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A lista de compromissos é o instrumento jurídico que consolida os compromissos adotados pelos Membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) na área de serviços. O modelo de lista de compromissos adotado pelo Acordo Geral para o Comércio de Serviços (GATS) permite que os Membros decidam quais setores ou subsetores de serviços e modos de prestação irão consolidar compromissos. Esses compromissos vinculam os Membros. Logo, as inscrições nas listas de compromissos devem ser claras e precisas, especialmente com relação ao que está e o que não está incluído no compromisso. Considerando que a estrutura da lista de compromissos e a metodologia utilizada pelos Membros para assunção de compromissos são extremamente complexas, é importante identificar quais são os principais problemas apresentados por elas, à luz das regras e objetivos da OMC, com vistas a buscar soluções ou sugerir alternativas para esses problemas. A análise desses problemas também deve levar em consideração os contenciosos envolvendo serviços e as conclusões a que chegou o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC nesses casos. Deve-se verificar, também, se a estrutura da lista de compromissos e a metodologia para a inscrição de compromissos em serviços são compatíveis com o preâmbulo e com o Artigo XIX do GATS, ou seja: se permitem a liberalização progressiva do comércio internacional de serviços; se garantem flexibilidade apropriada aos países em desenvolvimento para que liberalizem menos setores e tipos de operação; se promovem os interesses de todos os participantes do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio; se têm como objetivo a promoção do crescimento econômico de todas as partes envolvidas e, sobretudo, o desenvolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento e de menor desenvolvimento econômico relativo; se resguardam o direito dos Membros de regular e de introduzir novas leis dentro de seus territórios, com vistas a atingir objetivos de política pública; e se respeitam as assimetrias existentes com relação aos graus de desenvolvimento das legislações nacionais. / The schedule of commitments is the legal instrument which contains the commitments made by the Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in services. The schedule adopted by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) allows the Members to decide in which sectors or subsectors and modes of supply they will make commitments. These commitments are binding to the Members. Therefore, the entries in the schedules must be clear and precise, especially regarding what is and what is not included in the commitment. Considering the structure of the schedules and the scheduling methodology are extremely complex, it is important to identify what are their main problems in view of the rules and objectives of the WTO, in order to look for solutions to these problems or to suggest alternatives. The analysis of these problems must take into account the cases involving trade in services and the findings of the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO in those cases. It should also be analyzed whether the structure of the schedules and the scheduling methodology comply with GATS preamble and Article XIX, or, in other words: if they allow the progressive liberalization of the trade in services; if they guarantee appropriate flexibility for developing countries for opening fewer sectors and types of transactions; if they promote the interest of all participants of the Multilateral Trading System; if they promote the economic growth of all the trading partners and, above all, the development of developing and the least-developed countries; if they acknowledge the right of the Members to regulate and to introduce new regulations within their territories in order to meet national policy objectives; and if they respect the asymmetries existing with respect to the degree of development of the services regulations.

A lista de compromissos é o instrumento jurídico que consolida os compromissos adotados pelos Membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) na área de serviços. O modelo de lista de compromissos adotado pelo Acordo Geral para o Comércio de Serviços (GATS) permite que os Membros decidam quais setores ou subsetores de serviços e modos de prestação irão consolidar compromissos. Esses compromissos vinculam os Membros. Logo, as inscrições nas listas de compromissos devem ser claras e precisas, especialmente com relação ao que está e o que não está incluído no compromisso. Considerando que a estrutura da lista de compromissos e a metodologia utilizada pelos Membros para assunção de compromissos são extremamente complexas, é importante identificar quais são os principais problemas apresentados por elas, à luz das regras e objetivos da OMC, com vistas a buscar soluções ou sugerir alternativas para esses problemas. A análise desses problemas também deve levar em consideração os contenciosos envolvendo serviços e as conclusões a que chegou o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC nesses casos. Deve-se verificar, também, se a estrutura da lista de compromissos e a metodologia para a inscrição de compromissos em serviços são compatíveis com o preâmbulo e com o Artigo XIX do GATS, ou seja: se permitem a liberalização progressiva do comércio internacional de serviços; se garantem flexibilidade apropriada aos países em desenvolvimento para que liberalizem menos setores e tipos de operação; se promovem os interesses de todos os participantes do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio; se têm como objetivo a promoção do crescimento econômico de todas as partes envolvidas e, sobretudo, o desenvolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento e de menor desenvolvimento econômico relativo; se resguardam o direito dos Membros de regular e de introduzir novas leis dentro de seus territórios, com vistas a atingir objetivos de política pública; e se respeitam as assimetrias existentes com relação aos graus de desenvolvimento das legislações nacionais. / The schedule of commitments is the legal instrument which contains the commitments made by the Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in services. The schedule adopted by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) allows the Members to decide in which sectors or subsectors and modes of supply they will make commitments. These commitments are binding to the Members. Therefore, the entries in the schedules must be clear and precise, especially regarding what is and what is not included in the commitment. Considering the structure of the schedules and the scheduling methodology are extremely complex, it is important to identify what are their main problems in view of the rules and objectives of the WTO, in order to look for solutions to these problems or to suggest alternatives. The analysis of these problems must take into account the cases involving trade in services and the findings of the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO in those cases. It should also be analyzed whether the structure of the schedules and the scheduling methodology comply with GATS preamble and Article XIX, or, in other words: if they allow the progressive liberalization of the trade in services; if they guarantee appropriate flexibility for developing countries for opening fewer sectors and types of transactions; if they promote the interest of all participants of the Multilateral Trading System; if they promote the economic growth of all the trading partners and, above all, the development of developing and the least-developed countries; if they acknowledge the right of the Members to regulate and to introduce new regulations within their territories in order to meet national policy objectives; and if they respect the asymmetries existing with respect to the degree of development of the services regulations.

In incomplete market models, agents with homothetic preferences over one non-durable consumption good and exposed to idiosyncratic income shocks use precautionary savings as an instrument to smooth consumption across different contingencies. The magnitude and role of precautionary savings is therefore essential in the understanding of savings behavior of agents in such an economy. In this dissertation, I study the effects of consumption commitments on aggregate savings behavior within an otherwise standard incomplete market framework. In the first chapter, I explore the impact of a consumption commitment good like housing in an incomplete market framework (Aiyagari(1994), Huggett(1997)). Conceptually, I concentrate on the argument whether consumption of housing is associated with changes in risk aversion and therefore reflected in precautionary savings behavior of agents. I study an analytical framework that captures key elements in the data like (i) heterogeneity in earnings through fixed effects and uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks, (ii) fraction of income spent on housing, (iii) magnitude of moving costs. In the second chapter, I present a dynamic incomplete market model with a key feature: a commitment good (housing) with positive transaction (moving) costs. I focus on a stationary recursive equilibrium for agents in the benchmark economy. I calibrate the benchmark model to the US economy. I find that the benchmark economy replicates (i) the fraction of income spent on housing services, (ii) the fraction of people moving in each period. In the third chapter, I quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of precautionary savings in the presence of housing consumption in the benchmark economy and compare it to the standard incomplete market model. Results indicate that the presence of housing leads to higher aggregate precautionary savings by nearly 13% when compared to the Aiyagari specification. I find transaction costs to have significant impact on aggregate savings behavior.

Marxist themes of Roddy Doyle’s The Commitments have not often been looked at. Yet, they are decidedly prominent. The band make use of a Marxist image and of collectivist easy-played, easily-understood music in order to gain working class listeners. In fact, the band itself is based on an egalitarian structure, until it, due to an increasing individualist wish for success, falls apart. The aim of this essay is thus to argue, through pointing to the Marxist rhetoric of the band and the hypocrisy around it, and through a comparative reading between The Commitments and Orwell’s Animal Farm, that The Commitments has an allegorical value, much like Animal Farm does, when it comes to depicting the way Marxism has worked and failed as it has been practised in reality.

Information search and acquisition is one of the important tasks in industrial procurement. The main issues of the present study are whether the needs of information and their patterns of importance would be affected by the following variables: product type, position of the supply chain, factors of individual participant (position, current unit, experiences of departments), organization structural factors, innovational resources commitments. The empirical study contexts are six machinery related sub-industries, including: vehicle, casting, die and mold, fastener, hand-tool, and machinery industry. From the 345 valid survey samples, the current research tested several hypotheses, of which significant findings include: (1) Different positions at a supply chain would cause difference of information needs. (2) Factors of individual participant also bring about different buying information needs: the current unit and experiences in different departments would significantly affect importance of the finance-cost, technique, salesperson information. (3) Organizational factors, including authority, horizontal interaction, vertical division, would give rise to more positive effect on buying experiences, country-of-origin, salesperson information. On the other hand, solicit negative effect on finance-cost information. (4) The product type would significantly moderate the causal relation between organizational factors and buying experiences, country-of-origin, or salesperson information. (5) Finance-cost information is less important for the higher innovational commitment companies than the lower ones

Abstract The development of the nutritionist will be twenty years in Taiwan. The role of nutritionist is changed from meals management of group to education and consulting of nutrition in the period of the prosperous eighties till now. In the meantime, the top ten causes of death are changed from emergency medical case to chromic disease in Taiwan. The custom of weight reduction is spread over Taiwan in the eighties. The general public is eager to receive the instruction of nutritionist. However, the diet therapy of various chromic diseases takes place of weight reduction that is gradually disappeared in Taiwan now. The nutritionist still play important role in maintenance of healthy group and preventive medicine. There are few local researches to be related with the nutritionist. I hope to achieve the effect of promotion by means of this research. There are three destinations in this research. One, the occupational commitment of local nutritionist is understood. Two, the factor is ascertained by the influence of occupational commitment of local nutritionist. Third, the relationship between occupational commitment and leave attitude is confirmed. The researcher initially discusses how viewpoint and expectation of nutritionist is influenced by various occupations through individual interview. And then the evidential research structure and questionnaire is developed to investigate occupational commitment and its influence factors of local occupational nutritionist. The result of research is listed below: 1. Occupational commitment is evident relevant to the gender, position of occupation and location of occupation that is belongs to the variation factors of nutritionist. Among the investigation, occupational commitment of female is stronger that the occupational commitment of male, and occupational commitment of manager is stronger that occupational commitment of non-manager, nutritionist of body fitness center gives much commitment than the nutritionist of hospital, school and other location. 2. Occupational commitment is negative evident relevant to locus of control that is one influence factor of occupational commitment. Occupational commitment is positive evident relevant to work involvement, work satisfaction, organizational commitment and feeling of external environment. The employee that has personality of self-control has more occupational commitment. Occupational commitment of nutritionist can be enhanced by the positive influence factors of occupational commitments. 3. Sentimental commitment is stronger and standard commitment is weak between the occupational commitments of nutritionist. Work satisfaction is much influenced by sentimental commitment. The human resource manager of nutritionist urgently implements the various policies to enhance work satisfaction. 4. Work performance is evident positive relevant to occupational commitments, especially the relevance of sentimental commitment is much evident. Leave attitude is evident negative relevant to occupational commitments. The higher occupational commitment of nutritionist has the better work performance and poor leave attitude. Key words: occupational commitments, locus of control, work involvement, work satisfaction, organizational commitment, work performance, leave attitude.

Įsipareigojimas yra sudėtingas, įvairiai suprantamas ir patiriamas fenomenas. Darbe bandoma išsiaiškinti, kaip įsipareigojimus poroje supranta, patiria jauni suaugę, kurie patyrė tėvų skyrybas. Kitų šalių atliekami tyrimais rodo, jog suaugę skyrybų vaikai (toliau – SSV) išmoksta tokių elgesio modelių šeimoje, kurie neparemia poros abipusių intymių ryšių kūrimo. Pasak vienų autorių, SSV pasiekia savo ankstyvąją brandą, sunerimę dėl meilės, įsipareigojimų ir santuokos, nes bijo nesėkmės ir sužeidimo. Daugelis negali pradėti santykių, nes jų atstūmimo baimė tokia stipri, jog jie gali ilgus metus vengti artimų santykių.Tuo tarpu kiti teigia, jog SSV sukuria santuokas anksčiau nei jauni suaugę, kurių tėvai kartu gyvena. Šiame darbe buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti kaip tyrimo dalyviai patyrę tėvų skyrybas išgyvena įsipareigojimo patyrimą bei apibrėžti, kaip patiriamas ir suprantamas įsipareigojimas poros santykiuose, jaunų suaugusių, kurių tėvai išsiskyrę. Tyrime dalyvavo 8 tyrimo dalyviai (4 moterys, 4 vyrai), kurių aprašyti įsipareigojimo patyrimo išgyvenimai buvo analizuojami fenomenologinės analizės pagal A.Giorgi metodu. Iš 8 sudarytų specifinių situacinių įsipareigojimo patyrimo poros santykiuose apibrėžimų buvo suformuluotas galutinis bendras fenomeno apibrėžimas. Įsipareigojimo patyrimas apibrėžtas kaip procesas. Galutinis bendras apibrėžimas atskleidžia, kad įsipareigojimo patyrimas – psichologinė būsena, kai jausmų kaitoje priimami ir įgyvendinami sprendimai, siekiant santykių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The phenomenon of commitments is complex, variously perceived and experienced. In this study it is trying to explain how Adult Children of Divorce (ACOD) perceive and experience commitments in Couple Relations. Other countries researches show that ACOD have learned in the family the behaviour‘s models which do not support the development of reciprocal, close and intimate couple relations. According to some authors, ACOD reach their early adolescence with anxiety about love, commitments and marriage, because they are afraid of the failure and wounds. Most of them can not begin the relationships because the fear of alienation is so strong that they might avoid close relations for a long time. Whereas another authors say that ACOD take in marriages earlier than adult children from intact families. The goal of the present research is to reveal in what way the phenomenon is experienced by particular individuals and what is the unique experience of commitments in couple relations ACOD in each concrete case. Eight Adult Children of Divorce (4 women, 4men) who have the partners participated in the study. The method of phenomenological analysis of A.Giorgi was applied in the study. Eight specific situational definitions of the phenomenon were defined. The total final definition of the experience of commitment in Couples relationships of Adult Children of Divorce was formulated with the reference to these specific definitions. The experience of commitments in Couple’s Relations is... [to full text]

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