Call number: LD2668 .T4 1948 S65 / Master of Science

Little is known about the effects of arabinoxylans (AX) on noodle quality. The aim of this study was to observe interrelationships between wheat flour AX, SRC tests, and noodle quality attributes, and to investigate the use of SRCs to predict cookie diameter. Cookie diameter is the most common index of overall soft wheat quality used in practice. Duplicate samples of 63 soft white wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and breeding lines grown at Corvallis in 2002 were selected to study the relationships between flour and noodle characteristics. Kernel hardness was positively correlated with starch damage, total AX and water-extractable AX (WEAX) content but negatively correlated with break flour yield. In this set of samples, despite significant correlations, the sodium carbonate and sucrose SRC tests were not considered to be reliable predictors of cookie diameter due to low numerical correlation coefficients. A modified extraction method for WEAX-SE and WUAX-SE was optimized and reduced in scale. During method development, WUAX 1-SE and WUAX 2-SE fractions that had been treated with protease and amylase respectively were observed using SEHPLC. The equivalent fractions had been discarded in other studies. In this study, AX was found to present in these fractions. A subset of 12 lines was used for further AX extraction. WUAX 2-SE had the highest molecular weight, followed by WUAX1-SE, and then WEAX-SE. The molecular weights of WEAX-SE ranged from approximately 411,305 and 447,282. However, molecular weight of WUAX 1-SE and WUAX 2-SE could not be specifically defined in this study. In addition, WEAX-SE contained a higher degree of substitution than WUAX 1-SE and WUAX 2-SE. For the whole sample set, flour protein content was negatively correlated with ti5A cooked noodle hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness but positively correlated with springiness. At the very low flour protein contents of this sample set, protein composition, which related to lactic acid SRC, became more important for noodle texture. Both starch damage and sodium carbonate SRC were positively correlated with cooked noodle hardness and chewiness at t₀ and t [subscript 15A] Total AX and WUAX were positively correlated with adhesiveness at to, which might result from gummy and sticky characteristics of AX. Using the subset of 12 lines, described above, increased xylose and arabinose contents reflected overall higher AX abundance, and were related to harder kernel texture, poor milling properties. They were also related to higher water, carbonate and sucrose SRCs, and smaller cookie diameter. A/X ratios of WEAX-SE and WUAX 1-SE were positively correlated with flour yield and break flour yield. The WUAX 2-SE fraction seemed to behave different from the WEAX-SE and WUAX 1-SE fractions. The relationships between A/G ratio, and milling characteristics and SRC were opposite to A/X ratios for all fractions. Decreased MW and increased abundance of WUAX in this sample set was related to poorer milling characteristics. There appeared to be no direct systematic relationships between AX and cooked noodle texture parameters in this study. However, AX content appeared to affect noodle texture indirectly, mediated through the effects ofAX on kernel hardness, milling properties, starch damage, reduced FSV, and hence harder noodle texture. Kernel hardness index, flour yield, break flour yield and tisw cooked noodle hardness were able to be predicted with some confidence using stepwise multiple regressions that used selected parameters from the WEAX, WUAX 1-SE and WUAX 2-SE fractions. / Graduation date: 2004

Composers of the 20th century express through intimate and personal language the conditions of the present, utilizing compositional techniques, forms, pitch and rhythmic language, and characteristics of Western composers, as well as looking towards non- Western music for the same. Each musical language, be it tonal, twelve-tone, modal, pitch-class, or derived from folk and non-Western material, is contained in a structural framework which is audibly recognizable, and controls the musical tapestry, processes, and results. Frequently composers use distinctive musical languages to portray different atmospheres, and thus allow each musical language to dominate the texture in order to create the desired contrast. But, jumping directly from one pitch language to another can create a sense of cacophony and loss of cohesion to the composition as a whole. In my composition I intend to show that by superimposing the structural parameters of one musical language onto another, it is possible to attain consistency and coherence, despite the underlying diversity. The composition is based on the story Heimferðin (The Journey Home) by Sigurður Rúnar Þrastarson (1961-1998). The composition is in five movements: I. Dawn; II. Dance and Devotion; III. Frolic; IV. Fury, V. Farwell. Each movement describes particular settings and events of the story. Internal events have been slightly reordered, but otherwise the composition follows the storyline from beginning to end. The final two minutes and twenty seconds of the composition are an original arrangement of a song, written in 1820, by the Danish composer P. C. Krossing (1793-1838).

No research has been performed comparing percent body fat measurements using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and air plethysmography after weight loss. The purpose of this investigation was to compare body composition assessments using the Bod Pod® Body Composition System (BP) and the DEXA ProdigyTM before and after an 8-week weight loss diet and exercise program. Based on prior comparison studies, it was hypothesized that percent fat values would be significantly lower using the BP compared to the DEXA before and after weight loss. Also since both methods have been shown to be reliable, it was hypothesized that the BP and DEXA would detect similar changes in percent fat in response to a weight-loss intervention. Twelve women (42 ± 8 yrs) and ten men (40 + 11 yrs) had their percent body fat estimated using the BP and whole body DEXA ProdigyTM scanner. A similar significant (P < 0.05) decrease in percent body fat was observed using the BP and DEXA ProdigyTM (-2.2% and -1.8%, respectively) after weight loss. Percent body fat using the BP was significantly lower than the DEXA ProdigyTM before (36 ± 10.7% and 38.1 ± 9.4%, respectively) and after (33.8 ± 10.8% and 36.3 + 10.6%, respectively) the weight loss program. Significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the DEXA ProdigyTM and the BP were noted pre (r = 0.975) and post (r = 0.968) weight loss. These data indicate the BP provides significantly lower absolute %fat values within a range of body fat levels (20-56%) when compared to the DEXA. However, the BP and DEXA detect similar changes in %fat, fatfree mass, and fat mass from weight loss in men and women. Also, the BP consistently overestimated fat-free mass and underestimated %fat and fat mass compared to values obtained from DEXA. / School of Physical Education

The problem with which this research is concerned is a comparison of two methodologies in the teaching of high school senior English with regard to their relative effectiveness in developing certain composition skills believed to be important in college academic success. The two methodologies compared in this study are (1) a traditional approach and (2) an experimental approach consistent with certain recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of English.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 M57 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Background: Together with bone mass, muscularity and adiposity constitute the three major components of body composition. The latter two, independent of bone mass, influence largely the morbidity and mortality in old age. / The adverse effect of adiposity on morbidity and mortality in mid-life is well established but it remains intriguing in late-life. Whether adiposity is deleterious or is paradoxically protective for survival in older adults remains elusive. Body mass index (BMI) in mid-life has been used as a conventional measurement of adiposity and has been categorized to predict cardiovascular risk and mortality. Therefore the majority of the data was collected from early and mid-life adults. However, the predictive validity of these reference values in older adults is uncertain. / The second component in body composition is muscularity. Both muscle strength and muscle mass can affect morbidity and perhaps mortality as well. Age-associated muscle loss or sarcopenia adversely affects physical function and therefore the daily activities and the quality of life in old age. Very few studies of muscle loss have been undertaken in Asian and Chinese population. In addition, data about the longitudinal change in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function is lacking in older Chinese. / Physical function depends not only on muscle mass and strength but also on cognitive function which executes the motor task. Impaired cognitive function can give rise to derailed motor task execution despite good muscle strength. Physical limitations in cognitive decline may be secondary to sarcopenia, dys-execution of motor task, or both. On the other side, motor impairment can occur early in the process of neuro-degeneration. Whether it is the early manifestation of dementia rather than its sequel remains uncertain. / Muscle mass and strength is positively associated with BMI. In the lower end of BMI, underweight together with muscle loss will certainly result in physical limitations. In the upper end of BMI, however, the interaction between muscularity and adiposity is more complicated. Sarcopenic obesity is prevalent in the western populations but much less is known in Asian and Chinese population, not to mention in old age. BMI, though is protective against sarcopenia, will affect physical function adversely at its upper end. This paradox needs reconciliation. Perhaps an optimal ratio between adiposity and muscularity, representing the amount of adiposity supported by one unit of muscle mass can non-paradoxically be related to physical limitations. / Contraction in vertical dimension or height loss is a common occurrence in late life. Age-associated stature decline has been attributed to both clinical and subclinical vertebral fractures secondary to established osteoporosis. However its significance may extend beyond bone loss. Senile kyphosis can affect postural stability in locomotion and may result in falls and fractures independently of bone mass. The health impact of contraction in vertical dimension has less often been examined. / While the contraction in vertical body dimension may have health impact and significance, the risk of excess in horizontal dimension, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio have been well accepted and widely applied in the conventional cardiovascular mortality risk assessment. Whether central adiposity exerts similar adverse effect in old age or older adults are more resistive to the hazard of central adiposity remains unanswered. / Against this background, I together with my colleagues have conducted a series of studies to examine how body composition, adiposity and muscularity, and how body dimension, contraction in vertical dimension (height loss) and excess in horizontal dimension (central adiposity), affect the mortality, physical limitation and cognitive decline in old age. / Hypothesis: I hypothesize that (1) Adiposity in older adults is protective for survival (2) Muscularity alone and in combination of adiposity is related to physical limitation and cognitive decline (3) Excess in horizontal dimension (central adiposity) is adaptive and can be beneficial for survival while contraction in vertical dimension (height loss) is degenerative and deleterious to health / Methods: In collaboration with my colleagues, I have conducted a territory-wide prospective health survey in older adults. Four thousand community-dwelling men and women aged 65 years or over were recruited between August 2001 and December 2003. The sample was stratified so that approximately 33% were in each of the age groups: 65-69, 70-74 and 75 and over. / Muscle and fat mass, and their distribution, together with bone mineral density were examined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) by a Hologic QDR 2000 densitometer (Hologic, Waltham, WA). Body weight and body dimensions: stature, waist and hip circumferences were recorded. Their grip strength was measured by hand grip dynamometer (Jamar Hand dynamometer 5030 J1, Sammons Preston, INC, Bolingbrook, IL, USA). Participants were asked to stand up with folded arms from a chair 5 times and the time required was recorded. The time to walk 6 meters at normal pace and the step lengths were measured. / A questionnaire containing information regarding demographics, physical activity level (PASE score), physical limitation and medical diagnosis was administered by trained interviewers. / Cognitive function was assessed by trained interviewers using the cognitive score of the Chinese version of the Community Screening Instrument of Dementia (CSI-D) and the Mini-mental Status Examination (MMSE) score. / The body composition measurements, body dimension (stature and waist hip circumferences) measurements, physical performance tests and cognitive function were repeated prospectively in the second year and 4th year visits. Mortality status was ascertained annually through the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Death Registry. / Results: Adiposity -- We have observed a beneficial effect of adiposity for survival in older men. The crude mortality hazard ratio decreased consistently by 0.85 (p<0.005) and 0.86 (p<0.005) per every quintile increase in body mass index (BMI), and body fat index (BFI) respectively. The best survived men fell into a BMI range of 25, which is defined as overweight in the Asia-Pacific classification of BMI. Furthermore, the highest two quintiles of whole body fat percentage were associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality. Therefore older men were resistive to the hazard of being overweight and may benefit from being overweight and slightly obese. / Muscularity -- The mean relative appendicular skeletal mass (ASM/height square) was 7.19 and 6.05 kg/m2 in men and women respectively. / The relationship between muscle mass, muscle function and cognitive function is more complex and perhaps is bidirectional. In both older men and women, the cognitively impaired (CSI-D cognitive score ≦28.40) group had weaker grip strength (-5.10 kg, p =0.000 in men; -1.08 kg in women, p =0.000) and performed worse in the two physical function tests (in men, 6-meter walk speed, -0.13 m/s, p =0.000, chair stand test, 1.42 seconds, p =0.000; in women, 6-meter walk speed, -0.08 m/s, p = 0.000, chair stand test, 1.48 seconds, p =0.000) After adjustment for age, ASM, PASE and other co-morbidities, significant differences in grip strength (-2.60 kg, p =0.000 in men; -0.49 kg, p = 0.011 in women) and the two physical function tests persisted between the cognitively impaired and non-impaired group (in men, 6-meter walk speed, -0.072m/s, p = 0.001, chair stand test, 0.80 seconds, p = 0.045; in women, 6-meter walk speed, -0.049 m/s, p =0.000, chair stand test, 0.98 seconds, p =0.000). Therefore muscle loss though coexisting with cognitive decline, cannot fully account for the poorer physical function and weaker muscle strength observed in the cognitively impaired older adults. / In a reverse direction, I have also examined if loss in muscle mass and strength can precede cognitive decline. In men, being underweight, having a lower ASM, a weaker grip strength, a slower chair-stand test, a shorter step length and a slower timed walk were significantly associated with a lower MMSE score 4 years afterwards. In women, all except underweight and a lower ASM were significantly associated with MMSE score 4 years later. Therefore being underweight, having weaker grip strength, a slower chair-stand test, a shorter step-length in men and weaker grip strength in women, was associated with faster cognitive decline over a four year period. Weak grip strength is a predictor of faster cognitive decline in both genders. / Adiposity and Muscularity in combination -- Having analyzed adiposity and muscularity individually, I have combined the two and examined whether the adiposity to muscle ratio, as conceptualized as the weight of fat supported by one unit of muscle, can predict incident or worsening physical limitation. In men having BMI >23, all 3 adiposity to muscle ratios were predictive of physical limitation. (all p values <0.001) In women, throughout the entire BMI range, all 3 adiposity to muscle ratios were associated with physical limitation 4 years later both before and after adjustment. (all p values <0.05) Therefore sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as measured by either the body weight or fat mass bearing on a unit of muscle mass (the adiposity to muscle ratio), is a valid predictor of incident or worsening physical limitation in older women throughout the entire BMI range and in older men having BMI > 23. / Loss in vertical dimension (Height loss) -- I have conducted a prospective analysis about height loss in older adults across a period of four years. Twenty five (1.6%) men and 64 (4.0%) women lost >2 cm after 4 years. Rapid height loss (>2 cm after 4 years) was associated with excess all fractures and hip fractures (adjusted HR for all fractures = 2.86, p<0.001; adjusted HR for hip fractures = 4.74, p<0.01) in women but only hip fractures (adjusted HR = 4.93, p<0.05) in men. The all-cause (adjusted HR = 3.43, p<0.01) and respiratory disease mortality (adjusted HR = 5.64, p<0.05) were higher in men with rapid height loss while those in women were insignificant. Therefore modest height loss occurring in old age, >2 cm in 4 years, was associated with excess hip fracture, total and respiratory disease mortality in older men. In women, it was associated with excess BMD decline, all fractures and hip fractures but not mortality. Contraction in vertical dimension in late-life is hazardous to health. / Excess in horizontal dimension (Central adiposity) -- In answering whether central adiposity is hazardous or protective, we have examined the effect of the excess in horizontal dimension (central adiposity) by three measurements, namely waist-hip ratio (WHR), relative truncal fat (RTF), and relative abdominal fat (RAF). In men, the lowest mortality belonged to the quintile having WHR (0.92 – 0.94) and the second highest RTF quintile (mean WHR 0.94). In addition, the upper four quintiles of RAF (abdominal fat according to anatomical landmark in DXA / whole body fat) were associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, and the adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) in ascending quintiles of RAF compared with the lowest quintile was 0.62 (0.43–0.89), 0.58 (0.4– 0.85), 0.52 (0.36–0.77), and 0.67 (0.47–0.96). Therefore, in older men, excess in horizontal dimension or accumulation of central adiposity in late life may be beneficial for survival. / Conclusion: Body composition, as represented by adiposity and muscularity, is a major determinant of health in old age. In contrast to conventional belief, adiposity and being overweight may be beneficial for survival in late life. This may bear significant implication on the recommended cutoff values for BMI in the older population. Muscle loss can result in physical limitation and is related to cognitive impairment. In a reverse manner, loss in muscle mass and muscle strength can precede cognitive decline. When taking muscularity and adiposity together, the right balance between the two, or the adiposity to muscle ratio, is a predictor of physical limitation. When considering the two body dimensions, the vertical and the horizontal, loss in vertical dimension (height loss) in late life is hazardous for health while the excess in horizontal dimension (central adiposity) may be protective. Therefore the loss in vertical dimension is degenerative, and the excess in adiposity, both in general and in horizontal dimension, on the contrary, may be an ageing adaption to retain energy reserve for survival benefit rather than a degenerative process. / Au Yeung, Tung Wai. / Thesis M.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-163). / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 14, September, 2016).

The purpose of this project is to argue the effectiveness of utilizing comics as a learning tool in the first-year composition classroom to help students better understand synthesis. The two main features of comics that help teach synthesis are comic panels and comic closure. Library research was conducted to give insight into the history and terminology of comics, the value of comics in the classroom and in the field of rhetoric and composition, the practicality of using visual rhetoric and literacy in the classroom, and synthesis in the first-year composition classroom. I furthered my research by conducting a retrospective account of my own synthesis comic that I created during my graduate program. I analyzed how creating the synthesis comic helped me to better understand synthesis. I also analyzed how I was better able to effectively execute synthesis specifically through the genre conventions of panels and comic closure. Based on insights from my retrospective account, I will illustrate how the scaffolding exercise of creating a synthesis comic can be an effective tool in the first-year composition classroom. Additionally, I will offer suggestions for further research on the significance of this scaffolding exercise. Comics are becoming more widely valued in academia at large, as well as valued specifically in the field of rhetoric and composition. It is my hope that this thesis will contribute positively to this trend.

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