M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

My dissertation follows a coherent theme on three important and interesting issues for the Korean labor market as follows: Chapter 1 using data from the 2008 Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled (PSED) investigates gender wage differentials among the disabled. The selectivity corrected decomposition framework is employed to examine what factors - endowments, discrimination, and selectivity - account for the wage gap. The main results are as follows: (1) the gender wage gap among the disabled is sizable: (2) the wage gap is significantly attributable to discrimination: (3) the endowments factor plays an important role in explaining gender wage differentials, as well: and (4) the presence of selection effects raises the observed wage gap. Such evidence suggests that Korean disabled female workers are more likely to be disadvantaged than their male counterparts in terms of wages.Chapter 2 using the 2007 Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey (KLIPS) examines the impact on wages of skills-job mismatch between acquired and required English language proficiency in Korean workplaces. The main findings of this study reveal (1) job mismatch in terms of English language skills has a strong statistically significant impact on wages: (2) the returns to over-skilling are negative (the wage penalty), while the returns to under-skilling are positive (the wage premium): and (3) the wage penalty associated with over-skilling is stronger than the wage premium associated with under-skilling.Chapter 3 using the KLIPS data from 1998 through 2008 investigates the causal relationship between veteran status and post-service labor market outcomes by examining the wage experience of veterans and nonveterans. The major empirical findings can be summarized as follows: (1) contrary to the general perception, veteran status has a significant positive impact on wages after completion of military service, inducing a veteran wage premium: and (2) in terms of the veteran wage premium in subgroups based on educational attainment at the time of entry into military service, less-educated veterans have a greater wage premium relative to their nonveteran counterparts of similar backgrounds than is the case for more-educated veterans. It suggests that military service could be particularly important for less-educated veterans.

<p>The purpose of this study is to examine who were given the opportunity to express their opinions in the government proposition concerning the future of the school system – particularly regarding the proposal that pupils do compulsory military service - submitted to the Swedish parliament 21 March 1941. Our focus is mainly on three parts of the proposition: the proposal to introduce shooting- and grenade practice for all pupils, the proposal to introduce an obligatory military leadership training course for teachers and the proposal to introduce an obligatory summer camp for all pupils.</p><p>Using primarily a qualitative method we examine how different opinions and views are expressed in the statements and utterances responding to the pending proposition and who the responders are. We will attempt to clarify who were considered to be undisputed authorities and experts, and whose opinions, for that reason, carried a lot of weight in the decision making process, comparing them to the statements and utterances submitted on a voluntary basis by non-experts. And finally, to what extent the opinions in the statements and utterances were allowed to guide the propositional work.</p><p>Results show that the statements and utterances were submitted by authorities, chapter, county administrative boards and religious, non-profit and political organizations as well as different types of schools, representatives from the Board of Education and elementary school boards not a part of county councils or other types of associations. Government authorities, chapter and county administrative boards were given priority in the proposition and it was their opinions that the proposition came to rely on. The rest were seen as “guiding” rather than deciding factors, and then only selectively, as they were generally lumped together and treated collectively. Most of the time, their opinions were not heard, and when they were it was usually to support and corroborate decisions already made by the decision making and implementing instances.</p>

The purpose of this study is to examine who were given the opportunity to express their opinions in the government proposition concerning the future of the school system – particularly regarding the proposal that pupils do compulsory military service - submitted to the Swedish parliament 21 March 1941. Our focus is mainly on three parts of the proposition: the proposal to introduce shooting- and grenade practice for all pupils, the proposal to introduce an obligatory military leadership training course for teachers and the proposal to introduce an obligatory summer camp for all pupils. Using primarily a qualitative method we examine how different opinions and views are expressed in the statements and utterances responding to the pending proposition and who the responders are. We will attempt to clarify who were considered to be undisputed authorities and experts, and whose opinions, for that reason, carried a lot of weight in the decision making process, comparing them to the statements and utterances submitted on a voluntary basis by non-experts. And finally, to what extent the opinions in the statements and utterances were allowed to guide the propositional work. Results show that the statements and utterances were submitted by authorities, chapter, county administrative boards and religious, non-profit and political organizations as well as different types of schools, representatives from the Board of Education and elementary school boards not a part of county councils or other types of associations. Government authorities, chapter and county administrative boards were given priority in the proposition and it was their opinions that the proposition came to rely on. The rest were seen as “guiding” rather than deciding factors, and then only selectively, as they were generally lumped together and treated collectively. Most of the time, their opinions were not heard, and when they were it was usually to support and corroborate decisions already made by the decision making and implementing instances.

In this thesis, we examine labor market outcomes for the youth (ages 15-29) using microdata from several rounds of the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS). We begin by examining demographic trends. We then rely on synthetic cohorts. The fact that the HLFS sample frame targets the civilian non-institutional population brings about difficulties in interpreting labor market indicators. We show that a more reasonable picture of schooling and work choices emerges when a simple correction for &lsquo / missing males&rsquo / who are doing their CMS and examine the effect of Compulsory Military Service (CMS) on the transition from school to work by using discrete hazard models. We also investigate the time it takes to find the first permanent job to shed light on the recent evolution of the transition from school to work.Using Cox Proportional Hazard Model, we examine the effects of structural reforms and macro-economic conditions, and the permanence of these effects. We are able to study the differences in the hazard of obtaining the first permanent job by education levels non-parametrically. Finally, we investigate the changes in the cumulative baseline hazards over time and test for the presence of gender differences in the hazard rates by using time varying covariates. With the help of these covariates, we are able to compute the time needed for the closure of the gender gap.

Paying specific attention to influences of life events and different timing of taking compulsory military service for Taiwanese people, this dissertation explores time-dependence of job mobility and class mobility throughout careers. The author criticizes that previous research of social mobility focusing on either differences between father’s and son’s classes or the relationship between one’s initial and current statuses do not realize the process of status attainment in which individual characteristics and life courses continuously interact with external structures in the labor market. The analyses in this dissertation demonstrate the dynamics of career mobility by specifying two career stages and investigating the differences in paces and mechanisms of job change and class mobility. All findings lead to the conclusion that the time dependence of career mobility is deeply embedded in the context of life course in a society. For Taiwanese men, the timing of taking CMS (i.e., before or after their first entry into the labor force), which is strongly correlated with their educational level, is crucial to the pace and type of career development. For Taiwanese women, their trajectories of mobility follow the typical scenario of career mobility in which job change happens often during the early career and then settles into relatively stable employment in the later stage. Compared to job mobility, status attainment is more stable and consistent throughout the life time. After specifying the directions of job mobility, results show that upward and downward mobility, which bring significant change in occupational prestige, do not show gender differences in their transition rates, and their patterns are consistent throughout careers. With respect to the transition between social classes, moving into ownership (including employers and self-employed) in later careers is a mainstream transition for all Taiwanese people in spite the fact that women have much lower transition rates than do men. Moreover, this dissertation also examines inter-sector and intra-sector mobility in segmented labor market in Taiwan. Taking selection bias into consideration, this research found that under the assumption of homogeneity, the treatment effects of initial attainment in the public sector have negative effects on job mobility throughout careers. However, when heterogeneity of treatment effects are taken into account, findings reveal that there is no significant heterogeneity in this treatment effect for Taiwanese men, but for Taiwan women, the more likely they are to attain a position in the public sector at the time of first entry into the labor market, based on their educational achievement and social background, the more they benefit via low transition rates of job mobility in their work lives. / text

<p>Genom våra val och beteendemönster påverkar vi människor varandra, både lokalt och globalt. Medvetenheten ökar och vi ser idag en växande oro för effekten av detta.</p><p>Världssamfundet har enats om att sträva efter en hållbar utveckling. Åren 2005-2014 har av Förenta Nationerna (FN) blivit utsedda till år där man ska verka för en hållbar utveckling genom utbildning.</p><p>Sverige har fört in hållbar utveckling i miljöbalken och landets miljöpolitik skall sträva efter densamma. Försvarsmakten har ett ansvar för den ekologiskt hållbara utvecklingen inom sin sektor, försvarssektorn. Som myndighet når de ut till många genom just utbildning då cirka 8500 värnpliktiga utbildas per år, därtill tillkommer de anställda.</p><p>Uppsatsen undersöker hur försvarsmakten uttalat arbetar för en hållbar utveckling och hur utbildningssituationen, i fråga om hållbar utveckling, ser ut. Därefter har ett utbildningsförslag för en utbildning för hållbar utveckling utformats.</p><p>Studien har genomförts genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer samt deltagande på ett forsknings- och utvecklingsseminarium.</p><p>Försvarsmakten har tidigare inte arbetat så mycket uttalat för en hållbar utveckling. Gällande utbildning där hållbar utveckling tas upp, sker detta bara för anställda på det förbandet som undersöktes. Följaktligen når detta inte alla verksamma inom myndigheten. En utbildning för hållbar utveckling skulle kunna ske som en utbildningscykel, på cirka elva månader, där kunskap om begreppet och dess innebörd ges, men också hur deltagarnas val och beteenden påverkar deras omgivning.</p><p>Om en hållbar utveckling ska ske måste alla ta ansvar för den och där måste staten och myndigheterna ta täten och verka föredömligt. Arbetet bör ske med tydliga mål och riktlinjer så att alla strävar efter samma mål.</p> / <p>Through our choices and pattern of behaviour we affect each other, both locally and globally. The awareness of this is increasing and we se a growing concern about the effect of this.</p><p>The international community has agreed upon to strive for a sustainable development. Between the years 2005-2014 the UN has decided to work for a sustainable development through education.</p><p>Sweden has put in sustainable development in the Environmental code, and their environmental politics should strive for it. The armed forces have a responsibility for the ecological sustainable development in their sector, the sector of defence. As an authority they reach out to a lot of people through education since about 8500 conscripts is being educated each year, and there are also the employees.</p><p>This essay examines how the armed forces pronounced works for a sustainable development and how the educational status, with regards to sustainable development, looks. After that an educational proposal for sustainable development has been worked out.</p><p>The study has been brought about through literature studies, interviews and participation in a research and development seminar.</p><p>The armed forces has not earlier pronounced worked so much for a sustainable development. Regarding education, where sustainable development is being taught, there is only a few employees that gets it. Consequently this does not reach all active persons in the authority. An education for sustainable development could take place like an educational cycle, for about eleven months, where knowledge of the concept and its meaning is being taught, but also of how the participant’s choices and behaviour is affecting their surroundings.</p><p>If a sustainable development is about to happen, we all have to take responsibility for it and in that the state and the authorities have to act first and be exemplary. The work should have clear goals and guidelines so that everybody is striving for the same goal.</p>

Genom våra val och beteendemönster påverkar vi människor varandra, både lokalt och globalt. Medvetenheten ökar och vi ser idag en växande oro för effekten av detta. Världssamfundet har enats om att sträva efter en hållbar utveckling. Åren 2005-2014 har av Förenta Nationerna (FN) blivit utsedda till år där man ska verka för en hållbar utveckling genom utbildning. Sverige har fört in hållbar utveckling i miljöbalken och landets miljöpolitik skall sträva efter densamma. Försvarsmakten har ett ansvar för den ekologiskt hållbara utvecklingen inom sin sektor, försvarssektorn. Som myndighet når de ut till många genom just utbildning då cirka 8500 värnpliktiga utbildas per år, därtill tillkommer de anställda. Uppsatsen undersöker hur försvarsmakten uttalat arbetar för en hållbar utveckling och hur utbildningssituationen, i fråga om hållbar utveckling, ser ut. Därefter har ett utbildningsförslag för en utbildning för hållbar utveckling utformats. Studien har genomförts genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer samt deltagande på ett forsknings- och utvecklingsseminarium. Försvarsmakten har tidigare inte arbetat så mycket uttalat för en hållbar utveckling. Gällande utbildning där hållbar utveckling tas upp, sker detta bara för anställda på det förbandet som undersöktes. Följaktligen når detta inte alla verksamma inom myndigheten. En utbildning för hållbar utveckling skulle kunna ske som en utbildningscykel, på cirka elva månader, där kunskap om begreppet och dess innebörd ges, men också hur deltagarnas val och beteenden påverkar deras omgivning. Om en hållbar utveckling ska ske måste alla ta ansvar för den och där måste staten och myndigheterna ta täten och verka föredömligt. Arbetet bör ske med tydliga mål och riktlinjer så att alla strävar efter samma mål. / Through our choices and pattern of behaviour we affect each other, both locally and globally. The awareness of this is increasing and we se a growing concern about the effect of this. The international community has agreed upon to strive for a sustainable development. Between the years 2005-2014 the UN has decided to work for a sustainable development through education. Sweden has put in sustainable development in the Environmental code, and their environmental politics should strive for it. The armed forces have a responsibility for the ecological sustainable development in their sector, the sector of defence. As an authority they reach out to a lot of people through education since about 8500 conscripts is being educated each year, and there are also the employees. This essay examines how the armed forces pronounced works for a sustainable development and how the educational status, with regards to sustainable development, looks. After that an educational proposal for sustainable development has been worked out. The study has been brought about through literature studies, interviews and participation in a research and development seminar. The armed forces has not earlier pronounced worked so much for a sustainable development. Regarding education, where sustainable development is being taught, there is only a few employees that gets it. Consequently this does not reach all active persons in the authority. An education for sustainable development could take place like an educational cycle, for about eleven months, where knowledge of the concept and its meaning is being taught, but also of how the participant’s choices and behaviour is affecting their surroundings. If a sustainable development is about to happen, we all have to take responsibility for it and in that the state and the authorities have to act first and be exemplary. The work should have clear goals and guidelines so that everybody is striving for the same goal.