The purpose of this paper is to discuss different translation strategies that may be used in translation from English to Swedish of a text on Country & Western costuming. The focus will be on terminology, metaphors, and similes. In order to discuss the terminology, the metaphors, and simile, an English text has been translated into Swedish. To ensure a correct understanding of the source text, different dictionaries, encyclopaedias, various search engines and viewing services online have been very useful throughout the translation process. Corpora together with retailers’ web sites have also been valuable sources in providing variation and nuances to the translated text. Different sources on translation theory have also been reviewed; Newmark (1988) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). Terms have been selected out of their typical characteristic of being Western wear, and metaphors and simile out of their context to Western wear clothing. The results of the analysis show that a translator does not make use of one translation procedure when translating, but several. Which procedure that will be carried out is dependent on the context of the source text, the readership of the target text, the source text’s degree of specificity of the terminology, the source text’s imagery of the metaphors and simile, and the translator’s interpretation of the source text.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 5, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Idaho, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-251). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-155).

In den Mittelpunkt dieser Abschlussarbeit werden die Nahrungsverben gestellt. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die deutschen Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme unter dem semantischen Aspekt zu analysieren. Die Nahrungsverben werden aus zwei Standpunkten alalysiert: Wort und Wortverbindungen. In dem theoretischen Teil werden theoretische Grundlagen der Merkmalanalyse, semantischen Gruppen und die Theorie der konzeptuellen Metapher besprochen. Zur Untersuchung der Semantik der Nahrungsverben wurden 91 Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme im Deutschen und 82 metaphorische Wortverbindungen analysiert. Die Merkmalanalyse hat gezeigt, dass: • alle Nahrungsverben, die analysiert waren, gehören zu derselben semantischen Gruppe. Dennoch gibt es große Unterschiede zwischen den Bedeutungen der analysierten Nahrungsverben. • die Verben der Nahrungsaufnahme bilden zwei große Gruppen: ESSEN und TRINKEN. Die Gruppe ESSEN ist noch in 14 und die Gruppe TRINKEN in acht kleinere semantische Untergruppen gegliedert. Jede Untergruppe besitzt ein nur für sie kennzeichnendes Merkmal (z. B. ´jmdm. Nahrung geben´, ´viel und begierig essen´, ´Alkohol gebrauchen´, ´trinken, bis nichts mehr da ist´ u. a. ). Aus der Analyse von metaphorischen Wortverbindungen ließen sich 9 konzeptuelle Metaphern feststellen. Die durchgeführte Metaphernanalyse hat gezeigt, dass ESSEN metaphorisch in Beziehung zu GEMÜTSZUSTAND, KOGNITIVE FÄHIGKEIT, RAUM, WEG, KÖRPER, GELD, ANGABEN, STROM, INFORMATION gesetzt wird. / Šio bakalauro darbo tema – „Maitinimosi veiksmažodžių semantika vokiečių kalboje“. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis komponentine reikšmės analize išnagrinėti surinktus maitinimosi procesą reiškiančius veiksmažodžius bei išanalizuoti metaforiškus posakius su maitinimosi veiksmažodžiais taikant kognityvinės lingvistikos metaforų teoriją. Buvo rastas 91 maitinimosi procesą reiškiantis veiksmažodis ir 82 metaforiškai vartojamų maitinimosi veiksmažodžių pavyzdžiai. Atlikus komponentinę analizę gauti tokie rezultatai: Maitinimosi veiksmažodžių semantinė grupė suskirstyta į dvi dideles grupes: VALGYTI (vok. ESSEN) ir GERTI (vok. TRINKEN). Grupė VALGYTI suskirstyta į 14 mažesnių semantinių pogrupių, o grupė GERTI – į 8. Kiekvienam pogrupiui priskirtas tik jam būdingas požymis, pvz. VALGYTI grupės požymiai: ´kažką maitinti´ (vok. ´jmdm. Nahrung geben´), ´daug ir godžiai valgyti´ (vok. ´viel und begierig essen´), ´valgyti tam tikru paros metu´ (vok. ´für bestimmte Tagesmahlzeit´), ´valgyti kažką saldaus´ (vok. ´etw. Leckeres essen´), ´gerai ir daug valgyti´ (vok. ´gut und reichlich essen´), ´valgyti žolę´ (vok. ´Gras essen´), ´maitinti gyvūną´ (vok. ´einem Tier essen geben´), ´viską suvalgyti´ (vok. ´essen, bis nichts mehr da ist´), ´valgyti su tam tikru stalo įrankiu´ (vok. ´mit einem bestimmten Besteck essen´) ir kt. GERTI grupės požymiai: ´vartoti alkoholį´ (vok. ´Alkohol gebrauchen´), ´skubiai´ (vok. ´hastig´), ´po truputį´ (vok. ´in kleineren Mengen´), ´žindyti´ (vok. ´an der Brust... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the thesis is The Semantics of Verbs' Nutrition in German. The main aim of the paper is the analysis of verbs' nutrition in German invoking the componential analysis and the theory of conceptual metaphor. 91examples of verbs' nutrition and 82 metaphorical sayings have been selected and grouped into 2 groups, i.e. TO EAT and TO DRINK. The group TO EAT is comprised of 14 semantic subgroups and the group TO DERINK - 8 subgroups. Every subgroup has a different feature. The results of the componetial analysis are: 9 conceptual metaphors have been distinguished. THE NUTRITION is related figuratively to THE FRAME OF MIND, COGNITIVE ABILITY, SPACE, ROAD, BODY, MONEY, DATA, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, INFORMATION.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Iowa, 2009. / Thesis supervisor: J. Bruce Tomblin. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-135).

No description available.

Analyses of Sotho and Xhosa seem to concentrate predominantly on morphological, tonological and phonological studies. Semantics seems to be a relatively neglected area in African Languages. It is the view of the writer that attention should now be turned increasingly to semantics. In fact, except perhaps for van Rooy's Venda work semantic field analysis does not seem to have been undertaken in African Languages. This thesis is an attempt to contribute in this particular area of linguistic analysis. In addition to that, the present study is an attempt to explore new dimensions in African language study, namely the application of componential analysis to two African languages, Sesotho and Xhosa. In general terns, the aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between language and culture. Very little seems to have been done in this particular area in African languages. In this connection the only work that comes to mind is van Rooy' s Venda work which has already been referred to above. In that work, van Rooy tries to show the integration of language and culture in the communication of the Christian message as illustrated by the Venda Bible. Perhaps with the notable exception of Siertsema there seems to be some scholarly concensus about the relationship between language and culture as the following brief survey will show. Boas, the American anthropologist, for example has investigated the interplay of the environment, cultural life and linguistic form. This be has done by comparing Kwakiutl, an American Indian language, with the Eskimo language. Lotz shows how the structure of one semantic field, or area of semantically related terms, namely numerals, can shape the goals a particular linguistic community strives for in a major cultural activity such as sports. Conklin shows how languages may differ not only in their segmentation of a semantic field e.g. colour, but also in the dimensions of semantic fields themselves. Siertsema, on the other hand, takes a different view from the above views. Only a brief summary of his views will be given here. A fuller exposition will be made in the next chapter when some theoretical issues are considered. He disputes the view that language and culture are related. It must be noted though that he does not speak specifically of culture but of a world view. He examines four "properties" of language and on their basis disputes the language - world view relationship which he eventually dismisses as showing circular reasoning. Perhaps another scholar that needs to be mentioned is Whorf who admittedly is not writing about semantic fields. His relevance to the present discussion lies in the fact that he also considers the relationship between language and other phenomena, namely thought. He writes, "We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions 'Which has to be organized by our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe signfiicances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way - an agreement that ... is codified in the patterns of our language". Whorf 's theory has been called the Dissection Theory from the opening line of the quotation that has just been referred to. Put in a nutshell, what Whorf is saying is that language has a constraining influence on thought or cognition. Or, perhaps put in another way, it is through language that reality is NECESSARILY apprehended. Thought and cognition have to be seen as necessarily dependent on language, at least in certain respects. Whorf discusses a linguistic - philosophic problem which is not really relevant to a study that addresses itself to semantic fields. In exploring the relationship between language and culture some semantic fields will be analyzed. A lexical analysis of each semantic field will then be done applying some of the insights and techniques of componential analysis. What this means, is that we shall start with vocabulary, analyze it and see through its structure the structured world of culture. The question may well be asked, why Sotho and Xhosa? Firstly, the reason for choosing these two languages is for comparison and contrast. Sotho and Xhosa belong to the same language area, traditionally known as the south-eastern zone. As a result, these two languages share certain morphological, syntactic and phonological phenomena. Because the present study is basically semantic one can also add that the choice of the two languages is meant to reveal the extent of semantic similarities and differences between them. Secondly, the writer is, so to speak, bi-cultural. He is very well acquainted with both Basotho and amaXhosa cultures firstly, because of the circumstances of his birth and secondly, because of his education. The writer is actually Sotho speaking with a Xhosa speaking mother. He also has university training in both Sotho and Xhosa, languages he can speak fluently. All these factors are mentioned here in order to lay some claim to competence in both Sotho and Xhosa. Basotho and amaxhosa live in slightly distinct worlds despite all linguistic affinities between their languages. They have slightly different perceptions of the same reality. This accounts for the difference in the organization of any selected field, however slight in some cases. This factor seems to be an indication of the fact that the conceptualization of the universe differs from language to language. This is the point that is also made by Hoijer and Lyons. Hoijer argues that the "real world" to a large extent depends, perhaps unconsciously , on the language habits of the speakers. He goes on to say that no two languages are so similar as to be considered to represent the same social reality. This naturally goes for Sotho and Xhosa as well. The world in which different peoples live are different and cannot merely be characterized as the same world with only different labels. Lyons is even more pertinent to the present study, ''Every language is integrated with the culture in which it operates; and its lexical structure reflects those distinctions which are (or have been) important in the cultures. This statement cannot be overemphasized. While the assumption will be held that language reflects culture, one may hasten to add that not every word in a language does so. For example, there does not seem to be anything particularly cultural about interjectives or about ideophones. In other words, some lexical items are more significant than others in this respect. One should therefore rather speak of lexical items as being a mirror of culture in 'a selective kind of way. As Hymes puts it, "In a particular culture a language serves as a sort of "metalanguage", a cultural way of communicating about much, not all of the culture". (Emphasis added).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

La présente thèse s’intéresse à uocare, uocatio, les préverbés de uocare et les dérivés nominaux des préverbés de uocare, et plus particulièrement à leurs signifiés et la manière dont ceux-ci sont reliés entre eux, chez les auteurs chrétiens de langue latine à l’époque patristique et dans la Vulgate. Le but de ce travail est double : il porte d’une part sur l’étude des réseaux de signifiés propres à chaque lexème dans la langue des auteurs chrétiens et des interactions sémantiques qui existent entre les verbes étudiés et leurs dérivés nominaux, ainsi qu’entre uocare et ses préverbés et uocatio et les dérivés nominaux des préverbés de uocare, et d’autre part sur l’influence des traductions latines de la Bible sur la constitution des réseaux de signifiés des termes étudiés. Cette recherche s’appuie sur la méthode dite d’analyse componentielle consistant à découper les signifiés en traits sémantiques minimaux pertinents, afin de procéder à des regroupements et de dégager une hiérarchie entre les signifiés. / This PhD thesis deals with uocare, uocatio, prefixed verbs on uocare and nouns derived from prefixed verbs on uocare, and specially with their meanings and the way they are connected one to each other, in the works of Latin-speaking christian writers at patristic era and in the Vulgate. This work has two aims : it turns on the one hand on the study of the network of meanings specific to each lexem in christian writers’ language and of the semantic interactions existing between verbs our research focuses on and the nouns derived from them, and also between uocare and prefixed verbs and uocatio and nouns deriving from prefixed verbs on uocare, and on the other hand on the influence of the Bible’s latin translation on the formation of the networks of meanings of the studied terms. This research is based on the method called componential analysis, which consists in dividing the meaning in pertinent minimal semantic features, in order to initiate groups of meanings and to have the hierarchy of meanings become evident.