The use of concrete-filled tubular composite members and composite beams has been implemented in many structural systems due to their robust structural performance, constructability, and inherent synergy when the steel and concrete components are properly designed and detailed together. While extensive research has been conducted on concrete-filled steel structural members, relatively little has been done regarding similar composite connections. Understanding how composite connections behave in structures and how they should be modeled during the design process is crucial to predict the actual structural behavior of these types of elements when subjected to different loading conditions. The goal of this research is to numerically evaluate CFTs or SRCs members and their connections subjected to axial, shear, and flexural load. Predicting composite connection behavior is exceptionally challenging due to the coupled behavior of the steel and concrete, the residual stresses in the steel, local buckling of the connection, and the sensitivity of the stress-strain response to the steel-concrete contact and confinement performance. To address these issues, a thorough literature search has been carried out and a state-of-the-art report on experimental and numerical models for composite connections is presented. The selected tests represent a range of geometries, materials, and governing failure modes. Initially, a generic connection modeling process was developed and calibrated against a classical test, then three more connections were modeled. To further the understanding of composite behavior, shear studs in steel-concrete composite beams were modeled next, taking as reference a recent experimental program that resulted in an unusual failure. Results indicate that the model can reproduce the most important behavioral aspects observed in the tests, tracking well the strength and stiffness of the samples up to ultimate. The load-deformation curves of the experimental specimens and the analytical models show very good agreement in their transitions and indicate that the behavior of the composite joints is controlled mainly by both the strength of the concrete and the confining effect of the steel tube in the joint. A data appendix containing 135 tests is described and the main characteristics of these tests are summarized in the text. / Doctor of Philosophy / Every day the population increase is more evident, and the main cities of the world are densifying. This implies the accelerated construction of all types of structures, especially tall residential buildings. For the design of these structures, architects design increasingly slender structures, which must be resilient under all types of forces. The foregoing is exerting pressure on structural engineers to design structures that have the capacity to be built in the shortest possible time without losing their functionality and safety. This is where steel and concrete composite construction plays an important role. The main advantage of composite construction is the synergy of both materials. Concrete is inexpensive and provides high stiffness, mass, and fire resistance. Structural steel has high strength, ductility, lightweight, and ease of construction. Composite construction has been used for a long time in tall buildings, and experimental and numerical research has been carried out, especially on the beam and column elements. However, comparatively little research has been done on composite connection behavior and design. This dissertation proposes a numerical evaluation of the composite connections in beams and columns under different types of loads in order to establish modeling parameters that facilitate the analysis and structural design of these elements. The important numerical models are validated with experimental investigations. The results show that the numerical models are capable of simulating the structural behavior of the tests, especially the damage mechanisms and the modeling of local behavior. This study contributes to the development of simulations of composite connections, determining modeling parameters, such as the contact resistance between steel and concrete and the distribution of shear studs in composite beams, among others.

No Brasil, o emprego de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio tem crescido consideravelmente, em virtude da ampla disponibilidade de laminados planos no mercado (chapas finas), bem como pela busca de soluções estruturais mais competitivas. Nesse cenário, pode-se destacar as estruturas mistas de aço e concreto destinadas aos edifícios habitacionais de pequeno porte, em que os tradicionais perfis laminados são substituídos por perfis formados a frio tanto nas vigas como nos pilares. Embora o sistema de vigas mistas possa ser considerado consolidado no campo dos perfis laminados e soldados, o comportamento estrutural no caso de perfis formados a frio necessita de investigação mais aprofundada, de modo a verificar os modos de ruína e a viabilidade do emprego dos modelos teóricos clássicos. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo teórico e experimental sobre as vigas mistas em perfis formados a frio duplo U enrijecido, focalizando a ligação mista (ligação viga-pilar) e consequentemente a resposta estrutural da região de momento fletor negativo. O programa experimental consistiu da análise de dois protótipos cruciformes para determinar a curva momento-rotação, o momento resistente, a rigidez, a capacidade de rotação e identificar modos de falha. Foi possível constatar maior capacidade de rotação da ligação com cantoneiras de assento e de alma quando comparada a uma ligação totalmente soldada. Comparando com o modelo experimental o método dos componentes avaliou de forma razoável a rigidez em serviço, já o método proposto por Leon et. al. superestimou muito esse parâmetro, a capacidade de rotação foi avaliada de forma satisfatória pelos dois métodos. O momento resistente negativo da viga mista obtido experimentalmente apresentou um valor intermediário entre os valores teóricos obtidos por processo plástico e elástico. / In Brazil, the cold-formed steel structures have been widely used justified by the large availability of steel sheets in the market (thin sheets) and the search for more competitive structural solutions. Thus as steel and concrete composite structures are applied in small constructions the traditional hot-rolled one is replaced by cold-formed members in the beams and columns. Even though the composite beams system is known in the hot-rolled and welded shapes field, the structural behavior of the cold-formed steel still needs more accurate investigation to verify the failure modes and the viability of the classic theoretical models. In this work a theoretical and experimental study about cold-formed steel and concrete composite beams was developed, focusing on the beam-to-column connection and the structural behavior on the region of hogging bending. For the experimental program two cruciform models of beam-column connections were analyzed to obtain the moment-rotation curves, the stiffness, and the rotation capacity. It was possible to verify the largest rotation capacity of the connection with the steel seat and web angle when compared with the totally welded connection. In the case of connection the method of the components estimates well the secant stiffness and the rotation capacity presenting a value closer to the ones obtained experimentally, Leon et al. procedures estimated well the initial stiffness and the rotation capacity, but the value of the secant stiffness is much larger than the experimental one. In the case of composite beam the ultimate strength (Mmax) experimentally obtained presented an intermediate value to the ones obtained by the plastic and elastic method.

No Brasil, o emprego de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio tem crescido consideravelmente, em virtude da ampla disponibilidade de laminados planos no mercado (chapas finas), bem como pela busca de soluções estruturais mais competitivas. Nesse cenário, pode-se destacar as estruturas mistas de aço e concreto destinadas aos edifícios habitacionais de pequeno porte, em que os tradicionais perfis laminados são substituídos por perfis formados a frio tanto nas vigas como nos pilares. Embora o sistema de vigas mistas possa ser considerado consolidado no campo dos perfis laminados e soldados, o comportamento estrutural no caso de perfis formados a frio necessita de investigação mais aprofundada, de modo a verificar os modos de ruína e a viabilidade do emprego dos modelos teóricos clássicos. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo teórico e experimental sobre as vigas mistas em perfis formados a frio duplo U enrijecido, focalizando a ligação mista (ligação viga-pilar) e consequentemente a resposta estrutural da região de momento fletor negativo. O programa experimental consistiu da análise de dois protótipos cruciformes para determinar a curva momento-rotação, o momento resistente, a rigidez, a capacidade de rotação e identificar modos de falha. Foi possível constatar maior capacidade de rotação da ligação com cantoneiras de assento e de alma quando comparada a uma ligação totalmente soldada. Comparando com o modelo experimental o método dos componentes avaliou de forma razoável a rigidez em serviço, já o método proposto por Leon et. al. superestimou muito esse parâmetro, a capacidade de rotação foi avaliada de forma satisfatória pelos dois métodos. O momento resistente negativo da viga mista obtido experimentalmente apresentou um valor intermediário entre os valores teóricos obtidos por processo plástico e elástico. / In Brazil, the cold-formed steel structures have been widely used justified by the large availability of steel sheets in the market (thin sheets) and the search for more competitive structural solutions. Thus as steel and concrete composite structures are applied in small constructions the traditional hot-rolled one is replaced by cold-formed members in the beams and columns. Even though the composite beams system is known in the hot-rolled and welded shapes field, the structural behavior of the cold-formed steel still needs more accurate investigation to verify the failure modes and the viability of the classic theoretical models. In this work a theoretical and experimental study about cold-formed steel and concrete composite beams was developed, focusing on the beam-to-column connection and the structural behavior on the region of hogging bending. For the experimental program two cruciform models of beam-column connections were analyzed to obtain the moment-rotation curves, the stiffness, and the rotation capacity. It was possible to verify the largest rotation capacity of the connection with the steel seat and web angle when compared with the totally welded connection. In the case of connection the method of the components estimates well the secant stiffness and the rotation capacity presenting a value closer to the ones obtained experimentally, Leon et al. procedures estimated well the initial stiffness and the rotation capacity, but the value of the secant stiffness is much larger than the experimental one. In the case of composite beam the ultimate strength (Mmax) experimentally obtained presented an intermediate value to the ones obtained by the plastic and elastic method.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um amplo programa experimental de ligações viga mista-pilar com cantoneiras de alma e assento, incluindo protótipos isolados e ligações inseridas num pavimento tipo constituído de laje pré-moldada com vigotas e lajotas cerâmicas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da fissuração da laje no comportamento da ligação (rigidez inicial e momento resistente), o acréscimo da taxa de armadura secundária e os detalhes propostos para a ancoragem das armaduras longitudinais. Nos ensaios experimentais foram analisadas as rotações das ligações, deslocamentos e deformações nos elementos. Para o estudo teórico, tomou-se como referência o Método das Componentes do EUROCODE 3 e 4. Paralelamente, um estudo numérico para ligações mistas foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de incluir a laje de concreto, as armaduras longitudinais e transversais, além da não linearidade física e geométrica na análise por elementos finitos. De acordo com os resultados, a condição prévia de fissuração da laje mostrou-se menos relevante que a continuidade das vigas na direção do eixo de menor inércia do pilar, no que se refere à determinação da rigidez inicial e resistência das ligações mista inseridas num pavimento tipo. A metodologia de modelagem numérica foi capaz de representar de forma satisfatória os mecanismos plásticos e os estados limites últimos da ligação. / This research presents an extensive experimental study of the structural behavior of the beam-to-column composite connections with bottom and web angle, including isolated prototypes and typical floor with slab made of precast joist with lattice and bricks. The objectives were to evaluate concrete slab cracking effects in the composite connections behavior (initial stiffness and resistant moment), the secondary steel ratio increase and the proposed details for the longitudinal steel bars anchorage. In the experimental tests, it was analyzed the connection total rotation, the displacements and deformations in the connection components. The theoretical study was developed based on EURODODE 3 and 4 methodologies. Besides, a numerical study was developed with the purpose of including the concrete slab modelling, the longitudinal and transversal steel bars, and the geometrical and material non-linearity in the finite element analysis. According to the results, the beam continuity through to the column minor axis showed to be more important than the concrete slab previous cracking, for the initial stiffness and resistant moment composite connections behavior in the typical floor. The numerical models represented satisfactorily the plastic mechanism connection and the ultimate limit states.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um amplo programa experimental de ligações viga mista-pilar com cantoneiras de alma e assento, incluindo protótipos isolados e ligações inseridas num pavimento tipo constituído de laje pré-moldada com vigotas e lajotas cerâmicas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da fissuração da laje no comportamento da ligação (rigidez inicial e momento resistente), o acréscimo da taxa de armadura secundária e os detalhes propostos para a ancoragem das armaduras longitudinais. Nos ensaios experimentais foram analisadas as rotações das ligações, deslocamentos e deformações nos elementos. Para o estudo teórico, tomou-se como referência o Método das Componentes do EUROCODE 3 e 4. Paralelamente, um estudo numérico para ligações mistas foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de incluir a laje de concreto, as armaduras longitudinais e transversais, além da não linearidade física e geométrica na análise por elementos finitos. De acordo com os resultados, a condição prévia de fissuração da laje mostrou-se menos relevante que a continuidade das vigas na direção do eixo de menor inércia do pilar, no que se refere à determinação da rigidez inicial e resistência das ligações mista inseridas num pavimento tipo. A metodologia de modelagem numérica foi capaz de representar de forma satisfatória os mecanismos plásticos e os estados limites últimos da ligação. / This research presents an extensive experimental study of the structural behavior of the beam-to-column composite connections with bottom and web angle, including isolated prototypes and typical floor with slab made of precast joist with lattice and bricks. The objectives were to evaluate concrete slab cracking effects in the composite connections behavior (initial stiffness and resistant moment), the secondary steel ratio increase and the proposed details for the longitudinal steel bars anchorage. In the experimental tests, it was analyzed the connection total rotation, the displacements and deformations in the connection components. The theoretical study was developed based on EURODODE 3 and 4 methodologies. Besides, a numerical study was developed with the purpose of including the concrete slab modelling, the longitudinal and transversal steel bars, and the geometrical and material non-linearity in the finite element analysis. According to the results, the beam continuity through to the column minor axis showed to be more important than the concrete slab previous cracking, for the initial stiffness and resistant moment composite connections behavior in the typical floor. The numerical models represented satisfactorily the plastic mechanism connection and the ultimate limit states.

<p>Coupled Composite Plate Shear Walls / Concrete Filled (CC-PSW/CFs) are being employed as a seismic lateral force resisting system for the design and construction of mid- to high-rise buildings around the world. The coupled system consists of two or more Composite Plate Shear Walls – Concrete Filled (C-PSW/CFs) connected to each other using composite coupling beams located at the story heights. The CC-PSW/CF system can provide higher overturning moment capacity, lateral stiffness, and ductility than uncoupled walls. Concrete-filled steel box sections are typically used for the composite coupling beams, which are designed to be flexure critical members. When the CC-PSW/CF system is subjected to lateral seismic forces, plastic hinge formation and inelastic deformations (energy dissipation) occur near the ends of most of coupling beams along the structure's height, followed by flexural hinging of the C-PSW/CFs, typically at the base. </p> <p>This work presents the details and design of four composite coupling beam-to-C-PSW/CF connection configurations. Six connection specimens, representing the four connection configurations, with beam clear span-to-section depth, <em>Lb</em>/<em>d</em>, ratios of 3.5 and 5.1, were designed, fabricated, and tested. The experimental program focused on the force-displacement and moment-rotation responses, behavioral observations, limit states, and flexural capacities of the tested specimens. Major limit states and events included yielding of the steel plates comprising the coupling beam, followed by local inelastic buckling, fracture initiation in the base metal (near the weld toes) in the connection region, and fracture propagation through the beam flange and web plates leading to loss of flexural strength and failure. All specimens developed and exceeded the capacity and chord rotation requirements, in accordance with ANSI/AISC 341-22 guidelines.</p> <p>Detailed nonlinear 3D finite element models of the tested specimens were developed and verified using experimental results. The 3D finite element models accurately simulate the stiffness, flexural capacities, and monotonic responses of tested specimens. Nonlinear fiber-based models of the tested coupling beam-to-C-PSW/CF specimens were developed and verified using experimental results. The nonlinear fiber-based models can accurately simulate the stiffness, flexural capacities, and cyclic responses of tested specimens. The benchmarked fiber models were used to estimate the moment-rotation response of full-scale archetype connections. </p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6242.pdf: 8638338 bytes, checksum: 94fe90943d4b53e78099d6e565e290de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the rigidity of the beam-tocolumn connections as well as the transference of forces among the structural components in steel-concrete composite structures. to do this, data regarding the Moment vs. Rotation curve behavior of a concrete filled beam-to-column connection, previously evaluated on a different work was used for comparison. The experimental value of rigidity was inserted into models of plane frames and tridimensional models, in a way that the global stability parameters can be evaluated according to the rotational stiffness of the beam-to-column connections. In order to evaluate the stability, was led in consideration the ABNT NBR 8800:2008 Brazilian code recommendations. For the numeric simulations, the software SAP 2000® was used, in which it was simulated a plane frame model with ten floors, and also a tridimensional frame, varying the number of floors. Once constructed the numerical models, for the plane frame comparative analysis were performed study of the redistribution of forces, of consumption of steel and stability considering that the beam-to-column connections represented in the models, simulate the following situations regarding the system stiffness: rigid and semi-rigid connections and also ratios of experimental stiffness. For the tridimensional model, besides the variation of the stiffness connection the influence of number of floors on the parameters of stability and distribution of forces on structural elements was also analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the stiffness of the beam-to-connections alters the distribution of forces, and that the variation on the number of floors have influence on the global stability parameter. However, it is possible to design structures with semi-rigid beam-to-column connections respecting the normative limits for the parameters of stability and reducing the consumption of steel in the form of profiles. / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da rigidez das ligações viga-pilar no comportamento e na transferência de forças entre componentes estruturais de sistemas estruturados em elementos mistos de aço e concreto. Para isso, serão utilizados dados do comportamento Momento vs. Rotação de uma ligação viga-pilar misto preenchido já investigada experimentalmente. Os resultados experimentais de rigidez serão inseridos em modelos de pórticos planos e tridimensionais, de forma que os parâmetros de estabilidade global possam ser avaliados em função da rigidez da ligação viga-pilar. Para o estudo da estabilidade são consideradas as recomendações da norma brasileira de estruturas de aço e mistas ABNT NBR 8800:2008. Para as simulações numéricas foi utilizado o pacote computacional SAP 2000® no qual foi modelado um pórtico plano com dez pavimentos e um pórtico tridimensional, variando-se o número de pavimentos e a rigidez das ligações. Para o pórtico plano foram realizadas análises comparativas da distribuição de esforços, do consumo de aço e da estabilidade considerando que as ligações viga-pilar representadas no modelo simulem as seguintes situações quanto à rigidez: ligações rígida e semirrígida, cuja rigidez foi determinada experimentalmente, além de parcelas desta rigidez experimental. Para os pórticos tridimensionais, além da variação de rigidez, foi analisada a influência do número de pavimentos sobre os parâmetros de estabilidade e distribuição de esforços nos elementos estruturais. Os resultados mostraram que a rigidez das ligações altera a distribuição dos esforços e a variação no número de pavimentos influencia nos parâmetros de estabilidade global. No entanto, é possível conceber estruturas com ligações viga-pilar semirrígidas respeitando os limites normativos para os parâmetros de estabilidade e reduzindo o consumo de aço sob a forma de perfis.