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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Self Reinforcement Of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) And Polyethylene Blends

Kurtulus, Ceren 01 April 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In this study, 20/80 (weight %) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) /High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Microfibrillar Reinforced Composites (MFC) were prepared by using high density polyethylene (HDPE) as the matrix material, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the reinforcing component. Ethylene n-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (E-nBA-GMA) and ethylene methyl acrylate (E-MA) as the compatibilizers in 1, 5, and 10 wt. %. The objective of this study is to produce MFCs based on PET and HDPE via extrusion-drawing-injection method and to characterize as extruded, as drawn and injection molded materials in terms of morphologies, and mechanical and thermal properties. In addition, the effect of compatibilizer type and content on properties of PET-HDPE composites was studied. For comparison purposes, conventional PET-HDPE composites with and without compatibilizer were prepared. Also, the effect of screw speed and drawing speed on the morphologies and mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The effect of low and high injection temperature molding on morphologies were also observed. SEM analyses showed that, extruded blends became oriented after drawing. The fibrillar structure was preserved after injection molding. High injection molding temperature destroyed the structure of PET microfibers. In addition, it was also observed that the adhesion between HDPE and PET improved with the addition of the compatibilizers. Tensile strength and tensile modulus values of PET/HDPE MFCs increased with increasing drawing speed. Increasing the screw speed resulted in a slight decrease in tensile strength values. Addition of the compatibilizers to the system decreased tensile strength and tensile modulus values. Results of impact tests designated that the impact strength of the materials with and without MFC structure increased with the increasing amounts of E-nBAGMA. DSC analyses pointed out that, melting temperatures of HDPE and PET phase did not change significantly with increasing drawing speed or with the addition of the compatibilizer. As the drawing speed increased from 2.7 m/min to 6.2 m/min, degree of crystallinity of the drawn samples of the PET phase increased.
12

Production And Characterization Of Polypropylene/organoclay Nanocomposites

Yayla, Saniye 01 February 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Polypropylene, PP, based nanocomposites were produced via melt blending method by using twin-screw extrusion in this study. The effects of organoclay type, compatibilizer type, and mixing order of components on the morphology, thermal, mechanical and flow properties of ternary nanocomposites were investigated. Terpolymer of ethylene/butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride, ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate, and copolymer of ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate elastomers were used as compatibilizer, whereas Cloisite&reg / 30B, Cloisite&reg / 15A, and Cloisite&reg / 25A were used as organoclay. iv In order to determine the optimum amount of compatibilizer, PP/compatibilizer blends were produced with different compositions. The content of compatibilizer was determined as 5 wt % based on the mechanical tests. Then, ternary nanocomposites were prepared with 5 wt % compatibilizer and 2 wt % organoclay contents. In addition, neat PP and PP/organoclay composites were prepared in order to make comparison. After that, the samples were characterized. According to the XRD analysis, the highest increase in the interlayer spacings of organoclays were observed in the PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite&reg / 15A (23%) and PP/E-MA-GMA/ Cloisite&reg / 25A (88.3%) ternary systems. SEM micrograms revealed that compatibilizer E-MA-GMA is the most compatible elastomer with PP. Thus, it was decided to investigate the effect of mixing order on the properties of these nanocomposites with E-MA-GMA. DSC analysis showed that the melting behavior of the nanocomposites does not change significantly with the presence of organoclay and compatibilizer. In addition, compatibilizers and organoclays have no significant nucleation activity in PP. The systems PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite&reg / 15A and PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite&reg / 25A have the highest improvements according to the results of mechanical tests. The results of mechanical tests showed that the mixing sequence (PEC), in which PP, organoclay and compatibilizer were compounded simultaneously in the first extrusion run, is the best sequence.
13

Preparation And Characterization Of Recycled Polypropylene Based Nanocomposites

Cengiz, Filiz 01 September 2008 (has links) (PDF)
The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of a recycled grade polypropylene. Polymer blends and nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding method in a twin screw extruder. Cloisite&reg / 15A, Cloisite&reg / 25A and Cloisite&reg / 30B were used as organoclays, and ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (E-MA-GMA) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-MAH) were used as compatibilizers. The effects of additive concentrations, types of organoclays and compatibilizers, processing conditions, and the compatibilizer to organoclay ratio on the morphology and mechanical, thermal and flow properties were investigated. Organoclay loading over 2 wt% prevented the intercalation mechanism and material properties, even in the presence of compatibilizer, as a consequence of large clay agglomerate formation. E-MA-GMA compatibilizer improved the intercalation ability of the polymer / however a substantial increase in mechanical properties was not obtained. PP-MAH is found to be a better compatibilizer. Processing conditions significantly affected both mechanical properties and morphology. When the processing temperature was decreased and screw speed was increased simultaneously, tensile and impact properties were improved owing to enhanced shear and dispersive forces. TEM analysis revealed that intercalated and delaminated structures were formed with the addition of PP-MAH compatibilizer. In addition to that, as the ratio of PP-MAH to organoclay was increased, more effective dispersion of organoclay was observed and hence resultant improvements in both tensile and impact properties were greater at compatibilizer to organoclay ratio of three. Cloisite&reg / 15A exhibited the highest improvements in mechanical properties, although the degree of organoclay dispersion was better for Cloisite&reg / 25A and particularly for Cloisite&reg / 30B. Melt flow index values were lower compared to pure recycled polypropylene in the presence of organoclay and compatibilizers. DSC analysis indicated no significant change in the melting behavior of the matrix materials.
14

Nanocomposites Based On Blends Of Polyethylene

Isik, Fatma 01 July 2005 (has links) (PDF)
In this study the effects of compatibilizer type, organoclay type, and the addition order of components on the morphological, thermal, mechanical and flow properties of ternary nanocomposites based on low density polyethylene, LDPE were investigated. As compatibilizer, ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate, and ethylene/butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride / as organoclay Cloisite&amp / #61666 / 15A, Cloisite&amp / #61666 / 25A and Cloisite&amp / #61666 / 30B were used. All samples were prepared by a co-rotating twin screw extruder, followed by injection molding. Before producing the ternary nanocomposites, in order to determine the optimum amount of the organoclay and compatibilizer, binary mixtures of LDPE/organoclay and LDPE/compatibilizer blends with different compositions were prepared. Based on the results of the mechanical tests, compatibilizer and organoclay contents were determined as 5 wt. % and 2 wt % respectively. After that, ternary nanocomposites were prepared with each compatibilizer/organoclay system and characterization of these nanocomposites was performed. Among the investigated addition orders, mechanical test results showed that the best sequence of component addition was (PCoC), in which LDPE, compatibilizer and organoclay were simultaneously compounded in the first run of the extrusion. Considering the ternary nanocomposites, compositions of LDPE/E-MA-GMA/15A, LDPE/E-GMA/15A and LDPE/E-nBA-MAH/30B showed the highest improvement in mechanical properties. According to the DSC analysis, addition of organoclay and compatibilizer does not influence the melting behavior of the compositions and both compatibilizers and organoclay types have no nucleation activity in LDPE. In the X-Ray analysis, the highest increase of the basal spacing for ternary nanocomposites obtained for LDPE/E-BA-MAH/organoclay nanocomposites. This increase was 83 %, 198 %, and 206 % for samples containing 15A, 25A and 30B respectively.
15

Tratamento superficial de fibras de poliaramida com líquidos iônicos imidazólicos

Moraes, Carolina Vicente January 2017 (has links)
Poli(p-fenileno de tereftalamida) (PPTA), usualmente chamado de aramida, é uma fibra polimérica de baixa densidade que possui alta rigidez e resistência à tração, assim como excelente estabilidade térmica e química. Essa fibra é utilizada como reforço em materiais compósitos utilizados nas indústrias aeroespacial e automobilística, em artefatos de proteção balística e de proteção ao corte. No entanto, sua aplicação como reforço em materiais compósitos está limitada por sua baixa afinidade interfacial com matrizes poliméricas, devido a sua superfície lisa e relativamente inerte. Para superar esta desvantagem, diversos tratamentos foram desenvolvidos para modificar a superfície da aramida. Contudo, realizar essa modificação sem diminuir a resistência mecânica da fibra é um grande desafio, assim como desenvolver um método industrialmente viável. Líquidos iônicos (LI) apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora para a compatibilização da aramida com matrizes poliméricas, devido à possibilidade de ajuste de suas propriedades com a escolha de ânions e cátions específicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência de diferentes LI nas propriedades adesivas entre Kevlar e uma resina epoxídica. Para tanto, as fibras foram submetidas a soluções de etanol e LI imidazólicos (cloreto de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-carboximetil-3-metilimidazólio, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio) e analisadas por espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência mecânica das fibras foi investigada por teste de tração e a interface foi caracterizada em termos de molhabilidade e adesão pelos testes de ângulo de contato e pull-out. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na molhabilidade e na adesão nas fibras tratadas com cloreto de 1- n-butil-3-metilimidazólico, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3- metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio. Dois compósitos laminados foram fabricados com os tecidos comercial e tratado com metanossulfonato de 1- trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram aferidas por ensaios de tração e short beam. O compósito feito com o tecido tratado apresentou maior resistência mecânica, módulo e tensão de cisalhamento interlaminar. / Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), known as aramid, is a low density polymeric fiber that has high rigidity and exceptional tensile strength, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability. It is used as reinforcement in composite materials in the aerospace and automobile industry and in ballistic and stab-resistant articles. However, its inferior interfacial affinity towards polymeric matrices due to its smooth surface hampers its use in composite materials, preventing full achievement of its potential as reinforcement. To overcome this drawback, various treatments have been applied to modify the aramid surface. Nevertheless it is a great challenge to introduce this modification without diminishing the fiber mechanical properties and to develop an industrially feasible process. Ionic liquids (IL) might be an alternative as compatibilizer in polymeric matrices reinforced with aramid fibers because of their unique set of physical-chemical properties that can be finely tuned by their chemical structures. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different IL on the adhesive properties between Kevlar and epoxy resin. Kevlar fibers were submitted to solutions of ethanol and imidazolium IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate) and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical strength of the fibers was analyzed by tensile strength tests and the interface was characterized by contact angle measurements and pull-out tests. There was an increase in wettability and adhesion of the fibers treated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate. Two laminated composites were manufactured with commercial and 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate treated fabrics and their mechanical properties were measured with tensile strength and short beam test. The composite made with treated fabrics presented higher mechanical resistance, modulus and interfacial shear strength.
16

Efeito de compatibilizantes no desempenho de sistemas PP/argila organofílica.

SILVA NETO, João Emídio da. 12 July 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-12T10:48:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO EMÍDIO DA SILVA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 4756921 bytes, checksum: 06e32a45828b2df2ef5a64d06f2272b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T10:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO EMÍDIO DA SILVA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 4756921 bytes, checksum: 06e32a45828b2df2ef5a64d06f2272b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / CNPq / Neste trabalho, utilizando a técnica de intercalação por fusão, foram preparados híbridos à base de polipropileno homopolímero com 5% em peso de argila bentonítica organofílica, compatibilizante polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico em teores de 5 e 15%, e co-intercalante erucamida em teores de 0,5 e 1,0%. Os sistemas foram processados em misturador interno e extrusora dupla rosca corrotacional interpenetrante, sob uma única condição de processamento. Os híbridos foram caracterizados por índice de fluidez (MFI), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TG), difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e propriedades mecânicas em tração e impacto. Os resultados de índice de fluidez evidenciaram a redução deste parâmetro com a adição da argila e/ou aditivos (compatibilizante e co-intercalante), indicando aumento da viscosidade nos sistemas. Por DSC e TG foi possível observar que a presença da argila e do agente compatibilizante elevou a estabilidade térmica dos materiais quando comparados ao polipropileno puro. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostraram aumento da distância interplanar basal d(001) dos sistemas, formando estruturas intercaladas, em especial nas composições em que o agente co-intercalante foi empregado. A resistência à tração dos sistemas não foi afetada significativamente, mas foi observado um aumento no módulo de elasticidade e na resistência ao impacto com a incorporação dos compatibilizantes. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou a formação de nanocompósitos com estruturas parcialmente esfoliadas e/ou intercaladas. / In this work, hybrids of polypropylene homopolymer containing 5% by weight organoclay, 5 and 15% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and 0.5 and 1.0% erucamide, respectively, were prepared by melt intercalation. The systems were processed in an internal mixer and corotating twin screw extruder, at a single processing condition. The hybrids were characterized by melt flow index (MFI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile and impact properties. Melt flow rate results showed a decrease in this parameter with clay and/or additives (compatibilizer and co-intercalant) addition, which indicates an increase in the system´s viscosity. DSC and TG, data suggested that the thermal stability of the systems increased with clay and coupling agent incorporation. X-ray diffraction results showed increased basal interplanar distance d(001) of the systems forming intercalated structures, in particular in compositions where the co-intercalating agent was utilized. The tensile strength of the systems was not significantly affected, however, an increase on elastic modulus and on impact resistance was observed with the additives incorporation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of partially exfoliated and/or intercalated nanocomposites.
17

Influência do agente compatibilizante PE-co-PEG nas propriedades da blenda PE/Epóxi / Influence of compatibilizer PE-co-PEG in the blend PE/epoxy properties

Silva, Bruna Louise 25 April 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Louise Silva.pdf: 1597202 bytes, checksum: 27a789d81ae826195144501485013ca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among polymer modifications options, is polymer blends, aim of this work was to study influence of the dispersion of rigid polymer in a thougness matrix. The blend in question used as matrix the high density polyethylene (HDPE) and as disperse phase the epoxy (DGEBA). The blend HPDE/Epoxy is immiscible, immiscible blends can be compatibilized, the compatibility has the purpose of generate a phase morphology stabilized and adequate. We chose to work as a compatibilizing copolymer polyethylene -block- poly (ethylene glycol) (PE -co- PEG), due PE- co -PEG having functional groups which can react with the epoxy. The blends were characterized by , torque rheometry , infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , nanoindentation , microhardness, scanning field effect (FEG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Unable to verify by analysis of FTIR significant shift in the intensity of 913 cm-1, absorption band feature of the epoxy group, suggesting the reaction did not occur between the PEG hydroxyl of compatibilizer and the group epoxy. It was also not observed changes in torque rheometry curves, suggesting that not occurred reaction between the components blends. The results of DSC show that addition of the epoxy resulted in increasing in the crystallinity (68±1%) the best result was obtained for the blend with 10% of epoxy and 1% of compatibilizer. The technique X-ray diffraction showed that structure crystalline of HDPE was not altered whit incorporation of epoxy and PE-co-PEG, the increasing in the crystallinity degree may be associated whit crystallization kinetic of HDPE. the modulus of Young results present an analogous behavior, the addition of epoxy resulted an increasing in rigid of HDPE, the blend that showed higher crystallinity degree also present higher Young´s modulus (1,85±0,05 GPa). The same behavior was observed in the microhardness and nanohardness analysis. The analyze of fracture surface by field effect scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the size of the epoxy phase is the micrometer range. The addition of compatibilizer caused better dispersion, decreases the size of the epoxy domains and improved the distribution of the dispersed phase. The results suggest that the increased crystallinity and resistance to plastic and elastic deformation is dependent on the domain size of the dispersed phase. / Entre as opções de modificações de polímeros, encontra-se a mais comum que é a obtenção de blendas poliméricas, um dos principais objetivos desse trabalho foi estudar a influência da dispersão de um polímero rígido em uma matriz tenaz. A blenda em questão utilizou como matriz o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e como fase dispersa o epóxi (DGBA). A blenda PEAD/Epóxi é imiscível, blendas imiscíveis podem ser compatibilizada, a compatibilização possui a finalidade de gerar uma morfologia de fase adequada e estabilizada. Optou-se em trabalhar como compatibilizante o copolímero polietileno-bloco-poli(etilenoglicol) (PE-co-PEG), devido o PE-co-PEG ter grupos funcionais que podem reagir com o epóxi. As amostras produzidas foram caracterizadas por reometria de torque, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), nanoindentação, microdureza e microscopia eletrônica de varredura efeito campo (FEG) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Não foi possível verificar na análise de FTIR deslocamento significativo na intensidade de 913 cm-1, banda de absorção característica do grupo epoxídico, sugerindo que não ocorreu à reação entre a hidroxila do PEG do compatibilizante e o grupo epoxídico. Também não foi observadas alterações nas curvas de reometria de torque, tal fato sugere que não ocorreu nem uma reação entre os componentes da blenda. Os resultados de DSC mostram que a adição do epóxi resultou em um aumento na cristalinidade do PEAD, o melhor resultado apresentado de cristalinidade (68±1%) foi obtido para a blenda com 10% de epóxi e 1% de agente compatibilizante. A técnica de difração de raios-X mostrou que a estrutura cristalina do PEAD não foi alterada com a incorporação de epóxi e PE-co-PEG, sendo que o aumento do grau de cristalinidade pode estar relacionado com a cinética de cristalização do PEAD. Esses resultados do grau de cristalinidade são análogos ao modulo de Young, onde a adição de epóxi resultou um aumento na rigidez do PEAD, a blenda que apresentou maior grau de cristalinidade também apresentou maior rigidez (1,85±0,05 GPa). O mesmo comportamento foi analisado nos resultados de nanodureza e microdureza. A análise da superfície de fratura por microscopia eletrônica de varredura efeito campo (FEG) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) revelou que o tamanho da fase epoxídica encontra-se em escala micrométrica. O compatibilizante ocasionou uma melhor adesão de fases entre o PEAD/Epóxi, reduziu o tamanho dos domínios de epóxi e permitiu uma distribuição de fase epoxídica mais dispersa. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento da cristalinidade e da resistência à deformação plástica e elástica é dependente do tamanho do domínio de fase dispersa.
18

Tratamento superficial de fibras de poliaramida com líquidos iônicos imidazólicos

Moraes, Carolina Vicente January 2017 (has links)
Poli(p-fenileno de tereftalamida) (PPTA), usualmente chamado de aramida, é uma fibra polimérica de baixa densidade que possui alta rigidez e resistência à tração, assim como excelente estabilidade térmica e química. Essa fibra é utilizada como reforço em materiais compósitos utilizados nas indústrias aeroespacial e automobilística, em artefatos de proteção balística e de proteção ao corte. No entanto, sua aplicação como reforço em materiais compósitos está limitada por sua baixa afinidade interfacial com matrizes poliméricas, devido a sua superfície lisa e relativamente inerte. Para superar esta desvantagem, diversos tratamentos foram desenvolvidos para modificar a superfície da aramida. Contudo, realizar essa modificação sem diminuir a resistência mecânica da fibra é um grande desafio, assim como desenvolver um método industrialmente viável. Líquidos iônicos (LI) apresentam-se como uma alternativa promissora para a compatibilização da aramida com matrizes poliméricas, devido à possibilidade de ajuste de suas propriedades com a escolha de ânions e cátions específicos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência de diferentes LI nas propriedades adesivas entre Kevlar e uma resina epoxídica. Para tanto, as fibras foram submetidas a soluções de etanol e LI imidazólicos (cloreto de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-carboximetil-3-metilimidazólio, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio) e analisadas por espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resistência mecânica das fibras foi investigada por teste de tração e a interface foi caracterizada em termos de molhabilidade e adesão pelos testes de ângulo de contato e pull-out. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na molhabilidade e na adesão nas fibras tratadas com cloreto de 1- n-butil-3-metilimidazólico, metanossulfonato de 1-trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3- metilimidazólio e metanossulfonato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio. Dois compósitos laminados foram fabricados com os tecidos comercial e tratado com metanossulfonato de 1- trietilenoglicol monometil éter-3-metilimidazólio. Suas propriedades mecânicas foram aferidas por ensaios de tração e short beam. O compósito feito com o tecido tratado apresentou maior resistência mecânica, módulo e tensão de cisalhamento interlaminar. / Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), known as aramid, is a low density polymeric fiber that has high rigidity and exceptional tensile strength, as well as excellent thermal and chemical stability. It is used as reinforcement in composite materials in the aerospace and automobile industry and in ballistic and stab-resistant articles. However, its inferior interfacial affinity towards polymeric matrices due to its smooth surface hampers its use in composite materials, preventing full achievement of its potential as reinforcement. To overcome this drawback, various treatments have been applied to modify the aramid surface. Nevertheless it is a great challenge to introduce this modification without diminishing the fiber mechanical properties and to develop an industrially feasible process. Ionic liquids (IL) might be an alternative as compatibilizer in polymeric matrices reinforced with aramid fibers because of their unique set of physical-chemical properties that can be finely tuned by their chemical structures. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different IL on the adhesive properties between Kevlar and epoxy resin. Kevlar fibers were submitted to solutions of ethanol and imidazolium IL (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate) and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical strength of the fibers was analyzed by tensile strength tests and the interface was characterized by contact angle measurements and pull-out tests. There was an increase in wettability and adhesion of the fibers treated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-n-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methanesulfonate. Two laminated composites were manufactured with commercial and 1-triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate treated fabrics and their mechanical properties were measured with tensile strength and short beam test. The composite made with treated fabrics presented higher mechanical resistance, modulus and interfacial shear strength.
19

Efeito da incorporação de fibras curtas de sílica amorfa em compósitos de polipropileno utilizados pela indústria automotiva nacional. / Effect of the incorporation of short amorphous silica fibers in polypropylene composites used by the national automotive industry.

Ivani Caetano dos Passos Pizzitola 30 June 2011 (has links)
A adição de fibras de sílica em compósitos de polipropileno (PP) foi investigada neste trabalho como uma proposta de desenvolvimento de novos materiais utilizados pela indústria automotiva, os quais permitam a redução de peso do veículo e a consequente economia de combustível. As fibras são leves, constituídas de sílica amorfa e tratadas com aminossilano para uma melhor interação com a matriz polimérica. Compósitos de PP homopolímero, bem como de compósitos de PP heterofásico modificados com o copolímero etileno e 1-octeno (POE), foram formulados utilizando-se 20% de fibras de sílica e com PP funcionalizado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-MAH) como compatibilizante. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto às propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, características morfológicas, anisotropia e quanto a requisitos específicos, como emissões de voláteis, odor e resistência a riscos. O compósito de PP homopolímero na presença de 2% de PP-g- MAH apresentou o melhor balanço de propriedades, porém com comprometimento quanto à tenacidade. A análise morfológica desta formulação indicou a presença de fibras descoladas, demonstrando que o tratamento das fibras com o aminossilano, não foi totalmente efetivo para a redução das tensões interfaciais. Os compósitos de PP heterofásico modificados com POE (5% em peso) e com fibras de sílica apresentaram boa dispersão, forma e tamanho de domínios elastoméricos, os quais promoveram um bom efeito de tenacificação. O copolímero POE atuou como um agente compatibilizante, melhorando a adesão fibra-polímero. Por outro lado, estes compósitos apresentaram um grande número de partículas de borracha descoladas da matriz por cavitação, sugerindo que a adesão entre as fases pode ser melhorada, apesar da afinidade química da blenda PP/POE. De uma forma geral, as fibras curtas de sílica constituem uma alternativa potencial para o reforço de compósitos de PP. Além de menor densidade, os compósitos estudados apresentaram bons resultados quando comparados a formulações com o emprego de talco, o qual é muito empregado em peças automotivas. / The addition of silica fibers in polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated on this work as a proposal to develop new materials used in automotive industry, in order to enable the reduction of vehicle weight and the resulting fuel economy. The fibers are lightweight, made of amorphous silica and treated with amine silane for better interaction with the polymer matrix. Composites of PP homopolymer and PP heterophasic composites modified with ethylene and 1-octene (POE) were formulated using 20% of silica fibers as reinforcement and PP functionalized with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer agent. The samples were evaluated for mechanical, thermal, morphological, anisotropy, as well as specific requirements such as emissions of volatiles, odor and scratch resistant. The composite of PP homopolymer in the presence of 2% of PP-g-MAH showed the best balance of properties, however the tenacity was impaired. The morphological analysis of this formulation indicated the presence of detached fibers, demonstrating that treatment of fibers with the amine silane was not totally effective in reducing the interfacial tensions. Heterophasic PP composites modified with POE (5 wt%) and silica fibers presented good dispersion, shape and size of elastomeric domains, promoting a good toughening effect. The POE copolymer acted as a coupling agent, enhancing the adhesion fiber-polymer. On the other hand, these composites showed a large number of rubber particles detached from the matrix by cavitation, suggesting that the adhesion between the phases can be improved, despite the chemical affinity of the blend PP/POE. In general, short silica fibers are a potential alternative for polypropylene composites reinforcement. In addition to lower density, the studied composites demonstrated good results when compared to formulations with the use of talc, which is very used in automotive parts.
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Blendas de rejeitos pós-industriais de filmes multicamadas de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e poliamida (PA6) / Blends of post-industrial waste from low density polyethylene multilayer films (LDPE) and polyamide (PA6)

Diego David Pinzon Moreno 11 May 2015 (has links)
A reciclagem de resíduos sólidos tem se tornado cada vez mais relevante devido a alguns fatores como os impactos ambientais ocasionados com o seu descarte inadequado, ao rigor crescente de legislação específica e ao custo elevado para o gerenciamento apropriado destes resíduos. Na área de materiais poliméricos, os resíduos poliméricos podem ser de origem pósconsumo ou pós-industrial. Alguns rejeitos industriais poliméricos possuem características estruturais ou químicas que impossibilitam o seu reaproveitamento direto no processo que o gerou, como é o caso filmes multicamadas de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) com poliamida 6 (PA6), usados para a produção de embalagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central o reaproveitamento de rejeitos de filmes multicamadas de PEBD com PA6 na forma de blendas recicladas destes polímeros, fazendo uso de agente compatibilizante e variação na composição das blendas com a incorporação de PA6 virgem, a fim de produzir materiais com propriedades adequadas e custo compatível para a aplicação comercial. O desenvolvimento experimental foi dividido em três etapas que consistiram na avaliação do teor mais adequado de agente compatibilizante de fases da blenda (etapa 1), na determinação do comportamento das propriedades das blendas não compatibilizadas em diferentes composições de rejeito do filme multicamada e PA6 virgem (etapa 2) e na associação do uso de compatibilizante com variação das composições das blendas (etapa 3). A partir da execução experimental das atividades das etapas 1 e 2 do trabalho foi possível determinar que o teor de 2,5% do agente compatibilizante polietileno grafitizado com anidrido maleico (PEg- AM) é o mais adequado para compatibilizar as blendas poliméricas e que a maioria das suas propriedades das blendas apresentam um comportamento próximo ao aditivo linear, que leva em consideração somente as propriedades iniciais dos componentes poliméricos PEBD e PA6 isolados. Os diversos materiais gerados no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa apresentam desempenho de propriedades e custo de produção variáveis em função do teor de PA6 nas blendas, que podem viabilizar o uso deste material reciclado em aplicações comerciais específicas. / Recycling of solid waste has been an important issue due to some factors such as environmental damage caused by inappropriate discards, increasing rigor of specific legislation and high cost to the appropriate management of these waste. Polymeric waste can be originated from post-consume or post-industrial sources. Some polymeric waste have chemical or structural characteristics that difficult their direct reuse in the same productive process such as multilayer film of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyamide 6 (PA6), which are used for packing. The aim of this work has been the study the mechanical recycling of multilayer films of PEBD and PA6 as PEBD/PA6 blends with adequate properties and compatible cost for commercial applications. The experimental development has been performed in 3 steps, which correspond to evaluation of more adequate content of compatibilizer agent for interface of blends (step 1), determination of behavior of the properties of blends without compatibilizer agent on different compositions of waste form multilayer films (step 2) and production of blends with compatibilizer agent graphitized polyethylene with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) (step 3). Has been verified that the content of 2.5% of PE-g-MA is more adequate to be used in the compatibilization of recycled PEBD/PA blends and that the performance of the blends dependents of the content of PA6 in the material. The recycled materials have potential for commercial applications.

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