This thesis concerns the simulation of locomotion in vertebrates. The state-of-the-art uses genetic algorithms together with solid body kinematics to generate possible solutions for stable gaits. In recent work, this methodology led to a hopping gait in a dinosaur and the researchers wondered if this was realistic. The purpose of the research carried out in this thesis was to examine whether quick and simple finite-element analyses could be added to the simulator, to evaluate a simple ―break or―not break failure criterion. A break would rule out gaits that might damage theowner‘s skeleton. Linear elastic analysis was considered as a possible approach as it would add little overhead to the simulations. The author used X-ray computed tomography and the finite element method to examine the axial loading of a barnacle goose femur. The study considered four levels of detail for a linear elastic simulation, finding that all the analyses carried out overestimated the strength of the bone, when considering safety factors. The conclusion is that to incorporate stress-strain analysis into the gait simulation requires more realistic models of bone behaviour that incorporate the nonlinear response of bone to applied loading. A new study focusing on the use of novel techniques such as model order reduction is recommended for future work. The outputs of this research include chapters written up as journal papers covering a 4D tomography experiment; a level of detail study; an analysis of a purported tendon avulsion injury in Tyrannosaurus rex and a review of the elastic properties of bone.

Pressboard, a high-density cellulose-based product, is used both as load bearing structures and dielectric insulation in oil-filled power transformers. During transformer operation, mechanical forces and vibrations are applied on the material. In particular, this investigation focuses on pressboard sheets placed between the turns of transformer windings, called the spacers, which during short circuit are subjected to high compressive forces of impulse nature. As a result of these forces, remaining deformations are created in the components. One step to reduce the negative consequences that come from the deformations is to understand how the fiber structure of the material changes by these forces, thus finding the week link. Understanding these changes could lead to future modification of the material to better withstand short circuits. To see the fiber structure and its changes in the material, pressboard has been investigated with a micro-CT at the Division of Applied Mechanics at Uppsala University. The scanned images have been reconstructed and analyzed in NRecon, CTAnalyser, and Matlab to investigate the density distribution changes and to identify the densification patterns. The study shows that pressboard initially has an inhomogeneous density distribution through the thickness and after mechanical indentations, the densification tends to begin in the more porous parts of the material. The project also included a prediction of the densification pattern, performed by finite element analysis (FEA) using a simplified material model. The results show that a material model with varying Young’s modulus through the thickness, based on a stiffness and porosity relationship, can produce similar densification patterns as in the experiments.

Abstract Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatened disease with poor outcome. It is usually caused by an intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture and rapid diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. Computed tomography (CT) is a reliable method to detect the blood in the subarachnoid (SA) spaces. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) offers dynamic and morphological information of a ruptured IA. The treatment options for excluding an aneurysm from the main circulation are neurosurgical clipping and endovascular procedures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors of acute hydrocephalus (HC) and the reliability to localize the ruptured aneurysm based on non-contrast CT. The aim was also to compare the effect of neurosurgical and endovascular treatment on the development of chronic HC, and evaluate the incidence and the risk factors of early rebleeding (<  30 days) after coiling. The data of 180 operated patients with a ruptured IA were checked. Two neuroradiologists separately located the IAs based on non-contrast CT. The analyses of blood amount and distribution was a reliable method for estimating the location of ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms and anterior communicate artery (ACoA) aneurysms. Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) was a predictor for detecting the precise site. The results confirmed that intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) was the most consistent single risk factor for the development of acute HC. Haemorrhage in the basal region and the large total blood amount in the SA spaces were strong predictors. The effect of early treatment modality for ruptured IAs on the development of chronic HC with 102 clipped and 107 coiled patients was compared. The treatment method used was not significantly associated with the occurrence of chronic HC or the need for shunt operation. The incidence and risk factors of early rebleeding after coiling were investigated in 194 consecutive acutely (within 3 days) coiled patients with ruptured IAs. The incidence of early rehaemorrhage was 3.6%. The presence of ICH at admission and poor clinical condition were significant predictors for rebleeding. An early rehaemorrhage appeared as an enlargement of the ICH in all of these patients. In conclusion, the non-contrast CT is a reliable method to detect the location of ruptured IA in patients with MCA and ACoA aneurysms. The risk factor for the development of acute HC is IVH. Other predictors are the total SA blood amount and blood in the basal regions. The treatment method used for acutely ruptured IA has no significant effect on the occurrence of chronic HC. The incidence of early rebleeding after coiling is low. The risk factors of rebleeding are the presence of ICH and poor clinical condition. Rehaemorrhage appears often as an enlargement of the ICH.

Abstract Technical improvements in computed tomography (CT) scanners have provided new possibilities to exploit the resources of this imaging modality in the evaluation of patients with multiple injuries or patients being treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to assess the significance of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) in diagnostics and treatment decisions concerning multiple trauma and critically ill patients. Findings of MDCT using a dedicated trauma protocol in 133 patients exposed to high-energy blunt trauma were retrospectively evaluated. Diagnostic information about the injuries that would enable planning of treatment was sought. The imaging protocol consisted of axial scanning of the head and helical scanning of the facial bones, cervical spine, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Ninety-nine of the patients (74%) had at least one finding consistent with trauma. Nineteen false negative findings and two false positive findings were made. The overall sensitivity of MDCT was 94%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 97%. The reliability of a structured 5-min evaluation of MDCT images from the scanner’s console was prospectively evaluated in 40 high-energy trauma patients. The dedicated trauma protocol covering the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis was used in MDCT scanning. The findings were compared with the final radiological diagnosis of the MDCT data made on a picture archiving and communicating system (PACS) workstation, the operative findings, and the clinical follow-up. The evaluation from the scanner’s console enabled diagnosis of all potentially life-threatening injuries, the sensitivity for all injuries being 60% and specificity 98%. The effects of MDCT on the treatment of patients in a 12-bed medical-surgical ICU were observed prospectively. Sixty-four patients with an ICU stay longer than 48 h had had inconclusive findings with other modalities of radiological imaging. They underwent altogether 82 MDCT examinations. Fifty examinations (61%) resulted in a change in treatment, and 20 (24%) of them otherwise contributed to or supported clinical decision-making. Twelve examinations (15%) failed to provide any additional information relevant to the patient’s treatment. MDCT examination was helpful in general ICU patients, with inconclusive findings with other imaging modalities. CT images of 127 mixed medical-surgical ICU patients were retrospectively reviewed for the previously determined findings. Forty-three of these patients underwent open cholecystectomy, revealing eight cases with a normal gallbladder (GB), 26 with an edematous GB, and nine with necrotic acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). Abnormal CT findings were present in 96% of all the ICU patients. Higher bile density in the GB body and subserosal edema were associated with an edematous GB. The most specific findings predicting necrotic AAC were gas in the GB wall or lumen, lack of GB wall enhancement, and edema around the GB. The frequent prevalence of nonspecific abnormal imaging findings in the GB of ICU patients limits the diagnostic value of CT scanning.

Abstract To realize faster and more precise treatment of patients, CT technology has an urgent demand to make the CT detector arrays larger, and to cover a larger section of the body during one scan of X-ray imaging. A novel detector micro-module is developed in this thesis to meet this demand. In the novel detector micro-module, photocurrent signals are read out from the bottom side of the photodiode array chip. By avoiding the use of the top surface of the chip for routeing, as is the case in conventional CT modules, rectangular detector building blocks containing a certain number of detector elements can be produced. By tiling such building blocks in both x- and y-directions in a plane, detector arrays with any number of detector elements (in multiples of the number in a single building block) can be built. This cannot be achievable by the conventional method. The novel detector micro-module developed in this thesis consists of an array of 16×16 active elements, and the size of the array is 21×21mm2. The array of detector elements is soldered to a multilayer LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) substrate via a BGA (ball grid array) with each element soldered onto one solder sphere, from which photocurrent signals are read out. In this thesis, the working principle and the evolution of CT detector modules are reviewed and the necessity of developing the novel detector modules is justified. The concept and the structure of the novel detector micro-module are presented. The thermo-mechanical stress modeling and simulation of the structure is performed. The design and the process technology of the photodiode array for the novel detector micro-modules are discussed. The electronic characteristics of the novel detector micro-modules and the related front-end electronics are theoretically analyzed. The LTCC multi-layer substrate is developed. The assembly process of the novel detector micro-module is developed. The basic detector characteristics and light response measurement results of the novel micro-module are presented and discussed. By improving the photodiode silicon process technology, a dark current density as low as 33pA/cm2 is achieved. Excellent mechanical accuracy is achieved with the LTCC substrate. The dimensional tolerance is +/-10μm and the flatness value is less than 50μm over a distance of a 30.5mm distance. A 64-slice detector module is produced successfully by tiling several novel micro-modules. The novel detector micro-modules are superior to conventional CT modules on many respects while being tileable. Their light sensitivity curve is smoother. They exhibit extremely low signal cross-talk; They have nearly zero wiring capacitance compared to up to 20pF in commercial CT detector modules. They also have almost zero wiring resistance compared to tens of ohm or more than one hundred ohms in the present products. This result will have a significant impact on CT technology and the CT industry because the detector will be no longer the limiting factor in CT system performance.

In the advanced polymer composites reinforced by 3D woven fibre architectures, tows areinterlaced into through-thickness direction to overcome the problems encountered in theapplications of traditional 2D laminates, such as poor interlaminar toughness anddelamination resistance. The understanding of the influence of fibre architectures on thefatigue performance of 3D woven composites is essential in providing guide for the designof fibre architecture. This PhD project is an in-depth study into the fatigue damagemechanisms of 3D woven composites reinforced by two kinds of fibre architectures,namely, 3D modified layer-to-layer (MLL) and 3D angle-interlocked (AI). 3D X-raycomputed tomography (CT) has been used as the main tool to non-destructively evaluateand quantify the evolution of fatigue damage, with an attempt to link macro behaviour withlocal micro (damage) microstructure. Part I is focused on a post-failure study on both typesof materials to identify their respective failure mechanism, using the combination of 2D(optical surface and SEM cross-sectional) imaging and 3D (X-ray CT) imaging. Somecharacteristic features are found in both materials: firstly, fatigue damage progresses by theinitiation of transverse cracks within weft yarns and subsequent propagation as interfacialdebonding crack until the catastrophic failure occurs in a localised area; secondly, bothmaterials display a high resistance to ultimate failure. However, a distinctive damage modeobserved in MLL composites is the extensive development of debonding cracks, whichresult in larger scale of damage (~10μm) than those in AI composites (1-2 μm). Part IIpresents an investigation of evolution of fatigue damage in 3D woven MLL compositesfollowed by an X-ray time-lapse experiment. An innovative algorithm was developed toenable automatic classification of damage, providing insight into the competition andinteraction of different damage modes. Fatigue damage is regularly distributed throughoutfatigue life, with a geometrical dependency on the repeating unit cells. Damageinteractions have been identified, indicating a high level of damage tolerance. Aquantitative analysis has been carried out to examine and compare the growth of differenttypes of damage as a function of fatigue cycles. Transverse cracks initiate at almost thebeginning the fatigue life (0.1%) and govern the growth of weft/binder debonds, but don’tcompromise fatigue life, whereas interply debonds have a large growth towards the end offatigue life and facilitate the ultimate failure. Other types of damage occurring in the resinhave a trivial effect on the fatigue life. Part III carries out a systematic study to find out thebest approach to detect the fatigue damage in the 3D AI composites. Different strategieshave been employed in each scan, including imaging the cracks with the load applied, withcontrast enhanced by phases contrast and staining. The image contrast was not effectivelyenhanced by applying phase contrast imaging, but significantly improved by staining. Withthe application of in-situ loading, the visibility of transverse cracks is highly improved,while longitudinal debonding cracks still cannot be resolved. Overall, the best approachwas found to be high resolution ROI (region of interest) scanning in combination withstaining, in terms of practical feasibility, scan time and image quality.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-22T18:09:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação final Max-FINAL .compressed.pdf: 3341309 bytes, checksum: d495284374075775bce6c91531257a7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-22T18:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação final Max-FINAL .compressed.pdf: 3341309 bytes, checksum: d495284374075775bce6c91531257a7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é um dos métodos mais importantes de radiodiagnóstico, porém, pode resultar em altas doses absorvidas pelos pacientes quando comparado com exames radiográficos convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as doses absorvidas pelos pacientes pediátricos nos procedimentos de tomografia computadorizada de crânio realizados em Recife, Brasil, utilizando o software de simulação computacional CALDose_XCT. Os parâmetros de irradiação para os procedimentos de TC de crânio pediátrico de 108 pacientes foram coletados e divididos nas seguintes faixas etárias: <1; 1 a 5; 5 a 10; e 10 a 15 anos de idade. Os valores de índice volumétrico de kerma ar em TC (CVOL) e produto kerma ar-comprimento para exames completos de TC (PKL,CT) foram estimados para cada exame e comparados com os níveis de referência internacional. Foram estimados os valores das doses absorvidos por órgãos relevantes (cristalino, cérebro, mucosa oral e glândulas salivares) utilizando o CALDose_XCT. Outra simulação foi realizada utilizando um fantoma de cabeça com inclinação de 18º para avaliar a redução da dose absorvida quando se utiliza a inclinação do gantry ou da cabeça do paciente. Os parâmetros de irradiação selecionados na maioria dos exames pediátricos avaliados não estão otimizados, já que foram observados valores maiores ou iguais aos parâmetros recomendados para exames em adultos. A maioria dos valores estimados de CVOL foram menores que os níveis de referência referência internacionais para exames pediátricos de TC. Por outro lado, situação inversa ocorreu com os valores de PKL,CT, devido ao uso de valores elevados de comprimento de varredura, em alguns casos maiores que a cabeça inteira do paciente. A maioria dos exames avaliados resultou em valores estimados de PKL,CT acima dos limites recomendados. A simulação da inclinação da cabeça dos pacientes pediátricos para exames de crânio resultou em redução da dose absorvida pelos olhos, mucosa oral e glândulas salivares, demostrando ser um método eficiente para otimização da proteção radiológica nestes procedimentos. Deste modo, ressalta-se a importância de implementação de um programa de garantia de qualidade no serviço, com o objetivo de otimizar os procedimentos e reduzir o detrimento para os pacientes pediátricos submetidos a exames de tomografia computadorizada. / The computed tomography (CT) is one of the most important methods for radio diagnostics, resulting, however, in high absorbed doses to the patients. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pediatric head CT examinations performed at one hospital in Recife, Brazil, and to estimate the mean absorbed doses to organs using the computational simulation software CALDose_XCT. The irradiation parameters used with 108 pediatric head CT examinations were registered and divided in the following age ranges: <1; 1 to 5; 5 to 10; and 10 to 15 years-old. The volume CT air kerma index (CVOL) and the air kerma-length product for full CT examinations (PKL,CT) were estimated to each examination and compared to international diagnostic reference levels. The mean absorbed doses to relevant organs (eye lens, brain, oral mucosa and salivary glands) were simulated using CALDose_XCT. Another simulation was made using a head phantom tilt of 18º, in order to evaluate the dose reduction to some organs using either the gantry or head tilt. The results showed that the irradiation parameters used in the most of the examinations are not optimized, since it was possible to observe tube potential and current-time product values higher than the recommended values to adult examinations. Most of the CVOL values were lower than the international reference levels for pediatric CT examinations. On the other hand, the contrary was observed with the PKL,CT, due to the use of large scan ranges, in some cases, bigger than the patient’s entire head. The simulation of the patient head tilt resulted in absorbed dose reduction to the eyes, oral mucosa and salivary glands, showing to be an efficient method to optimize the radiological protection of pediatric CT examinations. Thus, it can be highlighted the importance of a quality assurance program in the service, with the objective of optimizing the procedures and reducing the risk to the pediatric patients.

Orientador: Francisco Haiter Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brasil_DanieliMoura_M.pdf: 14824425 bytes, checksum: 3057ff676ccce0f70d5ed273ef3ffed8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da morfologia craniofacial em volumes e áreas transversais das vias aéreas superiores. Para isso, foram utilizadas 74 imagens por Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) e 74 fotografias faciais em perfil lateral, que pertenciam aos mesmos pacientes, sendo 38 do sexo masculino e 36 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 18 e 56 anos (32,8 ± 1,8). As imagens foram selecionadas a partir de um arquivo de exames de pacientes atendidos em uma Clínica de Radiologia. Um radiologista experiente classificou a amostra em tipos esqueléticos ântero-posteriores (classe II e classe III) empregando a análise cefalométrica de Steiner e a medida AO-BO de Jacobson; e em padrões verticais (braquifacial, mesofacial e dolicofacial) utilizando a análise cefalométrica de Ricketts. A análise facial de perfil foi realizada para cada paciente. Medidas de volume total, de nasofaringe e de orofaringe e ainda de cinco áreas transversais ao longo das vias aéreas superiores foram realizadas, utilizando o software Insight ITK-SNAP 2.4.0®. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística, em que o teste Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para analisar a influência do sexo e dos tipos esqueléticos ântero-posteriores nas variáveis do estudo, o teste Kruskal-Wallis foi aplicado para verificar a existência de relação entre os padrões verticais e as variáveis; o teste de Correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para analisar a possível correlação entre as medidas dentro dos padrões esqueléticos ântero-posteriores, dentro dos padrões verticais e dentro das variáveis da análise facial e as demais medidas propostas pelo estudo. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo esquelético ântero-posterior e o padrão vertical da face não influenciaram no volume das vias aéreas superiores; a área transversal na região de palato mole (PM) mostrou-se significativamente maior para classe III; o terço superior da face apresentou correlação negativa com as medidas da faringe e o terço médio da face mostrou correlação positiva com a área transversal PM. Concluiu-se que os padrões faciais não influenciaram no volume da faringe e que a observação fotográfica do perfil facial foi capaz de mostrar tendências de correlações entre terços da face e vias aéreas superiores / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of craniofacial morphology in volumes and cross-sectional areas of the upper airway. For this 74 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images and 74 facial photographs in side profile were used, which belonged to the same patients, 38 males and 36 females, aged between 18 and 56 years (32.8 ± 1.8). The images were selected from a file examination of patients seen in a Radiology Clinic. An experienced radiologist classified the sample into anteroposterior skeletal types (class II e class III) using Steiner¿s analysis and the AO-BO measure Jacobson; and into vertical groups (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) using Ricketts¿ analysis. The facial profile analysis was performed for each patient. Measurement of volume and of five cross-sectional areas of upper airway were performed using Insight ITK-SNAP 2.4.0®. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the existence of a relationship between the vertical groups and other variables analyzed in the study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the influence of gender and anteroposterior skeletal types in the variables. Spearman Correlation test was used to analyze the possible correlation between measurements within vertical groups; within the anteroposterior skeletal types; and within variables of facial analysis, and other measures proposed by the study. Results showed that the anteroposterior skeletal type and the vertical pattern did not influence the volume of the upper airway; soft palate (SP) cross-sectional area was significantly greater in type class III; the upper facial third was negatively correlated with measures of the pharynx, and the middle facial third had positive correlation with the SP cross-sectional area. It was concluded that facial patterns do not influence the pharynx volumes. The photographic observation of the facial profiles is able to show trends of correlations between thirds of the face and upper airway / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestra em Radiologia Odontológica

Orientador: José Dirceu Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_PricilaMaraNovaisde_D.pdf: 1258403 bytes, checksum: 7846e1b92c8fe1c6ba25524109c50608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: Estudos recentes indicam que a espirometria não é uma ferramenta sensível para avaliar a função pulmonar em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de tórax é considerada o padrão ouro para avaliação do dano estrutural pulmonar nesses pacientes. Já a capnografia volumétrica (VCap) tem demonstrado ser uma ferramenta promissora na avaliação da homogeneidade da ventilação pulmonar. No nosso conhecimento não existem estudos comparando esses exames. Por isso o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar e comparar os testes de VCap, espirometria e TCAR pontuada pelo escore de Bhalla modificado na avaliação da doença pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes com FC. Método: Realizou-se avaliação transversal e longitudinal de pacientes com FC de ambos os sexos fora de exacerbação pulmonar aguda. A VCap e espirometria foram realizadas no mesmo dia. A TCAR foi obtida na avaliação de rotina realizada por esses pacientes e as imagens foram pontuadas por 2 avaliadores através do escore de Bhalla modificado. Os resultados da VCap e espirometria foram correlacionados com o escore de TCAR. Os resultados obtidos pelo grupo de pacientes com espirometria normal e alterada foram comparados. Além disso, a progressão da doença pulmonar foi avaliada e comparada através dos três exames realizados. Resultados: A tese é apresentada no formato de três artigos. No capitulo 1, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre VCap. No capítulo 2, realizou-se um estudo transversal com 41 pacientes com FC com idade média de 13,8 anos. O escore de TCAR médio foi 20,64 (6,5-33,5) e 14 pacientes (34,1%) tiveram espirometria normal. O índice capnográfico (KPIv) apresentou correlação com o escore de TCAR (r=0,52; p=0,001), VEF1% (r=-0,70; p<0,001) e FEF25-75% (r=-0,65; p<0,001). Porém o FEF25-75% demonstrou maior correlação com o escore de TCAR (r= -0,65; p<0,001).O KPIv e o slope III (SIII) da VCap foram maiores nos pacientes com espirometria alterada (p=0,01 e p=0,04, respectivamente). No capítulo 3, realizou-se um estudo longitudinal com 23 pacientes avaliados pelas ferramentas propostas. Tanto a espirometria, quanto o escore da TCAR e a VCap demonstraram piora da doença pulmonar no período estudado. A variação anual do escore de TCAR (+7,38%) foi maior do que a variação do KPIv (+0,32%), do FEF25-75% (-5,71%) e do VEF1% (4,39%). Pacientes com comprometimento leve da função pulmonar apresentaram maior declínio do VEF1 e menor aumento da pontuação do escore de TCAR quando comparados aos moderados e graves (p=0,02). Conclusão: A VCap é uma ferramenta útil na monitorização das doenças pulmonares em crianças e adolescentes com FC. O KPIv derivado da Vcap correlaciona-se com o escore de TCAR e espirometria. Porém, o escore de TCAR se correlaciona melhor com a espirometria do que com a VCap. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a habilidade do SIII e KPIv para discriminar pacientes com espirometria normal e alterada. A espirometria, VCap e TCAR detectaram piora da doença pulmonar nos pacientes avaliados. Porém, a variação anual do escore de TCAR foi maior do que a piora da função pulmonar medida pela espirometria e da homogeinidade da ventilação avaliada pela VCap. A espirometria apresentou maior declínio nos pacientes classificados como leves, enquanto o escore de TCAR variou mais em pacientes com comprometimento moderado/grave. Nossos resultados reforçam o caráter complementar das ferramentas testadas na avaliação funcional e estrutural da doença pulmonar / Abstract: Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that spirometry is not a sensitive tool to evaluate lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is considered the gold standard to evaluate structural lung disease. Volumetric capnography (VCap) is a promising clinical tool used to evaluate ventilation homogeneity. In our knowledge, there is no study comparing those tools. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate and to compare the spirometry test, with VCap, and HRCT punctuated by modified Bhalla score in children and adolescents with CF. Methods: It were conducted a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study of CF patients from both genders out of acute pulmonary exacerbation. They performed VCap and spirometry in a single test occasion. HRCT was obtained in routine evaluation and images were punctuated by 2 observers with modified Bhalla score. VCap and spirometry results were correlated with HRCT scores. Patients¿ groups with normal and abnormal spirometry were compared. Besides, the progression of lung disease was assessed and compared between those three exams. Results: The thesis is presented in three papers format. In chapter 1, we presented a review of VCap. In chapter 2, we presented the cross-sectional study with 41 CF patients with mean age of 13.8 years. HRCT score mean was 20.64 (6.5-33.5) and 14 patients (34.1%) had normal spirometry values. Capnographic index (KPIv) was correlated with the HRCT score (r=0.52; p=0.001), FEV1% (r=-0.70; p<0.001), and FEF25-75% (r=-0.65; p<0.001). Although, FEF25-75% showed stronger correlation with the HRCT score (r= -0.65; p<0.001). KPIv and slope III (SIII) from VCap were higher in patients with abnormal than normal spirometry (p=0.01 and p=0.04 respectively). In chapter 3, we presented the longitudinal study of 23 patients testes with all tests proposed. Spirometry, HRCT score, and VCap demonstrated deterioration of lung disease during the period studied. The annual variation rate of HRCT score (+7.38%) was higher than KPIv (+0.32%), FEF25-75% (-5.71%), and FEV1% (4.39%). Patients with mild lung function had higher decline of FEV1% and less improvement in HRCT score when compared to patients with moderated and severe lung disease (p=0.02). Conclusions: VCap is a useful tool in monitoring lung disease in children and adolescents with CF. KPIv from VCap correlates with HRCT score and spirometry. Still, the HRCT score correlates better with spirometry than with VCap. Further studies are needed to assess the ability of SIII and KPIv to discriminate between patients with normal and abnormal spirometry. Spirometry, VCap and HRCT were able to detect deterioration in lung disease. Although, the annual variation rate of HRCT score were higher than functional decline evaluated by spirometry and ventilation inhomogeneity assessed by VCap. Spirometry had higher annual rate decline in patients with mild lung function, while HRCT score had higher improvement in moderate/severe patients. Our results reinforce the complementary role of those tested tools in functional and structural evaluation of lung disease / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Luciana Asprino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santaella_GustavoMachado_M.pdf: 1130922 bytes, checksum: 73dd73d086d83d2c9e2fa04c5f9cd294 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os fótons de raios X são atenuados quando atravessam materiais, e isso afeta diretamente os valores dos tons de cinza da imagem. No presente estudo teve-se como objetivos avaliar a utilização de diferentes materiais como simuladores de tecidos moles e avaliar a influência dos tecidos moles nos tons de cinza em imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Para isso, foram utilizadas três cabeças humanas com os tecidos moles formolizados presentes e submetidas à aquisição de imagens de TCFC para determinação do grupo padrão-ouro. Posteriormente, as cabeças foram descarnadas e novamente tomografadas, com e sem a utilização de diferentes materiais simuladores de tecidos moles, seguindo o mesmo protocolo de aquisição. Quatro diferentes materiais foram testados, acrílico, água, cera utilidade e poliestireno expandido (EPS), utilizados isoladamente ou em combinação, totalizando 6 grupos de teste (sem simulador, com caixa de EPS de 2 cm de espessura, com acrílico com 0,5 cm de espessura, com caixa de EPS com cera de 1 cm de espessura, com caixa de EPS com cera de 1 cm de espessura e água no interior, e com caixa de EPS com água no interior). Um único avaliador selecionou oito regiões de interesse quadrangulares, sendo em maxila e mandíbula e incluindo dentes e ossos alveolares, e realizou as mensurações de todos os valores dos tons de cinza dos pixels das regiões. As medianas desses valores foram utilizadas para comparação pelos testes de Friedman e Dunn. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos testados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes em comparação com o grupo padrão-ouro, com exceção dos grupos que envolveram água no interior das caixas. O EPS com 2 cm de espessura, associado ou não a uma camada de cera utilidade de 1 cm, e o acrílico com 0,5 cm de espessura foram os simuladores que forneceram imagens mais semelhantes às imagens do padrão-ouro. A água não se mostrou eficaz como simulador de tecidos moles. Os tecidos moles não influenciaram nos valores de tons de cinza mensurados na imagem de TCFC / Abstract: X-ray photons suffer attenuation as they pass through materials of different compositions, and this directly affects the values of the image grayscale. This study aimed to test the usefulness of different materials as soft tissue simulators and evaluate the influence of soft tissues on grayscale values in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Three human heads with formalin fixed soft tissues were obtained and CBCT images were acquired to determine the gold standard group. The heads were stripped and tomographic images reacquired with and without the use of different materials for soft tissue simulation, following the same acquisition protocol. Four different materials were tested, acrylic, water, utility wax and expanded polystyrene (EPS), and these were used singly or in combination, with a total of 6 test groups (no simulator, with EPS box 2 cm thick, with 0.5 cm thick acrylic, EPS box with 1 cm thick wax, EPS box with 1 cm thick wax and water inside, and EPS box with water inside). A single evaluator selected the eight quadrangular regions of interest, being in the maxilla and mandible and including teeth and alveolar bone, and performed the measurements of all the pixel grayscale values of the regions. The median of these values were used for comparison by Friedman's and Dunn's tests. The results showed that the tested groups showed no statistically significant differences compared to the gold standard group, with the exception of groups involving water inside the boxes. The EPS 2 cm thick, associated or not with a 1 cm layer of utility wax, and the 0.5 cm thick acrylic were the simulators that provided images more similar to the gold standard images. The water was not effective as a soft tissue simulator. The soft tissues did not influence the values of the CBCT image grayscale measured / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica