Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1965. / "April 1965." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

<p>Ledning är en av de sex militära grundförmågorna i vår doktrin, ledningens syfte är att inrikta en militär insats mot ett gemensamt militärt mål och att samordna de militära resurser som behövs för att lösa uppgiften. Vår doktrin har till uppgift att förmedla ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för att skapa ett gemensamt språk mellan staber, chefer och underlydande som underlättar ledning. Doktrinen till trots så finns en begreppsförvirring inom ledning där <em>att leda</em>, <em>ledning</em> och <em>ledarskap</em> inte särskiljs den här undersökningen studerar varför det råder en begreppsförvirring inom ledning.</p><p>Genom en jämförande studie mellan den svenska doktrinen och den brittiska motsvarigheten mäter undersökningen hur väl doktrinerna skildrar ett ledningssystem och förmedlar ett militärt ledarskap i förhållande till de två teorierna; <em>dynamiska OODA-loopen</em> och <em>utvecklande ledarskap.</em></p><p>Undersökningens resultat pekar på att den svenska doktrinen beskriver hur funktionen ledning ska genomföras för att befrämja uppdragstaktik. Begreppsförvirringen uppstår eftersom den svenska doktrinen beskriver ett hur men inte ett varför eller ett vad ledning ska göra, vilket ger olika beskrivningar av ledning på olika militära ledningsnivåer</p> / <p>Command is one of the six Functions in combat, the role of command is to direct a military action to a common effect by coordinating the military recourses at its disposal and solve a mission. The Swedish doctrine is to establish a framework of understanding in order to create a common language that will promote a mutual understanding. Despite our doctrine the conception of command is indistinct and the purpose of this study is to examine why.</p><p>The study will illustrate the differences by which the Swedish doctrine and its British counterpart portraits command. By comparing the differences to the theory of a <em>Decision-Action-Cycle</em> and the <em>transformational leadership</em> the common understanding will be measured.</p><p>The result indicates that command in the Swedish doctrine is not described as a functioning but as to promote <em>Mission</em><em> command</em>. By describing how command is to promote Mission command it is given several meanings pending on the level of command, thereby an indistinct conception of command</p>

Ledning är en av de sex militära grundförmågorna i vår doktrin, ledningens syfte är att inrikta en militär insats mot ett gemensamt militärt mål och att samordna de militära resurser som behövs för att lösa uppgiften. Vår doktrin har till uppgift att förmedla ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för att skapa ett gemensamt språk mellan staber, chefer och underlydande som underlättar ledning. Doktrinen till trots så finns en begreppsförvirring inom ledning där att leda, ledning och ledarskap inte särskiljs den här undersökningen studerar varför det råder en begreppsförvirring inom ledning. Genom en jämförande studie mellan den svenska doktrinen och den brittiska motsvarigheten mäter undersökningen hur väl doktrinerna skildrar ett ledningssystem och förmedlar ett militärt ledarskap i förhållande till de två teorierna; dynamiska OODA-loopen och utvecklande ledarskap. Undersökningens resultat pekar på att den svenska doktrinen beskriver hur funktionen ledning ska genomföras för att befrämja uppdragstaktik. Begreppsförvirringen uppstår eftersom den svenska doktrinen beskriver ett hur men inte ett varför eller ett vad ledning ska göra, vilket ger olika beskrivningar av ledning på olika militära ledningsnivåer / Command is one of the six Functions in combat, the role of command is to direct a military action to a common effect by coordinating the military recourses at its disposal and solve a mission. The Swedish doctrine is to establish a framework of understanding in order to create a common language that will promote a mutual understanding. Despite our doctrine the conception of command is indistinct and the purpose of this study is to examine why. The study will illustrate the differences by which the Swedish doctrine and its British counterpart portraits command. By comparing the differences to the theory of a Decision-Action-Cycle and the transformational leadership the common understanding will be measured. The result indicates that command in the Swedish doctrine is not described as a functioning but as to promote Mission command. By describing how command is to promote Mission command it is given several meanings pending on the level of command, thereby an indistinct conception of command

Fire Service commanders work in a very dynamic environment. This research investigated the process they use to make sense and thereby develop understanding of situations during the response to a large-scale emergency. In previous research that investigated decision-making and situation awareness in real-life environments, the need for commanders to understand an incident is emphasised. This research aimed to generate new insights into the process individuals follow to build and improve situational understanding. An exploratory project phase was used to focus the research. Data from emergency exercises and interviews resulted in the design for the main study regarding application domain, data sources and methodological issues. For the main study, records of publicly available interviews with senior officers of the New York Fire Department on their experience of the response to the events at the World Trade Center on September, 11 2001 were analysed. Findings include six variations of the sensemaking process structure, which is characterised by distinct stages. A following investigation into why these stages occur took a theory-building approach and revealed two insights. First, process stages are tied to seven hierarchical but interlinked levels of understanding. Second, three groups of underlying mechanisms trigger process stages: four cognitive factors, eight needs to understand and three situational factors. The mechanisms occur in different combinations across process variations and have varying explanatory power. This study contributes to knowledge on the process of building and improving situational understanding and its link to understanding. A micro-level view of the sensemaking process is provided, showing the specific understanding that is gained and evolves along its stages. The view of sensemaking is extended from understanding what is going on and what can be done to include understanding performance of action. A review with experts revealed that findings adequately reflect the thinking of commanders during incident response and might have practical relevance for training and command support.

Crustaceans have been used extensively as models for studying the nervous system. Members of the Order Decapoda, particularly the larger species such as lobsters and crayfish, have large segmented abdomens that are positioned by tonic flexor and extensor muscles. Importantly, the innervation of these tonic muscles is known in some detail. Each abdominal segment in crayfish is innervated bilaterally by three sets of nerves. The anterior pair of nerves in each ganglion controls the swimmeret appendages and sensory supply. The middle pair of nerves innervates the tonic extensor muscles and the regional sensory supply. The superficial branch of the most posterior pair of nerves in each ganglion is exclusively motor and supplies the tonic flexor muscles of that segment. The extension and flexion motor nerves contain six motor neurons, each of which is different in axonal diameter and thus produces impulses of different amplitude. Motor programs controlling each muscle can be characterized by the identifiable motor neurons that are activated. Early work in this field discovered that specific central interneurons control the abdominal positioning motor neurons. These interneurons were first referred to as "command neurons" and later as "command elements." Stimulation of an appropriate command element causes a complex, widespread output involving dozens of motor neurons. The output can be patterned even though the stimulus to the command element is of constant interval. The command elements are identifiable cells. When a stimulus is repeated in a command element, from either the same individual or from different individuals, the output is substantially the same. This outcome depends upon several factors. First, the command elements are not only identifiable, but they make many synapses with other neurons, and the synapses are substantially invariant. There are separate flexion-producing and extension-producing command elements. Abdominal flexion-producing command elements excite other flexion elements and inhibit extensor command elements. The extension producing elements do the opposite. These interactions insure that interneurons of a particular class (flexion- or extension-producing) synaptically recruit perhaps twenty others of similar output, and that command elements promoting the opposing movements are inhibited. This strong reciprocity and the recruitment of similar command elements give a powerful motor program that appears to mimic behavior.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / CCT is conducting research to provide a cross platform software capability that enables a common semantic for control and monitor of highly distributed systems-of-systems C^2 architectures by auto-generating semantic processing services from standardized metadata specifications. This new capability is significant because it will reduce development, operations, and support costs for legacy and future systems that are part of ground and space based distributed command and control systems. It will also establish a space systems information exchange model that can support future highly interoperable and mobile software systems.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Spacecraft communication simulators are extremely useful for integration and testing of spacecraft control centers and supporting ground systems. To reduce development costs, a Windows NT PC-based simulation system is being developed to support testing for upcoming NASA missions. The spacecraft simulation suite of tools integrates modules within a core infrastructure and is customized to meet mission unique specifications not met by the baseline system.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes the use of an open architecture, low-cost, turnkey Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) processor system. The workstation based system was developed to satisfy the requirement for ground station equipment to handle and process multiple vehicle platforms for telemetry, command and tracking (tone or PRN), including STDN, SGLS and CCSDS link formats. The open architecture of the system allows for easy interface with external equipment for control of antenna systems, encryption units and other related station equipment. Reconfiguration for the various data formats and for system verification is done through a graphical user interfaces using operationally proven commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software and hardware. The open architecture of the system will allow for modifications and upgrades to be cost effective.

This research assesses the impact of synchronous (real-time), text-based chat on military command and control (C2) processes. Chat use among the services, particularly among joint forces, has evolved in ad hoc fashion to fill gaps in currently fielded C2 systems. This growth-by-improvisation inhibits clear definition of the underlying requirements: precisely what C2 deficiencies are being addressed by text-based chat tools? Or, from a bottom-up perspective: what capabilities do text-based chat tools bring to the war fighter? In this study we employ a broad set of use-cases to further refine why operators use chat based on how they apply chat to their specific combat problems. These use cases include ongoing combat operations in ENDURING FREEDOM, counterinsurgency operations in IRAQI FREEDOM, and disaster relief operations with Joint Task Force - Katrina. The focus of this study is on establishing operators' perceived requirements in light of the current capabilities delivered by the existing text-based chat tools. From these "reverse-engineered" requirements we propose future work to establish these communication capabilities in the next-generation C2 systems. / US Marine Corps (USMC) author.

Thesis (M.S. in Telecommunications Systems Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 1990. / Thesis advisor(s): Boger, Dan C. Second Reader: Tulloch, A.W. "March 1990." Description based on signature page as viewed on August 25, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Command, control, and communications systems. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52). Also available online.