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Despite widespread reports of the benefits of Community-Based Forest Management, there is little empirical evidence regarding socioeconomic outcomes for local communities. The purpose of my research was to consider the extent of innovation and sustainability in Community Forestry approaches in British Columbia, Canada. Data was collected through a qualitative case study focusing on the Lower North Thompson Community Forest Society and the Wells Gray Community Forest Corporation, and involved document review, participant observation and interviews with community members. Key socioeconomic benefits identified were additional silviculture, local employment, local participation, grant distribution, and strategic partnerships. Although increased local control through grants increases quality of life, innovative practices and diversification opportunities are underdeveloped and require greater policy support to ensure continued success. Findings point to community forests as holding potential to increase the socioeconomic sustainability of local communities, which could make them key players in support for rural areas beyond forestry. / May 2017

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Student Number: 9601911P - MA research report - School of Arts - Faculty of Humanities / The purpose of this study was to find out the social impact of community-based tourism on host communities, using a case study of Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust. Community-based tourism is the new buzzword for tourism development nowadays, with its proponents promoting its potential to increase local benefits and to empower local communities in economic, social, environmental and cultural terms. This research sought to address closely the benefits and problems associated with community-based tourism in one community in Botswana. The research also attempted to find out how involved the community is in decision making processes involving the running of the Khama Rhino Sanctuary, a community-based initiative which is not only involved in tourism, but also in environmental education. The research findings indicate that there is no sense of ownership amongst the community and benefits have not been forthcoming. Although job opportunities have been created, these have not been increasing since the inception of the Sanctuary. Above all, the Sanctuary still relies heavily on foreign donors. In order to address the research questions, qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were employed.

An ageing population is demanding more of healthcare services worldwide, particularly for long-term conditions. In the UK, the challenge of limited healthcare service resources and the influence of the Equality Act on services have increasingly led to the consideration of people's access to community rehabilitation services. These present a potential opportunity for Inclusive Design. The literature suggests that Inclusive Design and its associated tools have been widely applied to the accessibility of buildings and public transport, as well as consumer products and services, but there is little evidence of their application to healthcare services. A review of the literature highlights the importance of improving people's access to community-based rehabilitation by providing care at or closer to home which has become an increasingly prevalent option to meet the healthcare demand for long-term conditions in an ageing population. Therefore, this thesis investigates how Inclusive Design can be applied to healthcare delivery services to improve patients' experiences of accessing these services. It accomplished this through two case studies: community-based rehabilitation services of back pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The case studies involved online surveys and interviews with healthcare professionals and patients in understanding the patients' care journeys and challenges in accessing these services. The impact of services demands on patients' capability and their access to services was analysed using an Inclusive Design tool, the Exclusion Calculator. An inclusive approach integrating tools and procedures was summarised to facilitate the understanding of patients' capability-related needs both for the recipients of care and for the providers of care. This research provides a novel contribution by filling the gaps in the literature on the application of Inclusive Design to healthcare delivery services, i.e., community-based rehabilitation. It demonstrates that an Inclusive Design approach can be used to improve people's access to healthcare services and the tools applied can make a useful contribution to understanding service provision and hence service improvement. The Inclusive Design approach focuses on identifying the demands that healthcare services make of their users' capability and in estimating services' exclusion. The process of applying Inclusive Design in this research may be used to improve other healthcare services.

Background: Overweight and obesity affects almost 30% of Canadian children and adolescents aged 2-17 years old which can lead to chronic disease later on in life. Research shows that healthy weight programs are effective at reducing BMI but have issues regarding recruitment and retention. One way to address these problems is by using a Social Marketing framework to determine what adolescents need in a community-based healthy weight program. Methods: Open-ended and closed-ended question surveys were conducted with multiple perspectives including youth aged 13-17 years, parents, and youth workers in Fall 2018. Open-ended question answers were a priori categorized by the ‘4Ps’ of the SM framework (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion) while frequency count data was generated for closed-ended question answers. Open-ended answer data were managed using NVivo 12 and were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step approach to thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Results: A ‘marketing mix’ was thematically generated to identify elements of a healthy weight program that adolescents need in order to participate from all three perspectives. Based on the findings, programs should include physical activity, nutrition, and emotional/social health components that are relevant and fun (Product). They should also emphasize benefits to participating such as improvement to physical and mental health, having fun, receiving incentives, and building relationships (Product) while minimizing barriers including emotional health concerns, lack of time, financial cost, transportation, boring programs (Price). Differences were found amongst perspectives in terms of types of incentives, transportation, and cost of program. Programs should take place in convenient, appealing, and safe locations that may already exist including schools or recreation centres (Place) and should also be promoted using social media and peer word-of-mouth or create partnerships with youth-relevant organizations and use body positive language (Promotion). Conclusion: Using this foundational work of a ‘marketing mix’ can help program developers design programs that will help recruit and retain youth in community-based healthy weight programs. Elements of social marketing were not considered in this study including competition, segmentation, and branding which further highlights the need for exploring competing behaviours in youths’ lives, different priority audience segments of BC, and brands that can be used to recruit and retain youth. / Graduate

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Migration histories of a sample of the population in a small urban place--Creel, Chihuahua, Mexico were analyzed and compared to the results from studies of several large urban places in Latin America to see if patterns of migration and factors associated with the migratory process are similar or different. Seven basic hypotheses obtained from prior theoretical works and empirical studies were investigated. The examination of migration to Creel and of Creel migrant characteristics revealed both similarities to and differences from previous examinations of larger urban areas in Latin America. Generalizations concerning reasons for migration, return migration, the northern push tendency, chain migration, duration of residence, and educational selectivity were confirmed in the Creel study. However, little support was found for the stage migration model, employment and age selectivity, and fertility characteristics. Furthermore, hypotheses that were consistent with those from large urban places, such as those concerning the reasons for migration and return migration differed in their magnitude. This research demonstrated that the migration process in a small urban place in Latin America is not consistent in all aspects with those occurring in large urban places. Future research is needed in studying the small urban place, and perhaps every stage of the stage migration model via migration and life histories. Work is also needed in reevaluating the stage migration model. When more extensive analyses are undertaken, then and only then, can adequate comparisons be made which hopefully will lend to the emergence of a more adequate middle range theory. Migration and life histories certainly seem to show theoretical and methodological promise in advancing the study of internal migration in Latin America Hopefully other studies of this nature will follow in order to further our understanding of this complex phenomenon.

A typology was developed to demonstrate the relationship between the diverse theoretical explanations prevalent in riotous behavior research and the mode of data collection utilized for studying these theoretical explanations. The two principal variables identified are conceptual areas and methodological techniques. Conceptual areas consist of five categories and these are defined as structure: underlying social. economic and political preconditions which lead to riotous behavior; belief-motives: underlying predispositions of individuals or groups which lead to riotous behavior; setting: immediate determinants (assemblage process. ecological arrangements and socio-demographic factors) which lead to riotous behavior; action-behavior: actual behavior patterns and general characteristics found in riotous behavior; and aftermath-consequences: an optional category used to define and understand the previous four categories by investigating the situation following riotous behavior. The methodological techniques of data collection are defined as documentary (historical and census materials) and nondocumentary (interviews, questionnaires, participant observation, informants and laboratory experimentation) materials. A content analysis of ten major sociological journals (Social Problems. Journal of Social Issues, American Sociological Review. Social Forces, Sociological Inquiry, American Journal of Sociology, Sociological Quarterly, Urban Affairs Quarterly, Sociometry and the Journal of Intergroup Relations) and twelve related journals and magazines (Science and Society, Trans-Action, Annals, American Behavioral Scientist, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Scientific American. Human Relations, Journal of Criminal Law: Criminology and Police Science, Commentary, Social Science Quarterly, Phylon, Public Opinion Quarterly) from 1940 through September, 1973 yielded eighty-seven articles which were considered to be a universe of content. The findings indicate that certain methodologies discriminate between certain conceptual areas and certain conceptual areas discriminate between certain methodological techniques. The most often used methods are historical documents, census materials and interviews in that order whereas the most researched conceptual areas are setting and belief-motives. There is a tendency to use interviews and questionnaires more often when only one conceptual area (usually belief-motives) is being researched. Participant observation and informants do not appear to be as limited as the other methods regarding their use to investigate diverse conceptual schemes; however, they are restricted as methodological techniques. The distance (in time) of the researcher from the event and the number of events studied affect the relationship between the two variables. Research conducted within a year following the riotous event relies more on nondocumentary data than does research conducted over a year following the event. Moreover, researchers tend to utilize nondocumentary data to a fuller degree than documentary despite the practical and logical limits of these methods and the far greater utilization of documentary data. There is evidence the segmentation of research and emphasis on psychological explanations may be changing as the more complex theoretical frameworks are being used and different explanations are being integrated in order to study the whole of riotous behavior. Riotous behavior research has emphasized the individual framework for far too long. Sociological inquiry into riotous behavior should stress group interactions, group processes, group activity and social forces for a fruitful analysis of riotous behavior.

Within the broader context of the representation of Latinas in higher education, the purpose of this study is to investigate the post-secondary aspirations of Latinas who were involved in a community-based folklórico program. In addition, this study seeks to understand how participating in folklórico programs can influence the college and career aspirations of Latinas, if at all. Finally, this study examines the skills developed by participating in folklórico programs that are transferable to education and career goals or life in general. The theoretical framework of this study was Yosso’s (2005) concept of community cultural wealth and included the expansion of community cultural wealth by Rendon, Nora, and Kanagala (2014). The method of this study was an instrumental case study using individual semi-structured interviews, a focus group, and document analysis to collect data. The findings of this study described the influence of participation in community-based folklórico programs for Latinas, and the development of transferable skills. This study informs educational leaders about the importance of developing pathways to college for folklórico participants that are equipped with the skills, qualities, and capital necessary to be successful in higher education.