Estudos em redes complexas têm ganhado cada vez mais atenção devido ao seu potencial de representação simples de modelos complexos em diversas áreas de conhecimento. A obtenção de modelos quantitativos que representem fenômenos observados da natureza, assim como o desenvolvimento de metodologias de caracterização de redes complexas, tornaram-se essenciais para a compreensão e desenvolvimento de pesquisas com essas estruturas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver e estudar alguns métodos recentes, usados para a caracterização de redes complexas, explorando-os no contexto da modelagem de conhecimento. Para isso, duas redes complexas foram geradas, uma rede de colaboração de pesquisadores da USP e outra obtida a partir do banco de dados de artigos da Wikipédia, considerando apenas aqueles da categoria de teoremas matemáticos. As medidas concêntricas, que foram recentemente formalizadas, são exploradas e aplicadas às redes descritas, assim como para diversos modelos teóricos, fornecendo informações muito relevantes sobre a topologia dessas redes. Resultados ainda mais interessantes são obtidos pela caracterização dos vértices da rede de colaboração, que revelam padrões de interdisciplinaridade entre as diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Um modelo de aquisição de conhecimento também foi proposto, aplicando a utilização de simulações de múltiplos agentes interagentes que caminham por uma rede complexa segundo uma heurística auto-esquivante. Resultados dessas simulações, realizadas para a rede da Wikipédia e outros modelos teóricos, mostram que certas configurações de parâmetros e de redes apresentam melhor desempenho na aquisição do conhecimento, com a rede de teoremas apresentando o pior deles. Entretanto, diferentemente do que era esperado, a variação da memória dos agentes pouco influência a velocidade de aquisição de conhecimento dos agentes. A freqüência de acesso dos vértices pelos agentes também foi determinada e explorada superficialmente. Diversos softwares foram desenvolvidos para uso neste projeto de mestrado, dentre eles destaca-se o visualizador 3D, que se tornou indispensável para a análise das contribuições das outras propriedades apresentadas. / Studies of complex networks have gained increasing research interest in recent years, in part due to its potential for simple representation of complex systems in various fields of science. The needs of quantitative models representing observed phenomena, as well the development of methods for the characterization of complex networks, is a essential matter for the development and understanding of scientific researches exploring such structures. This work aims to develop and study some new methods for the characterization of complex networks, exploring them in the context of knowledge modeling. Initially, two complex networks were developed, a collaborative network of researchers from the Universidade de Sao Paulo and the other obtained from the database of Wikip´edia articles, considering only those strict related to mathematical theorems. The recently formalized concentric measurements are explored and applied to the described networks, as well to other several theoretical models, providing much more information about the topology of these networks than by the use of traditional measurements. Even more interesting results are obtained by the characterization of the vertices of the collaboration network, which reveal patterns of interdisciplinarity among the many fields of science. A model of knowledge acquisition has also been proposed by the use of simulations of multiple interacting agents walking through a complex network in self-avoiding trajectories. Results of those simulations, performed for the network of Wikipedia and other theoretical models shows that certain sets of parameters and networks perform better in the acquisition of knowledge, through the network of theorems presenting the worst of them. However, unlike what should be expected on the basis of intuition, the agents memories do not play much influence to the speed of acquisition of knowledge. The agent access frequencies of vertices was also been obtained and explored superficially in order to determine where the agents walk more ofen. Several softwares had been developed in this masters thesis project, among these, there is a complex network computational visualization tool, which had become indispensable for the many analysis of the contributions obtained by the use of the other described properties.

Nanostructures have received much attention from the physical and engineering communities in the past few years. The understanding of the behavior of nanostructures in various conditions is warranted since the applications of such materials in optics, electronics, and mechanics is ever expanding. This thesis investigates a specific type of structure, a concentric cylindrical. More specifically, the dispersion relation of radiating and non-radiating plasmon polaritons (quasi-particles resulting from interactions of photons and surface electrons) is studied under varying conditions. We intend to show the influence of changing the thickness of the layers, the number of layers, the curvature of each layer, and the type of material the layers has on the dispersion relation. By first solving Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates and applying boundary conditions, we developed a matrix equation through which we were able to obtain the dispersion relation for an N layered cylindrical system characterized by a specified dielectric function placed into a background. For the non-radiative modes we used the bisection method to obtain the dispersion relation; however, since radiative modes encompass virtual modes, which contain real and imaginary components, a Newton method was used to gather that data. The dielectric functions for silver and carbon dielectric functions were used to describe the material layers within the radiative and non-radiative regimes. The results show that curvature changes influence the surface plasmon polariton dispersion by either red shifting or blue shifting the energetics. Lifetimes and damping are seen to be influenced by the curvature as well. The addition of more layers to the system results in an increase in the complexity of the dispersion energetics. The results obtained would help provide better scanning tips within the optical microscopy field. Also, these results can have direct application to the field of photonics. Finally, these results also help provide the foundations to understanding the fundamentals of long-ranged forces in cylindrical layered structures.

Doctor of Philosophy / In this thesis, three experiments were conducted to monitor: (i) muscle oxygenation and electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii after exercise-induced muscle damage (ii) muscle oxygenation after downhill walking-induced muscle damage, and, (iii) muscle oxygenation following a bout of vigorous concentric exercise. Maximal eccentric exercise (EE) of biceps brachii resulted in significantly increased mean resting oxygen saturation and decreased deoxyhaemoglobin. During isometric contractions at 50% and 80% of subjects’ maximum voluntary torque (MVT), oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volume were significantly decreased after EE, and these declines were significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Additionally, a significant shift in median frequency intercept (measured by electromyography; EMG) towards lower frequencies was observed during isometric contractions at both 50% and 80% MVT after EE in the exercised arm. After an exhaustive session of downhill walking, another form of EE, resting total haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin decreased. Furthermore, during isometric contractions at 30%, 50% and 80% of MVT, prolonged and significant increases were observed in oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volumes after ambulatory EE. In contrast to the two EE experiments, concentric contractions did not evoke any prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation. Collectively, the findings of this thesis revealed significant and prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise, following sessions of strenuous eccentric exercise. Although not clear, the possible mechanism responsible for the changes in muscle oxygenation after EE could be increased resting muscle oxygen utilization due to probable muscle damage and a subsequent requirement of energy demanding repair processes. Concentric exercise resulted in fatigue, but it did not affect muscle oxygenation. Although a prolonged reduction in EMG median frequency intercept was observed after EE, this was not closely time-associated with the biochemical, anthropometric or functional markers of muscle damage.

A concentric pneumatic nebulizer (CPN) and a custom designed flow focusing nebulizer (FFN) are characterized. As will be shown, the classical Nukiyama-Tanasawa and Rizk-Lefebvre models lead to erroneous size prediction for the concentric nebulizer under typical operating conditions due to its specific design, geometry, dimension and different flow regimes. The models are then modified to improve the agreement with the experimental results. The size prediction of the modified models together with the spray velocity characterization are used to determine the overall nebulizer efficiency and also employed as input to a new Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) based model to predict joint size-velocity distribution analytically. The new MEP model is exploited to study the local variation of size-velocity distribution in contrast to the classical models where MEP is applied globally to the entire spray cross section. As will be demonstrated, the velocity distribution of the classical MEP models shows poor agreement with experiments for the cases under study. Modifications to the original MEP modeling are proposed to overcome this deficiency. In addition, the new joint size-velocity distribution agrees better with our general understanding of the drag law and yields realistic results.

A concentric pneumatic nebulizer (CPN) and a custom designed flow focusing nebulizer (FFN) are characterized. As will be shown, the classical Nukiyama-Tanasawa and Rizk-Lefebvre models lead to erroneous size prediction for the concentric nebulizer under typical operating conditions due to its specific design, geometry, dimension and different flow regimes. The models are then modified to improve the agreement with the experimental results. The size prediction of the modified models together with the spray velocity characterization are used to determine the overall nebulizer efficiency and also employed as input to a new Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) based model to predict joint size-velocity distribution analytically. The new MEP model is exploited to study the local variation of size-velocity distribution in contrast to the classical models where MEP is applied globally to the entire spray cross section. As will be demonstrated, the velocity distribution of the classical MEP models shows poor agreement with experiments for the cases under study. Modifications to the original MEP modeling are proposed to overcome this deficiency. In addition, the new joint size-velocity distribution agrees better with our general understanding of the drag law and yields realistic results.

In this study laminar forced film condensation of vapor flowing in cross-flow direction through the annular space between two concentric cylinders was investigated numerically. To achieve this, governing equations of the vapor and the condensate flow in cross-flow direction between two concentric cylinders were developed. After obtaining the equations in integral forms by using the finite difference technique the vapor boundary layer thicknesses on the inner and outer cylinders and the condensate layer thickness was obtained as a function of the angular position on the cylinders. It was assumed that the condensation took place on the outer surface of the inner cylinder only and the outer cylinder was assumed to be insulated. The computer program developed is capable to calculate the condensate film thickness, vapor boundary layer thickness, the heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient and the interface velocity between the condensate and the vapor layer as a function of the angular position on the cylinders. Effects of changing the free stream velocity flowing in the channel, the radius of the inner cylinder, the temperature difference between the saturated vapor and the wall and the annular space between the concentric cylinders were investigated numerically by using the computer program and the results were presented graphically. Results showed that by increasing the free stream velocity of the vapor in the core, the film thickness decreased and by increasing the radius of the inner cylinder, the temperature difference between the saturated vapor and the wall and the annular space, the film thickness increased.

Doctor of Philosophy / In this thesis, three experiments were conducted to monitor: (i) muscle oxygenation and electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii after exercise-induced muscle damage (ii) muscle oxygenation after downhill walking-induced muscle damage, and, (iii) muscle oxygenation following a bout of vigorous concentric exercise. Maximal eccentric exercise (EE) of biceps brachii resulted in significantly increased mean resting oxygen saturation and decreased deoxyhaemoglobin. During isometric contractions at 50% and 80% of subjects’ maximum voluntary torque (MVT), oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volume were significantly decreased after EE, and these declines were significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Additionally, a significant shift in median frequency intercept (measured by electromyography; EMG) towards lower frequencies was observed during isometric contractions at both 50% and 80% MVT after EE in the exercised arm. After an exhaustive session of downhill walking, another form of EE, resting total haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin decreased. Furthermore, during isometric contractions at 30%, 50% and 80% of MVT, prolonged and significant increases were observed in oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volumes after ambulatory EE. In contrast to the two EE experiments, concentric contractions did not evoke any prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation. Collectively, the findings of this thesis revealed significant and prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise, following sessions of strenuous eccentric exercise. Although not clear, the possible mechanism responsible for the changes in muscle oxygenation after EE could be increased resting muscle oxygen utilization due to probable muscle damage and a subsequent requirement of energy demanding repair processes. Concentric exercise resulted in fatigue, but it did not affect muscle oxygenation. Although a prolonged reduction in EMG median frequency intercept was observed after EE, this was not closely time-associated with the biochemical, anthropometric or functional markers of muscle damage.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 chaucanes_pam_me_ilha.pdf: 4074329 bytes, checksum: b4e87799b76f0a2635d5a1511a22d2f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo mostra o funcionamento dos processos de oxidação de matéria orgânica junto com os processos simultâneos de nitrificação e desnitrificação (SND) dentro do reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado de tubos concêntricos com uma terceira câmara para gerar condições anóxicas (necessárias para garantir o processo de desnitrificação). O reator foi operado por um período de 140 dias, durante o qual a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de nitrogênio total (NT), atingiu 80% e 44% respectivamente, para um tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3 horas. A configuração dos diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos resultou em diferentes relações de áreas e, portanto em diferentes vazões para cada câmara. Na operação do reator foram aplicadas duas relações de vazões alterando o nível de esgoto dentro do reator. Os efeitos destas relações de vazões, alterou a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre os compartimentos aeróbio e anóxico do reator e a relação C:N, as quais foram estudadas durante o funcionamento deste sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a relação de vazões 2(4,8: 3,8: 1 para as câmaras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) beneficiou as remoções de DQO e NT. A concentração de OD no compartimento aeróbio apresentou valores médios de 3,57 ± 1,24 mg.L -1 , e no topo da câmara 3, a concentração de OD foi de 1,41 ± 0,78 mg.L -1 . As relações C:N que apresentaram maiores eficiências de remoção de NT foram as superiores a 10, sendo a máxima remoção de T na relação C:N de 17. O tempo de retenção celular (TRC) alcançado no reator foi de 3,16 ± 3,07 dias. Neste trabalho de pesquisa foi concluído que a configuração de três câmaras concêntricas para o reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado beneficia a remoção de NT, tornando este reator uma alternativa para o tratamento de águas residuárias domésticas. / This study shows the operation of the organic matter oxidation processes together with the simultaneous processes of nitrification and denitrification (SND) inside the aerobic fluidized bed reactor of concentric tubes with a third chamber to generate anoxic conditions (necessary to guarantee the denitrification process). The reactor operated over a period of 140 days, during which chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 44% respectively, for a 3 hour hydraulic detention time (HDT). The configuration of the diameters of the concentric tubes resulted in different area ratios and therefore in different flow rates for each chamber. In the reactor operation were applied two flow ratios, altering the sewage level inside the reactor. The effects of these flow rates were changing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) between the aerobic and anoxic compartments of the reactor and the C: N ratio, which was studied during the operation of this system. The results indicated that the ratio of flows 2 (4.8: 3.8: 1 for chambers 1, 2 e 3, respectively) benefited the COD and TN removal. The DO concentration in the aerobic compartment presented average values of 3.57 ± 1.24 mg.L-1 , and on top of chamber 3, the DO concentration was 1.41 ± 0.78 mg.L-1 . The C:N ratios that showed higher nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 10, with the maximum TN removal at the C:N ratio of 17. The cell retention time reached (CRT) in the reactor was 3.16 ± 3.07 days. In this research, was concluded that three concentric chambers configuration for the aerobic fluidized bed reactor benefits the TN removal, became this reactor an alternative in domestic wastewater treatment.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Resumo: Este estudo mostra o funcionamento dos processos de oxidação de matéria orgânica junto com os processos simultâneos de nitrificação e desnitrificação (SND) dentro do reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado de tubos concêntricos com uma terceira câmara para gerar condições anóxicas (necessárias para garantir o processo de desnitrificação). O reator foi operado por um período de 140 dias, durante o qual a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de nitrogênio total (NT), atingiu 80% e 44% respectivamente, para um tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3 horas. A configuração dos diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos resultou em diferentes relações de áreas e, portanto em diferentes vazões para cada câmara. Na operação do reator foram aplicadas duas relações de vazões alterando o nível de esgoto dentro do reator. Os efeitos destas relações de vazões, alterou a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre os compartimentos aeróbio e anóxico do reator e a relação C:N, as quais foram estudadas durante o funcionamento deste sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a relação de vazões 2(4,8: 3,8: 1 para as câmaras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) beneficiou as remoções de DQO e NT. A concentração de OD no compartimento aeróbio apresentou valores médios de 3,57 ± 1,24 mg.L -1 , e no topo da câmara 3, a concentração de OD foi de 1,41 ± 0,78 mg.L -1 . As relações C:N que apresentaram maiores eficiências de remoção de NT foram as superiores a 10, sendo a máxima remoção de T na relação C:N de 17. O te... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study shows the operation of the organic matter oxidation processes together with the simultaneous processes of nitrification and denitrification (SND) inside the aerobic fluidized bed reactor of concentric tubes with a third chamber to generate anoxic conditions (necessary to guarantee the denitrification process). The reactor operated over a period of 140 days, during which chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 44% respectively, for a 3 hour hydraulic detention time (HDT). The configuration of the diameters of the concentric tubes resulted in different area ratios and therefore in different flow rates for each chamber. In the reactor operation were applied two flow ratios, altering the sewage level inside the reactor. The effects of these flow rates were changing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) between the aerobic and anoxic compartments of the reactor and the C: N ratio, which was studied during the operation of this system. The results indicated that the ratio of flows 2 (4.8: 3.8: 1 for chambers 1, 2 e 3, respectively) benefited the COD and TN removal. The DO concentration in the aerobic compartment presented average values of 3.57 ± 1.24 mg.L-1 , and on top of chamber 3, the DO concentration was 1.41 ± 0.78 mg.L-1 . The C:N ratios that showed higher nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 10, with the maximum TN removal at the C:N ratio of 17. The cell retention time reached (CRT) in the reactor was 3.16 ± 3.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da caracterização numérica do comportamento mecânico de um músculo esquelético estriado sujeito à combinação de diferentes contrações. A partir dos mecânismos fisiológicos da contração do tecido muscular esquelético, são apresentadas as principais características da produção de força do músculo em diferentes tipos de contrações (isométrica, concêntrica, excêntrica) e suas combinações. A representação numérica da resposta mecânica do músculo esquelético foi investigada por diferentes autores. Dos diversos modelos encontrados na literatura, alguns foram escolhidos para a continuidade deste estudo, segundo sua capacidade representativa e facilidade de implementação em métodos numéricos de solução para grandes deformações. Os modelos disponíveis na literatura foram implementados e avaliados para diferentes sequências de contrações, sendo também realizado um ajuste de parâmetros para dados experimentais de contrações isométricas e isométricas-excêntricas-isométricas. Nenhuma das propostas avaliadas apresentou resultados satisfatórios. A principal deficiência dos modelos foi a incapacidade de reproduzir a dependência do histórico de carregamentos, ou seja, da combinação de contrações. Desta maneira, uma nova proposta de modelo constitutivo foi desenvolvida e implementada para testes uniaxiais e em um código de elementos finitos para testes tridimensionais. A partir destas implementações, foram executados testes numéricos para diferentes sequências de contrações, avaliando a capacidade representativa do modelo proposto neste trabalho. O modelo proposto apresentou bons resultados para contrações isométricas e a combinação de contrações com diferentes níveis de alongamento, ou encurtamento, a uma mesma velocidade. A principal contribuição deste modelo é a capacidade de representar a resposta associada à fadiga muscular e o ganho, ou perda de força, observados experimentalmente. / This work present a striated skeletal muscle numerical characterization subjected to different contractions. From the physiological contraction mechanism of the skeletal muscle tissue the force produced in different kinds of contraction (isometric, concentric and eccentric), and their combination, are presented. The numerical representation of these response was investigated by different authors. From the diverse models found in literature, some were selected to be studied according to their representation capability and the implementation ease in numerical methods for large strains. The models available in literature were implemented and evaluated for different contractions combinations and a parameter identification for experimental results of two isometric contraction and a isometric-eccentric-isometric contraction. None of the proposed models presented satisfactory results. The main deficiency of these models were the incapability of reproducing the loading history dependence, in other words, the contraction combination. In this way, a new material model was proposed and implemented to uniaxial and tridimensional finite element method tests. From these, different contractions sequences evaluated the proposed model representation capabilities. The proposed model present good results to isometric contraction, as well as contraction combination with different stretch, or shortening, level in the same speed. The main contribution of this model is the capability of represent the the response associated to the muscle fatigue and the force gain or loss, experimentally observed.