Thesis (MSc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alicyclobacillus species are thermo-acidophilic bacteria that produce highly resistant endospores able to survive the processing temperatures of fruit concentrate manufacturing, including evaporation and conventional pasteurisation (86 ° - 96 °C for ± 2 min). Alicyclobacillus endospores retain their viability in juice concentrates which, under favourable conditions, could germinate and multiply to numbers high enough to cause spoilage and product deterioration through the production of chemical taint compounds. This thesis reports on the distribution of Alicyclobacillus in the fruit concentrate processing environment and the effect of current manufacturing practices on the accumulation of Alicyclobacillus in fruit concentrates. These practices include the recirculation (recycling) of flume water as a means of water conservation, as well as continuous process running times when facilities operate at full capacity. This thesis also reports on the effect of fruit variety and skin type on the occurrence of Alicyclobacillus in fruit concentrates. Alicyclobacillus was monitored at nine processing stages of fruit concentrate manufacturing during the functioning of either a recirculating or a one-pass (not recirculated) flume water system. Significantly higher Alicyclobacillus levels were recovered in fruit mash, single strength juice, concentrate and the final pasteurised product (± 30 °Brix) during the functioning of a re circulating flume system, compared to when a one-pass flume system was functional (P < 0.05). Irrespective of the flume system, high Alicyclobacillus levels were recovered from the concentrate and condensate water (a by-product of juice concentration) from the evaporator, which makes this a point of concern during concentrate manufacturing. Manufacturing practices such as the recirculation of flume water and the recovery of condensate water for fruit washing purposes pose a potential risk of Alicyclobacillus contamination and accumulation in fruit concentrates and the processing environment. The effect of continuous process running times on Alicyclobacillus was monitored in a facility that was operating at full capacity. Sampling occurred every 12 h at four processing stages, during a processing tempo of 1.8 - 2.0 t h-1 for 108 h. Vegetative cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in single strength juice and condensate water after 84 h of processing, with 3.15 and 3.85 log10 cfu mL-1 recovered, respectively. Similar accumulation patterns of vegetative cells were observed in concentrate and the final pasteurised product. Endospores in single strength juice, concentrate and the final product were also the highest after 84 h of processing with 1.32, 1.59 and 1.64 log10 cfu mL-1, respectively. When fruit concentrate manufacturing facilities process at full capacity, a restriction in the continuous process running time to under 84 h in between CIP procedures, along with good manufacturing practices, can minimise Alicyclobacillus accumulation in fruit concentrates. The effect of fruit skin type, specifically hairy-skinned stone fruits (peach and apricot) and smooth-skinned pome fruits (apple and pear) on the occurrence of Alicyclobacillus in concentrates were examined. Apple concentrate samples had the highest occurrence (average %) of vegetative Alicyclobacillus cells (50%), followed by apricot (40%), peach (15%) and pear (10%) concentrates. The occurrence of Alicyclobacillus endospores in fruit concentrate samples were also the highest in apple (50%), followed by pear (25%), apricot (20%), and peach (10%) concentrates. The occurrence of Alicyclobacillus vegetative cells and endospores did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between concentrates from hairy-skin and smooth-skin fruit varieties. Thus it was concluded that fruit washing steps prior to processing was more critical for the control of Alicyclobacillus than the type of fruit skin being processed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alicyclobacillus spesies is termo-asidofiliese bakterieë wat hoogs bestande endospore produseer met die vermoë om prosesseringstemperature, insluitend verdamping en konvensionele pasteurisasie temperature (86 ° - 96 °C vir ± 2 min), tydens die vervaardiging van vrugtekonsentraat te oorleef. Alicyclobacillus endospore behou hul lewensvatbaarheid in vrugtekonsentrate en kan in gunstige toestande ontkiem en vermeerder tot getalle wat wansmake in produkte kan veroorsaak weens die produksie van chemiese verbindings. Hierdie tesis doen verslag oor die verspreiding van Alicyclobacillus in die vrugtekosentraat prosesseringsomgewing en oor die effek van huidige produksie praktyke op die akkumulasie van Alicyclobacillus in vrugtekonsentrate. Die praktyke sluit in, die hersirkulering van leigeut (transport) water as ‘n wyse van waterbesparing, asook aaneenlopende prosesseringstye wanneer vrugtekosentraat fabrieke teen ‘n volle kapasiteit prosesseer. Daar word ook verslag gedoen oor die effek van verskillende vrug variëteite en vel tipes op die voorkoms van Alicyclobacillus in vrugtekonsentrate. Alicyclobacillus was gemonitor by nege verskillende stadiums van ‘n vrugtekosentraat prosesseringsfabriek tydens die funksionering van óf 'n hersirkulerende óf ‘n deurlopende (nie-hersirkulerende) leigeut waterstelsel. Alicyclobacillus vlakke was beduidend hoër in gemaalde vrugte, enkelsterkte sap, konsentraat en die finale gepasteuriseerde produk (± 30 °Brix), gedurende die funksionering van 'n hersirkulerende leigeutstelsel, in vergelyking met die funksionering van ‘n deurlopende leigeutstelsel (P < 0.05 ). Ongeag van die leigeutstelsel, is hoë vlakke Alicyclobacillus gevind in konsentraat en kondensaat water ('n by-produk van die sap konsentrasie porses) vanuit die verdamper, en maak dit dus ‘n punt van belang tydens die vervaardiging van vrugtekonsentraat. Daar is gevind dat vervaardigingspraktyke soos die hersirkulasie van leigeut water en die herwinnig van kondensaat water moontlike risiko’s inhou vir die besoedeling en akkumulasie van Alicyclobacillus in vrugtekosentrate en die prosesseringsomgewing. Die effek van aaneenlopende prosesseringstye op Alicyclobacillus was gemonitor in 'n vrugtekosentraat prosesseringsfabriek wat teen volle kapasiteit prosesseer. Steekproefneming het elke 12 h by vier prosesseringsstadiums geskied, tydens 'n prosesseringstempo van 1.8 - 2.0 t h-1 vir 108 h. Vegetatiewe selle het beduidend toegeneem (P < 0.05) in die enkelsterkte sap en kondensaat water na 84 uur van prosessering, met 3.15 en 3.85 log10 kve mL-1, onderskeidelik verhaal. Soortgelyke akkumulasiepatrone vir vegetatiewe selle was waargeneem in konsentraat en die finale gepasteuriseerde produk. Endospore in enkelsterkte sap, konsentaat en die finale produk was ook die hoogste na 84 uur van prosessering, met 1.32, 1.59 en 1.64 log10 kve mL-1, onderskeidelik. Wanneer vrugtekonsentraat fabrieke teen volle kapasiteit prosesseseer, kan 'n beperking in aaneenlopende prosesseringstye tot onder 84 h tussen CIP prosedures, gepaard met goeie vervaardigingspraktyke, die akkumulasie van Alicyclobacillus in vrugte konsentate verminder. Die effek van verskillende vrug variëteite se vel tipes, spesifiek harige-vel steenvrugte (perske en appelkoos) en gladde-vel kernvrugte (appel en peer) op die voorkoms van Alicyclobacillus in vrugtekonsentrate was ondersoek. Appel konsentaat monsters het die hoogste voorkoms van vegetatiewe Alicyclobacillus selle gehad (gemiddelde %), met (50%), gevolg deur appelkoos (40%), perske (15%) en peer (10%) konsentraat. Die voorkoms van Alicyclobacillus endospore in vrugte konsentraat monsters was weer die hoogste in appel (50%), gevolg deur peer (25%), appelkoos (20%), en perske (10%) konsentraat. Die voorkoms van Alicyclobacillus vegetatiewe selle en endospore het nie betekenisvol tussen konsentrate van harige-vel en gladdevel vrug variëteite verskil nie (P > 0.05). Die gevolgtrekking was dat vrugte wasstappe, voor die prosessering van vrugtekonsentraat, van meer belang is vir die beheer van Alicyclobacillus as die vel tipe van die vrug variëteit wat geprosesseer word.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_tmd_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 1175902 bytes, checksum: e83fea39c577b1ede76fa2c826ee8e78 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O trabalho objetivou avaliar as características da pastagem de Azevém sobressemeada em Tifton-85 e a produtividade de cordeiros desmamados submetidos a três níveis de suplementação. Os cordeiros pastejaram azevém sobressemeado em Tifton-85 e foram avaliados de acordo com a suplementação recebida: sem suplementação, suplementação em 0,9% do peso corporal (PC), suplementação em 1,8% PC e suplementação ad libitum. Os cordeiros foram pesados a cada 14 dias com jejum prévio de 16 horas. O método de utilização da pastagem foi o de pastejo com lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável, procurando manter a altura da pastagem em 15 cm, sendo mensurada a cada 7 dias. A taxa de crescimento da pastagem foi mensurada pela técnica do triplo emparelhamento. Foi calculada a disponibilidade de forragem, o número de cordeiros/ha e a carga animal. O ganho de peso médio diário aumentou linearmente com a elevação do nível de suplementação concentrada oferecida aos cordeiros. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada tiveram relação linear negativa com a taxa de acúmulo, a matéria seca acumulada e a disponibilidade de matéria seca da forragem; e relação quadrática com a altura da pastagem, a taxa de lotação de cordeiros/ha e a carga animal (kgPC/ha). Concluise que a suplementação dos cordeiros em pastagem proporcionou melhor ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de suplementação interferem na altura e na disponibilidade de forragem. O efeito de substituição da pastagem pelo concentrado promoveu diminuição do crescimento da pastagem e da produção acumulada de forragem. Níveis de suplementação ad libitum possibilitaram aumentar o número de animais/ha e a carga animal / This study objected to evaluate ryegrass pasture characteristics oversowned on Tifton-85 and the performance of grazing weaned lambs supplemented in three levels of concentrate. The lambs grazed in ryegrass oversowned on Tifton-85 and were evaluate according to the supplementation that they had fed: no supplementation (control), 0,9% of body weight (BW), 1,8% of BW and ad libitum. The animals were weighted to each 14 days with 16 hour of water fasting. Grazing management was continuous variable stocking to keep pasture in 15 cm, being taken every 7 days. The herbage accumulation rate was measuredby triple cage technique. Availability of forage, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking were calculated. The average daily weight gain increase linearly with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation offered to lambs. The level of concentrate supplementation had a negative linear relation with herbage growth rate, accumulated dry mater and available forage dry matter; and a quadratic relation with pasture height, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking rate (kgBW/ha). It could be concluded that supplementation for grazing lambs provided better daily weight gain animals. The levels of supplementation interfered in height and availability of forage. The effect of substitution of grazing for concentrate promoted decreased of pasture daily growth and availability of forage dry matter. Levels of supplementation ad libitum increase number of animal/ha and animal stocking

Submitted by Lais Lucas Fernandes (lais-f@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-02T03:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BONECO DEFINITIVO CORRIGIDO com ficha.pdf: 3250792 bytes, checksum: c27c416f86a495d9eadf4074c1b1f411 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-07-02T17:41:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ll_me-botfca.pdf: 3250846 bytes, checksum: 59b007beb7ecad527250296a9d0d2348 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-02T17:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ll_me-botfca.pdf: 3250846 bytes, checksum: 59b007beb7ecad527250296a9d0d2348 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-17 / O estudo visou comparar e avaliar protocolos de produtos autógenos sanguíneos em aves, com base naqueles existentes para mamíferos. No Experimento 1 foram analisados dois protocolos para obtenção de plasma rico em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-PRT). Utilizaram-se 30 aves divididas em três Grupos equitativos: G1 - papagaios; G2 - tucanos-toco; G3 - galinhas domésticas. No protocolo 1, a primeira centrifugação foi a 220 gravidade (g) durante 10 minutos e a segunda a 660 g por 10 minutos. Após a segunda centrifugação, foi descartado 2/3 do sobrenadante, permanecendo apenas o L-PRT. No protocolo 2, a primeira centrifugação foi a 120 g durante 5 minutos e a segunda a 240 g por 5 minutos. Concluiu-se que houve diferenças na concentração de trombócitos entre as espécies, porém independente do protocolo a maior concentração foi nas galinhas, e entre os Protocolos o 2 foi o mais efetivo. No Experimento 2 foram produzidas e avaliadas histologicamente membranas de fibrina rica em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-TRF). Empregaram-se 40 aves divididas em quatro grupos equitativos: G1 – araras, G2 - galinhas domésticas, G3 – papagaios, G4 - tucanos-toco. Para cada ave foi coletado 0,5 ml de sangue, que foi depositado em tubo de vidro sem anticoagulante e centrifugado a 3000 rpm por 10 minutos. Membranas de L-TRF obtidas pela compressão dos cóagulos com gaze foram processadas para análise histológica. Foi possível concluir que é possível produzir membranas de L-TRF nas espécies de aves estudadas, porém histologicamente as proporções dos elementos avaliados foram similares apenas nas galinhas domésticas e papagaios. / This study aimed to compare and evaluate protocols of autogenous blood products in birds, based on protocols developed for mammals. In Experiment 1, two protocols were evaluated for obtaining Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Plasma (L-TRP). Thirty birds were divided into three equally sized groups: G1 - parrots; G2 - toco toucans; G3 - domestic chickens. In Protocol 1 the first centrifugation was at 220 gravity (g) for 10 minutes and the second one at 660 g for 10 minutes. After the second centrifugation, 2/3 of the supernatant was discarded, leaving only the L-TRP. In protocol 2, the first centrifugation was at 120 g for 5 minutes and the second one at 240 g for 5 minutes. In conclusion, there were differences in thrombocyte concentration among the species, but independently of the protocol, the highest concentration was in chickens. Between the protocols, Protocol 2 was the most effective. In Experiment 2, Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Fibrin (L-TRF) membranes were developed and assessed histologically. Forty birds were divided into four equally sized groups: G1 – macaws, G2 - domestic chickens, G3 – parrots, G4 - toco toucans. A total of 0.5 mL of blood was collected from each bird, which was put into glass tube without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. L-TRF membranes produced after compression of the clot were processed for histological analysis. In conclusion, L-TRF membranes can be produced in the evaluated avian species, but the ratio of the elements evaluated histologically were similar only in domesticated chickens and parrots.

The diploma thesis is focused on enzyme hydrolysis of potato protein concentrates and fractionation of obtained peptide fragments. Were used protein concentrate from tubers variety Ornella and protein concentrate obtained by swedish company Lyckeby Starch AB. The enzyme hydrolysis lasted 24 hours and were used the proteolytic enzyme alkalasa and trypsin. In this work were prove possitive effect of enzyme hydrolysis on solubility and antioxidative properties of potato protein isolates. The fractionation of obtained peptide hydrolysated was based on systém FPLC (Fast protein liquid chromatography). The fractions contained of peptide fragments about 1, 350 kDa or fragments of smaller moleculary weight. The antixodative activity of subfractions were determIne by method called DPPH. The highest values (2,2 and 2,6 TEAC g/kg) were accured at the subfractions which were separations from Ornella hydrolyzates digeste by enzyme alkalasa.

Partial hydrolysates of two types potato protein concentrates were produced by four selected food proteases. Commercialy produced (company Lyckeby) protein concentrate and laboratory prepared concentrate from tubers of Ornella cultivar were subjected of enzymatic hydrolysis by Fromase 220TL, Fromase 220XLG, Maxiren XDS (commercialy available forms of chymosin) and Neutral protases from bacterial Bacillus subtilis. Protein profile of hydrolysates was created using SDS-PAGE. All hydrolysates were determined by solubility and antioxidant activity using DPPH method. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of digestion potato protein concentrate by these selected proteases. Based on the results, the most effective enzyme used for hydrolysis of PC was Neutral proteases form Bacillus subtilis.

Many sources of protein have been investigated to reduce the use of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, including soybean meal (SBM). However, FM replacement in feeds for carnivorous species is limited by problems with feed intake, growth rate, and overall health associated with reduced digestibility and anti-nutritional factors found in SBM. However, soy processing strategies can reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors and improve utilization. Therefore, we examined the possibility of further FM replacement in SBM maximized feeds for hybrid striped bass using refined soy products, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Results indicate that further FM sparing is possible, beyond what can be achieved with SBM. For example, it is possible to reduce dietary FM content as low as 5% using SPC, and though this negatively affects growth rate, this effect may be reversed by the addition of a betaine-based attractant. Replacement with SPI resulted in such a degree of feeding reluctance that starvation and cannibalization became issues during the trial. Reducing FM content below 5-10% resulted in more variable production performance and, when using SPI, increased incidence of cannibalism. No differences in stress tolerance were observed during the trials; however, there was a trend of increasing handling mortality in fish fed the SPC diets. Refined soy proteins can be used in conjunction with SBM to spare FM, but the cost of these products, along with their acceptability to aquatic livestock, will determine the extent of their utilization in aquafeeds.

O beneficiamento de carvão mineral para a utilização em termoelétricas gera grandes quantida-des de rejeitos, os quais contêm diversos minerais, entre eles a pirita (sulfeto de ferro - FeS2). A pirita, na presença de água e oxigênio se oxida, gerando a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), principal fonte de contaminação dos aquíferos e do solo nas regiões carboníferas. Atualmente, a DAM é tratada pelo método de neutralização/precipitação de metais. Essa é uma técnica con-siderada “fim-de-tubo” com diversas desvantagens, entre elas o alto custo. Entretanto, através de técnicas preventivas, baseadas nos princípios da produção mais limpa, é possível, concomi-tantemente, minimizar a geração de DAM e agregar valor à parte ou totalidade dos rejeitos de carvão. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção do coagulante sulfato férrico a partir da lixiviação de um concentrado de pirita oriundo de rejeitos de carvão via cristaliza-ção/solubilização de sulfato ferroso, comparando o processo para duas jazidas distintas de car-vão mineral. Amostras de concentrados de pirita foram obtidas de rejeitos de carvão das jazidas do Estado de Santa Catarina, minerados na cidade de Forquilhinha, e do Estado do Paraná, na cidade de Figueira A parte experimental foi realizada a partir de um reator de leito empacotado em planta-piloto e envolveu as seguintes etapas: produção de um lixiviado férrico, conversão do lixiviado férrico em ferroso, precipitação do Fe2+ e do sulfato na forma de cristais de sulfato ferroso heptahidratado com auxílio de etanol. Estudou-se, de forma detalhada, a proporção li-xiviado:etanol para o melhor rendimento do processo. Os cristais de sulfato ferroso produzidos a partir do concentrado de pirita catarinense apresentaram características semelhantes a um pa-drão analítico (menos de 1% de impurezas). Os cristais produzidos a partir da pirita paranaense apresentaram um índice levemente superior ao padrão estabelecido comercialmente (1,08%), além de apresentar alguns metais bastante perigosos à saúde, como arsênio. Também se estudou a produção do coagulante férrico via dissolução dos cristais de sulfato ferroso e oxidação do ferro pela adição de soluções aquosas com agentes ácidos e oxidantes. A melhor condição ob-tida foi a seguinte: 5 g de sulfato ferroso, 7,5 mL de água destilada, 1,5 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio e 5 gotas de ácido sulfúrico. Essa proporção proporcionou um coagulante com quase 12% de ferro, sendo que 97% deste ferro na forma férrica. O coagulante produzido foi utilizado no tratamento de água do corpo hídrico Guaíba, empregando-se como referência os padrões brasileiros de potabilidade (Portaria nº 2914 do Ministério da Saúde). Mostrando-se eficiente no tratamento de água para fins de abastecimento público. / The coal processing for use in power plants, generates amounts of residues, which contain var-ious minerals, such as pyrite (iron sulfide-FeS2). Pyrite, in the presence of water and oxygen, oxidizes, generating acid mine drainage (AMD), the main source of contamination of aquifers and soil in the carboniferous region of Santa Catarina. Currently, the AMD is treated by the method of neutralization/precipitation of metals. This is a technique considered "end-of-pipe" with many disadvantages, like the excessive cost. However, through preventive techniques, based on the principles of cleaner production, it is possible, at the same time, minimize the generation of AMD and to add value to a part or totality of coal waste. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the production of ferric sulphate coagulant from the leaching of a pyrite concentrate from coal tailings via crystallization / solubilization of ferrous sulphate, comparing the process to two distinct mineral coal deposits. Samples of pyrite concentrates were obtained from coal tailings from the State of Santa Catarina mines, mined in the city of Forquilhinha, and from the State of Paraná, in the city of Figueira The experimental part was carried out in a bed reactor packed in a pilot plant and involved the following steps: production of a ferric leachate, conversion of ferric leachate into ferrous, precipitation of Fe2 + and sulphate as crystals of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate. It was also studied, in detail, the proportion leached:ethanol for the best yield of the process. The ferrous sulphate crystals produced from the Santa Catarina pyrite concentrate showed characteristics similar to an analytical standard (less than 1% of im-purities). The crystals produced from the Paraná pyrite concentrate presented an index slightly higher than the commercially established standard (1.08%), besides presenting some metals very dangerous to health, such as arsenic. The production of ferric coagulant was also studied by dissolving the ferrous sulphate crystals and iron oxidation by adding aqueous solutions with acidic and oxidizing agents. The best condition obtained was as follows: 5 g of ferrous sulphate, 7.5 ml of distilled water, 1.5 ml of hydrogen peroxide and, 5 drops of sulfuric acid. This pro-portion provided a coagulant with almost 12% iron, with 97% of this iron in the ferric form. The coagulant produced was used in the water treatment of lake Guaíba, using as reference the Brazilian standards of potability. The coagulant produced showed to be efficient in the water treatment for public supply purposes.

The present study aimed at assessing the zootechnical parameters, metabolic responses and body nutrient deposition in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) regarding partial substitution of fish meal to intermediary residue from rice alcohol distilleries (IRAD). A total of 375 silver catfish juveniles were distributed in 15 boxes of 125 L each (25 fish/box) connected with a water recirculation system during 60 days. Three isoproteic and isoenergetic diets (IRAD0: without IRAD addition, IRAD25 - 25% substitution of PB of fish meal with PB from IRAD, and IRAD50 - 50% substitution of PB of fish meal with PB from IRAD) were formulated. The animals were fed three times a day until apparent satiety. At the end of the experiment (60 days), zootechnical parameters (full length, total weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, final biomass and food intake) and somatic indexes digestivesomatic, hepatosomatic and intestinal quotient were evaluated. Glucose, total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, and glucose, glycogen, proteins and free amino acids in the hepatic tissue were also evaluated. In addition, the body composition of nutrients (moisture, ash, fat and protein), protein deposition and body fat were evaluated. Animals fed the IRAD0 presented significantly higher (P <0.5) total consumption, followed by treatments IRAD25 and IRAD50, respectively. Likewise, significant differences (P <0.05) were found for the final weight (FW), final biomass (FB), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), where treatment animals IRAD0 presented the best values in animal performance when compared to those submitted to IRAD25 and IRAD50 treatments, which in turn presented a significant reduction with the increasing inclusion of IRAD. The highest feed conversion rate (FCR) was observed for the IRAD50 treatment, differing from the treatments IRAD0 and IRAD25. The highest levels of glucose, total proteins and plasmatic albumin were observed in fish fed with IRAD50. The levels of hepatic glycogen, glucose, free amino acids and hepatic protein were higher in fish fed with IRAD50 diet compared to the animals that received the IRAD0 and IRAD25 diets. The IRAD0 treatment presented the highest level of PD, differing from IRAD50 treatment. The other evaluated parameters did not differ between them. Even though IRAD presented a high protein concentration, for this study, it negatively affected fish performance. Thus, further studies on assessing the protein quality of IRAD are necessary in order to effectively apply it on fish nutrition. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros zootécnicos, respostas metabólicas e deposição corporal de nutrientes de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) em resposta à substituição parcial da farinha de peixe pelo resíduo intermediário de destilarias de álcool de arroz (RIDA). Ao todo 375 juvenis de jundiá (3,56±0,6 g) foram distribuídos em 15 caixas de 125 L (25 peixes/caixa) interligadas em um sistema de recirculação de água por um período de 60 dias. Foram formuladas três dietas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas (RIDA0: sem adição do RIDA, RIDA25 - 25% da PB da farinha de peixe substituída pela PB do RIDA e RIDA50 - 50% da PB da farinha de peixe substituída pela PB do RIDA). Os animais foram alimentados três vezes ao dia, até a saciedade aparente. Ao final do período experimental (60 dias), foram avaliados os parâmetros zootécnicos (comprimento total, peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, biomassa final e o consumo de alimento) e índices digestivo somáticos, hepatossomático e quociente intestinal. Também foram avaliados glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, colesterol total e triglicerídeos no plasma e glicose, glicogênio, proteínas e aminoácidos livres no tecido hepático. Além disso, foi avaliada a composição corporal de nutrientes (umidade, cinzas, gordura e proteína), deposição de proteína (DPC) e gordura corporal (DGC). Os animais alimentados com a ração RIDA0 apresentaram significativamente maior consumo total, seguido pelos tratamentos RIDA25 e RIDA50, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, foram encontradas diferenças para as variáveis peso final (PF), biomassa final (BF), ganho em peso (GP) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), onde os animais do tratamento RIDA0 apresentaram valores superiores quando comparado aos animais submetidos aos tratamentos RIDA25 e RIDA50 que, por sua vez, apresentaram redução significativa nestes parâmetros com a inclusão crescente do RIDA. A conversão alimentar (CAA) mais elevada foi observada para o tratamento RIDA50, diferindo dos tratamentos RIDA0 e RIDA25. Foram observados níveis mais elevados de glicose, proteínas totais e albumina plasmática nos peixes alimentados com a dieta RIDA50. Os níveis de glicogênio hepático, glicose, aminoácidos livres e proteína hepática foram mais elevados nos peixes alimentados com a dieta RIDA50 comparado aos animais que receberam as dietas RIDA0 e RIDA25. O tratamento RIDA0 apresentou o nível mais elevado de DPC, diferindo do tratamento RIDA50. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não diferiram entre si. Apesar do RIDA apresentar alta concentração de proteína, neste estudo, afetou negativamente o desempenho dos peixes. Diante disso, ainda são necessários novos estudos visando avaliar a qualidade da proteína deste ingrediente para aplica-lo de forma eficiente na nutrição de peixes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mariani_tm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 521848 bytes, checksum: 2d5f794a732e1c41512018d52c981410 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Esse estudo foi realizado para avaliar o preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) sobre o comportamento ingestivo (CING) e desempenho de bovinos Brangus (BR) e Nelore (NE) confinados. Foram utilizados 32 machos inteiros (254,1 ± 12,7 kg), de cada um dos 2 grupos genéticos, e estes foram alimentados por 144 dias com dietas contendo ou monensina sódica (MON) ou PAP nas dosagens de 30 e 300 mg/kg de matéria seca (MS) respectivamente. Medidas no tempo foram coletadas de acordo com os períodos avaliados durante o estudo: adaptação, crescimento, terminação 1 e terminação 2. As observações foram feitas a cada 5 minutos durante 24h, aonde os dados das variáveis de CING foram coletados: tempos médios de ruminação (TR), de alimentação (TAL), de ócio, número de idas ao bebedouro, e número de refeições ao dia (REF/dia). As eficiências de alimentação (EAL) e ruminação (ERU) da MS e do FDN foram calculadas usando-se combinações dos dados de CING com os dados de consumo de MS e FDN. Não foi observado (P > 0,05) efeito dos aditivos alimentares sobre as EAL e ERU da MS e do FDN. Houve efeito sobre REF/dia e TAL despendido por refeição (TALREF), onde animais suplementados com MON apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) REF/dia, TR e animais recebendo PAP tiveram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF. Animais recebendo PAP e MON apresentaram similares (P > 0,05) GPD, CMS e CA. Os animais BR apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF e CMS por refeição. Observouse (P < 0,05) efeito dos grupos genéticos sobre EAL e ERU da MS e da FDN (P < 0,01), onde bovinos BR apresentaram melhores eficiências quando comparados aos animais NE. Assim sendo, devido às similaridades nos resultados de CING, EAL, ERU e desempenho, PAP pode ser uma eventual alternativa à MON em dietas de alto teor de concentrado. / This study was designed to test polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against several rumen microorganisms on feeding behavior and feedlot performance of Brangus (BR) and Nellore (NE) cattle. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using repeated measures over time, replicated 4 times (4 bullocks/pen), in which 32 9-mo-old bullocks (254,1 ± 12,7 kg) of each of two breeds evaluated were fed for 144 days, diets containing either monensin (MON) or PAP at 30 or 300 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) daily; respectively. Measures over time were taken according to the periods evaluated during the study: adaptation, growing, finishing 1 and finishing 2. Visual appraisal was made every five minutes during 24h, and feeding behavior data was collected as follows: time spent eating (EAT), ruminating (RUM), resting, visits to water through and number of meals per day (MEA). Feed offerings and refusals were weighed daily. Feeding (FEEF) and rumination efficiencies (RUEF) of DM and NDF were calculated using combinations of feeding behavior data with DM and NDF intakes data. No significant (P > 0,05) feed additives main effects were observed for FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, and for any of feeding behavior variables evaluated with the exception of RUM, MEA and EAT per meal (EATMEA); in which bullocks fed MON presented longer (P < 0,05) RUM and greater (P < 0,05) MEA and bullocks receiving PAP had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA. In addition, a similar feedlot performance was observed (P > 0,05) between bullocks fed either MON or PAP. BR bullocks had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA and greater (P < 0,05) DM intake per meal. Significant (P < 0,05) breeds main effects were observed for all of FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, indicating that BR bullocks were more efficient than NE bullocks in all variables evaluated. In terms of feedlot performance, BR bullocks presented greater (P < 0,05) average daily gain ...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study was carried out the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Santa Maria, with the objective to investigate the effect of the supply of diets with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on the nutrients intake, daily milk yield (MP), milk composition (MC) and ingestive behavior of lactating ewes. Eighteen ewes, proceeding from the alternated crossing between Texel and Ile de France breeds were used, housed indoors in individual cages. The animals were distributed on three treatments: 34, 43 and 52% NDF in the diet, in dry matter basis (DM) to consist in the treatments. Equal protein diets, with 13% of PB (crude protein) content, in DM basis, was composed of total mixed ration of corn ensilage (Zea mays L.), and a concentrate mixture based on fragmented corn, soybean bran (Glycine max L.) and mineral mixing. The food supply was ad libtum, done twice a day, in set up times at 8:30 AM and 4:30 PM. An entirely randomized design was used, with three treatments and six repetitions each. The results were submit of the analysis of variance and regression study. The addition of increasing in NDF levels result in quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the intake of dry matter (DMI), organic matter (OMI), crude protein (CPI), ethereal extract (EEI), total carbohydrates (TCHOI), and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCI), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) and acid detergent fiber (ADFI), expresses in kg/day, % PV and g/kg PV0,75. The maximum DMI corresponded to 42.7% NDF level in the diet. Do not significant effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the variations of average weight daily gain (GMD). The body score condition (CC) presented quadratic behavior (P<0.05). Quadratic effect was verified (P<0.05) on the milk yield in function of the treatments, that was maximum with 39.8%NDF level of in the diet. The crude protein milk (CP) values presented quadratic variation (P<0,05). The milk fat contents (Gord), express in g/day, and the density, had diminished linearly with the NDF increasing in the diet. The total solids contents, express in g/day, density, 3.5% and 4% fat corrected milk yield had varied in quadratic way (P<0.05), in function of the treatments. The stage of lactating influenced on milk production (P<0.05), resulting quadratic effect for 34% and 43% NDF levels, and linear effect for the 52%NDF level in the diet. Quadratic effect (P<0.05) were verified in the resting, rumination, intake and total chewing times in function of the NDF levels in the diets. The feeding and rumination efficiency of the NDF is increased with the increase of the level of this fraction in the diet. Lactating ewes confined present greater concentration of activity of feeding during the day and rumination during the night. / O estudo foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de investigar o efeito do fornecimento de dietas com diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, ganho de peso, produção e composição do leite e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas em lactação. Foram utilizadas 18 ovelhas, provenientes do cruzamento alternado entre as raças Texel e Ile de France, confinadas em baias individuais. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: 34, 43 e 52% de FDN na dieta, em base na matéria seca (MS). As dietas, isoprotéicas, contendo 13% de PB (MS) foram compostas por mistura completa de silagem de milho (Zea mays L.), concentrado a base de milho triturado e farelo de soja (Glycine max) e premix mineral. O arraçoamento foi feito ad libtum, duas vezes ao dia, em horários preestabelecidos, às 8:30 e 16:30 horas. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições cada. Os dados foram interpretados através de análises de variância e regressão. Houve influência do nível de FDN da dieta (P<0,05) sobre os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE), carboidratos totais (CHT) e cinzas (CIN), expressos em Kg/dia, em %PV e em g/Kg PV0,75, que apresentaram comportamento quadrático. O máximo consumo de MS correspondeu ao nível de 42,7% de FDN na dieta. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) das dietas sobre as variações de peso vivo (GMD). A condição corporal final (CC2) evoluiu quadraticamente (P<0,05). Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,05) da produção de leite em função dos tratamentos, que foi máxima com um nível de 39,8% de FDN na dieta. Os teores de PB do leite variaram quadraticamente (P<0,05). O teor de gordura do leite (Gord), expresso em g/dia, e a densidade, diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) com o incremento de FDN na dieta. Os teores de sólidos totais (ST), expressos em g/dia, densidade (DENS), leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura (LCG3,5) e 4% de gordura (LCG4) e leite corrigido para sólidos totais (LCST) variaram de modo quadrático (P<0,05), em função dos tratamentos. O estágio da lactação influenciou a produção de leite dos animais (P<0,05), resultando efeito quadrático para os níveis 34% e 43% de FDN, e linear para o nível de 52% de FDN na dieta. Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) do nível de FDN da dieta sobre os tempos despendidos em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e de mastigação total (TMT). A eficiência de alimentação e ruminação da FDN é incrementada com o aumento do nível desta fração na dieta. Ovelhas em lactação mantidas confinadas apresentam maior concentração de atividade de alimentação durante o período diurno e de ruminação durante o noturno.