scenarios (present, 2030 Low, 2030 High, 2070 Low and 2070 High) and over all eight capital cities in Australia. The sample building used for this study is an air conditioned, square shape, ten storey office tower with a basement carpark, which is recommended by the Australian Building Codes Board to represent the typical office building found in the central business district (CBD) of the capital cities or major regional centres in Australia. Through building computer simulations, the increased cooling loads imposed by potential global warming is quantified. The probable indoor temperature increases and overheating problems due to heat load exceeding the capacity of installed air-conditioning systems are also presented. It is shown that in terms of the whole building indoor thermal environment, existing buildings would generally be able to adapt to the increasing warming of the 2030 year Low and High scenarios projections and the 2070 year Low scenario projection. For the 2070 year High scenario, the study indicates that the existing office buildings in all capital cities will suffer from the overheating problem. To improve the building thermal comfort to an acceptable standard (ie, less than 5% of occupied hours having indoor temperature over 25°), a further increase of 4-10% of building cooling load is required. The sensitivity of different office building zoning (i.e. zone at different floors and/or with different window orientation) to the potential global warming is also investigated. It is shown that for most cities, the ground floor, and the South or Core zone would be most sensitive to the external temperature change and has the highest tendency to having the overheating problem. By linking building energy use to CO2 emissions, the possible increase of CO2 emissions due to increased building energy use is also estimated. The adaptation potential of different designs of building physical properties to global warming is then examined and compared. The parametric factors studied include the building insulation levels, window to wall ratio, window glass types, and internal load density. It is found that overall, an office building with a lower insulation level, smaller window to wall ratio and/or a glass type with lower shading coefficient, and lower internal load density will have the effect of lowering building cooling load and total energy use, and therefore have a better potential to adapt to the warming external climate. This phenomenon can be linked to the nature of internal-load dominated office-building characteristics. Based on these findings, a series of design and adaptation strategies have been proposed and evaluated.
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