The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s. The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems. The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs. Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs. A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1991</p> / digitalisering@umu

L'augmentation de la production des documents électroniques disponibles sous forme du texte ou d'audio (journaux, radio, enregistrements audio de télévision, etc.) nécessite le développement d'outils automatisés pour le suivi et la navigation. Il devrait être possible, par exemple, lors de la lecture d'un article d'un journal en ligne, d'accéder à des émissions radio correspondant à la lecture en cours. Cette navigation fine entre les différents médias exige l'alignement des "passages" avec un contenu similaire dans des documents issus de différentes modalités monolingues et comparables. Notre travail se concentre sur ce problème d'alignement de textes courts dans un contexte comparable monolingue et multimodal. Le problème consiste à trouver des similitudes entre le texte court et comment extraire les caractéristiques de ces textes pour nous aider à trouver les similarités pour le processus d'alignement. Nous contributions à ce problème en trois parties. La première partie tente de définir la similitude qui est la base du processus d'alignement. La deuxième partie vise à développer une nouvelle représentation de texte afin de faciliter la création du corpus de référence qui va servir à évaluer les méthodes d'alignement. Enfin, la troisième contribution est d'étudier différentes méthodes d'alignement et l'effet de ses composants sur le processus d'alignement. Ces composants comprennent différentes représentations textuelles, des poids et des mesures de similarité.

Les systèmes de traduction automatique obtiennent aujourd'hui de bons résultats sur certains couples de langues comme anglais - français, anglais - chinois, anglais - espagnol, etc. Les approches de traduction empiriques, particulièrement l'approche de traduction automatique probabiliste, nous permettent de construire rapidement un système de traduction si des corpus de données adéquats sont disponibles. En effet, la traduction automatique probabiliste est fondée sur l'apprentissage de modèles à partir de grands corpus parallèles bilingues pour les langues source et cible. Toutefois, la recherche sur la traduction automatique pour des paires de langues dites "peu dotés" doit faire face au défi du manque de données. Nous avons ainsi abordé le problème d'acquisition d'un grand corpus de textes bilingues parallèles pour construire le système de traduction automatique probabiliste. L'originalité de notre travail réside dans le fait que nous nous concentrons sur les langues peu dotées, où des corpus de textes bilingues parallèles sont inexistants dans la plupart des cas. Ce manuscrit présente notre méthodologie d'extraction d'un corpus d'apprentissage parallèle à partir d'un corpus comparable, une ressource de données plus riche et diversifiée sur l'Internet. Nous proposons trois méthodes d'extraction. La première méthode suit l'approche de recherche classique qui utilise des caractéristiques générales des documents ainsi que des informations lexicales du document pour extraire à la fois les documents comparables et les phrases parallèles. Cependant, cette méthode requiert des données supplémentaires sur la paire de langues. La deuxième méthode est une méthode entièrement non supervisée qui ne requiert aucune donnée supplémentaire à l'entrée, et peut être appliquée pour n'importe quelle paires de langues, même des paires de langues peu dotées. La dernière méthode est une extension de la deuxième méthode qui utilise une troisième langue, pour améliorer les processus d'extraction de deux paires de langues. Les méthodes proposées sont validées par des expériences appliquées sur la langue peu dotée vietnamienne et les langues française et anglaise.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Ieda Maria Alves / Banca: Claudia Maria Xatara / Banca: Eli Nazareth Bechara / Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa realizar um estudo a respeito dos termos, colocações e colocações especializadas estendidas presentes em contratos sociais e estatutos sociais que representam os corpora de pesquisa. Nesta pesquisa, também observaremos as semelhanças e diferenças nos corpora de traduções jurídicas e juramentadas, no que concerne ao uso desses termos e padrões lexicais, assim como apontaremos aqueles que são mais frequentemente empregados em documentos do tipo contrato social e estatuto social. A investigação baseia-se na abordagem interdisciplinar dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, da Linguística de Corpus, da Fraseologia, de modo mais específico das colocações, das colocações especializadas e das unidades fraseológicas especializadas. A Terminologia, por meio de seus pressupostos teóricos, também traz sua contribuição para a pesquisa, assim como os trabalhos sobre a tradução juramentada. Uma das motivações que delineia este estudo reside no fato de a tradução juramentada ser considerada de grande relevância nas relações comerciais, sociais e jurídicas entre as nações. Para realizar este estudo, compilamos um corpus de estudo (CE1) constituído por contratos sociais e estatutos sociais traduzidos no modo juramentado, nas direções tradutórias inglês português e português inglês, extraídos de Livros de Registro de Traduções, pertencentes a tradutores juramentados credenciados pela Junta Comercial de dois Estados brasileiros; e um corpus de estudo (CE2) formado por documentos de mesma natureza traduzidos sem o processo de juramentação, nas mesmas direções tradutórias. Além destes corpora, construímos dois corpora comparáveis, formados pelos referidos documentos originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram várias semelhanças, no tocante aos termos empregados em documentos traduzidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This investigation aims at carrying out a study on terms, collocations and extended specialized collocations present in articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws that represent our research corpora. We will also observe similarities and differences in sworn and legal translation corpora, which concerns the use of such terms and lexical patterns, as well as point out the ones which are more frequently used in the focused documents. This research derives its theoretical and methodological sources from Corpus-Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Phraseology, more specifically from collocations, specialized collocations and specialized phraseological units (SPUs). Terminology, from its theoretical standpoint, also offers its contribution to this study, as well as essays on sworn translation. One of the aspects that motivates this study is the fact that sworn translation is considered to be of great relevance to commercial, social and legal relations among nations. To conduct this research, we compiled a study corpus (CE1) composed of articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws submitted to the process of sworn translation in the English Portuguese and Portuguese English directions, excerpted from the Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by five Brazilian sworn translators, duly sworn by the Board of Trade of two Brazilian States; a study corpus (CE2) made up of documents of the same nature not submitted to the process of sworn translation, in the same translation directions. Besides these corpora, we also built two comparable corpora formed by the referred documents originally written in Portuguese and in English. The results obtained in this research showed some similarities which refer to the terms used in documents submitted to the process of sworn translation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Cette thèse propose une méthode pour alimenter une ontologie, une structure de concepts liés par des relations sémantiques, par des termes français, anglais et allemands à partir de corpus spécialisés comparables. Son apport principal est le développement des méthodes d'extraction utilisant des ressources endogènes apprises à partir de corpus et d'ontologie. Exploitant des n-grammes de caractères, elles sont disponibles et indépendantes vis-à-vis de la langue et du domaine. La première contribution porte sur l'utilisation des ressources morphologiques et morphosyntaxiques endogènes pour extraire des termes mono- et polylexicaux à partir de corpus. La deuxième contribution vise à exploiter des ressources endogènes pour identifier leurs traductions. La troisième contribution concerne la construction des familles morphologiques endogènes servant à alimenter l'ontologie. / This thesis proposes a method of enrichment and population of an ontology, a structure of concepts linked by semantic relations, by terms in French, English and German from comparable domain-specific corpora. Our main contribution is the development of extraction methods based on endogenous resources, learned from the corpus and the ontology being analyzed. Using caracter n-grams, these resources are available and independent of a particular language or domain. The first contribution concerns the use of endogenous morphological and morphosyntactic resources for mono- and polylexical terms extraction from the corpus. The second contribution aims to use endogenous resources to identify translations for these terms. The third contribution concerns the construction of endogenous morphological families designed to enrich and populate the ontology.

This thesis is focused on testing the so-called unique items hypothesis on Czech language data. Supposed Czech unique items were chosen from lexical units, word-formation phenomena, syntactic structures and language use phenomena. Their frequency in a comparable monolingual corpus of contemporary Czech was established and the differences in frequency were statistically tested. This quantitative research was accompanied by a qualitative probe into the English source texts from which sentences containing selected unique items were translated using an aligned parallel corpus of English-Czech translations. The results reveal a general tendency of unique items to be underrepresented in translated language and a variety of source- language phenomena that underlie unique items usage in the target language.

This diploma thesis is structured as an expert opinion and deals with business valuation of EKOSPOL a.s. Firstly, financial and strategic analysis are carried out in order to assess the company´s financial health and perspective. Financial plan is created right after using findings provided by value drivers analysis. Finally, income DCF APV valuation method as well as comparable transactions method are both used to assess the final investment value of EKOSPOL a.s.

This master thesis is concerned with the estimation of the market value of equity of Plzeňský Prazdroj, a.s. as at 30 September 2016. The market approach has been selected as the primary valuation approach with the largest impact on the value estimation; specifically the guideline public company method and the comparable transactions method are employed. The income approach based on the DCF Entity method verifies the value conclusion derived from the market approach. The going concern premise is supported by thorough analyses concerning the relevant market; market position of the valued company in relation to its competitors; and its financial health. The thesis concludes a clearly defined and justifiable range of value.

Les performances des systèmes de traduction automatique statistique dépendent de la disponibilité de textes parallèles bilingues, appelés aussi bitextes. Cependant, les textes parallèles librement disponibles sont aussi des ressources rares : la taille est souvent limitée, la couverture linguistique insuffisante ou le domaine des textes n’est pas approprié. Il y a relativement peu de paires de langues pour lesquelles des corpus parallèles de tailles raisonnables sont disponibles pour certains domaines. L’une des façons pour pallier au manque de données parallèles est d’exploiter les corpus comparables qui sont plus abondants. Les travaux précédents dans ce domaine n’ont été appliqués que pour la modalité texte. La question que nous nous sommes posée durant cette thèse est de savoir si un corpus comparable multimodal permet d’apporter des solutions au manque de données parallèles dans le domaine de la traduction automatique.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié comment utiliser des ressources provenant de différentes modalités (texte ou parole) pour le développement d’un système de traduction automatique statistique. Une première partie des contributions consisteà proposer une technique pour l’extraction des données parallèles à partir d’un corpus comparable multimodal (audio et texte). Les enregistrements sont transcrits avec un système de reconnaissance automatique de la parole et traduits avec unsystème de traduction automatique. Ces traductions sont ensuite utilisées comme requêtes d’un système de recherche d’information pour sélectionner des phrases parallèles sans erreur et générer un bitexte. Dans la deuxième partie des contributions, nous visons l’amélioration de notre méthode en exploitant les entités sous-phrastiques créant ainsi une extension à notre système en vue de générer des segments parallèles. Nous améliorons aussi le module de filtrage. Enfin, nous présentons plusieurs manières d’aborder l’adaptation des systèmes de traduction avec les données extraites.Nos expériences ont été menées sur les données des sites web TED et Euronews qui montrent la faisabilité de nos approches. / The performance of Statistical Machine Translation Systems statistics depends on the availability of bilingual parallel texts, also known as bitexts. However, freely available parallel texts are also a sparse resource : the size is often limited, languistic coverage insufficient or the domain of texts is not appropriate. There are relatively few pairs of languages for which parallel corpora sizes are available for some domains. One way to overcome the lack of parallel data is to exploit comparable corpus that are more abundant. Previous work in this area have been applied for the text modality. The question we asked in this thesis is : can comparable multimodal corpus allows us to make solutions to the lack of parallel data in machine translation? In this thesis, we studied how to use resources from different modalities (text or speech) for the development of a Statistical machine translation System. The first part of the contributions is to provide a method for extracting parallel data from a comparable multimodal corpus (text and audio). The audio data are transcribed with an automatic speech recognition system and translated with a machine translation system. These translations are then used as queries to select parallel sentences and generate a bitext. In the second part of the contribution, we aim to improve our method to exploit the sub-sentential entities creating an extension of our system to generate parallel segments. We also improve the filtering module. Finally, we présent several approaches to adapt translation systems with the extracted data. Our experiments were conducted on data from the TED and Euronews web sites which show the feasibility of our approaches.

Qualified investors' funds and asset management comparable to management of an investment funds The main aim of the submitted diploma thesis is particularly a description and analysis of the regulation of qualified investors' funds and asset management comparable to management of an investment funds, and the comparison of their usage in practice, especially in terms of numerical representation of individual legal forms. Apart from the descriptive and analytical methods, I frequently use the comparative method and also methods of deduction and induction. The diploma thesis consists of six chapters. The content of the first chapter is a brief introduction to the capital market law, in the second one, we find the regulation of investment funds in the Czech Republic. In the third chapter, I deal with the definition of the investment fund and analyse activities, which are directly related to the investment fund, i.e. management, administration and marketing of investments. The fourth chapter provides an overview how the current regulation divides investment funds. Emphasis is put on differences in regulatory requirements between establishing an internally managed and externally managed investments fund. In the fifth chapter, I deal with qualified investors' funds. First, I adress the definition of a...