La relation entre artiste et public en musique classique est traditionnellement définie par unparadigme où le professionnel de l’art est le constructeur exclusif du sens des œuvres artistiques, et où le public reconnaît une supériorité artistique ou scientifique dans lesens transmis par le professionnel de l’art. Or, on observe dans divers domaines un changement paradigmatique oùles consommateurs revendiquentune participation accrue à la construction du sensdes produits qu’ils reçoivent. Une pratique répandue chez les pianistes classiques, celle du récital commenté, s’accorde mal à ce changement paradigmatique, car la fonction de construction de sens repose essentiellement sur l’artiste. Dans une démarche de recherche-création, et afin d’explorer les impacts d’un élargissement de la fonction de construction de sens à une coopération artiste–public dansun récital commenté, nous avons élaboré un récital commenté interactif (RCI) où le public sélectionnait le matériau textuel et musical en direct au moyen d’une application numérique. Les auditeurs devaient construire un sens cohérent à partir d’un ensemble épars d’éléments culturels,qui gravitaient autour de la figure du compositeur Léo Roy (1887–1974). Ils retraçaient ensuite, dans un sondage,le récit qu’ils avaient perçu lors du RCI. En tant qu’artiste, nousavons personnellement présenté trois RCI, à la suite desquels les auditeurs ont rempli un sondage visant à évaluer leur expérience de concert ainsi que la construction de sens qu’ils avaient opéréeau cours de l’événement.Les auditeurs étaient généralement enthousiastes à l’idée d’occuper une fonction de construction de sens plus active, bien que ceci diffère d’un individu à l’autre et se décline en une variété d’attitudes face à la coopération artiste–public. La difficulté accrue résultant d’une telle réception demande des stratégies d’adaptation conséquentes de la part de l’artiste. Notre analyse montre que celui-ci peut moduler cinq paramètres pour adapter un RCIaux habiletés depublics variésdans le but d’offrir une expérience optimale aux auditeurs: la distance conceptuelle entre les modulesdu matériau culturel, l’ajout ou le retrait de données chronologiques, la consistance de l’introduction, la présentation des liens entre les moduleset la présentation des pièces musicales. Nous avançons que cette dynamique de réception confère une pertinence accrue à une pratique des pianistes classiques en l’adaptant à un paradigme de consommation contemporain. / The relation between artist and audience in classical music is traditionally defined by a paradigm in whichthe arts professional is the exclusive maker of the art work’s meaning, and where the audience recognizes an artistic or scientific authority in the meaning he receives from the arts professional.This is contrary to a paradigmatic shift that has been observed in various areas, and where consumers claim an increased control over the meaning-making of the products they consume. This leads to the realization that a favoured practice of classical pianist, the lecture-recital, is ill suited to this paradigmatic shift, since meaning-making in a lecture-recital is the sole responsibility of the artist.Using a research-creation approach, we devised in Interactive Lecture-Recital (ILR) in which the audience was responsible for selecting textual andmusical material by emitting live votes through a digital interface.Listeners therefore had to make a coherent meaning from scattered cultural elements, all of which revolved around Québécois composer Léo Roy (1887–1974).After eachof thethree ILR’s that I presented, audience members completed a survey aiming to assess their concert experience and their meaning-making at the ILR.Audience members generally welcomed enthusiastically the opportunity to play a more active meaning-making role, although individuals presented a variety of attitudes pertaining to artist–audience cooperation.This type of reception brings an increased difficulty for the spectator. This prompts an artist to use adaptation strategies, in order to enhance spectators’reception.An analysis of survey data shows five parameters that an artist can vary in order to adapt an ILR to various publics, with the goal of providing an optimal experience to audience members: conceptual distance between modulesof cultural material, addition or deletion of chronological data, completeness of the introduction, presentation of links between modules, and presentation of musical pieces. We argue that this kind of reception brings a new relevance to classical pianism, by adapting it to a contemporaryconsumption paradigm.

La relation entre artiste et public en musique classique est traditionnellement définie par unparadigme où le professionnel de l’art est le constructeur exclusif du sens des œuvres artistiques, et où le public reconnaît une supériorité artistique ou scientifique dans lesens transmis par le professionnel de l’art. Or, on observe dans divers domaines un changement paradigmatique oùles consommateurs revendiquentune participation accrue à la construction du sensdes produits qu’ils reçoivent. Une pratique répandue chez les pianistes classiques, celle du récital commenté, s’accorde mal à ce changement paradigmatique, car la fonction de construction de sens repose essentiellement sur l’artiste. Dans une démarche de recherche-création, et afin d’explorer les impacts d’un élargissement de la fonction de construction de sens à une coopération artiste–public dansun récital commenté, nous avons élaboré un récital commenté interactif (RCI) où le public sélectionnait le matériau textuel et musical en direct au moyen d’une application numérique. Les auditeurs devaient construire un sens cohérent à partir d’un ensemble épars d’éléments culturels,qui gravitaient autour de la figure du compositeur Léo Roy (1887–1974). Ils retraçaient ensuite, dans un sondage,le récit qu’ils avaient perçu lors du RCI. En tant qu’artiste, nousavons personnellement présenté trois RCI, à la suite desquels les auditeurs ont rempli un sondage visant à évaluer leur expérience de concert ainsi que la construction de sens qu’ils avaient opéréeau cours de l’événement.Les auditeurs étaient généralement enthousiastes à l’idée d’occuper une fonction de construction de sens plus active, bien que ceci diffère d’un individu à l’autre et se décline en une variété d’attitudes face à la coopération artiste–public. La difficulté accrue résultant d’une telle réception demande des stratégies d’adaptation conséquentes de la part de l’artiste. Notre analyse montre que celui-ci peut moduler cinq paramètres pour adapter un RCIaux habiletés depublics variésdans le but d’offrir une expérience optimale aux auditeurs: la distance conceptuelle entre les modulesdu matériau culturel, l’ajout ou le retrait de données chronologiques, la consistance de l’introduction, la présentation des liens entre les moduleset la présentation des pièces musicales. Nous avançons que cette dynamique de réception confère une pertinence accrue à une pratique des pianistes classiques en l’adaptant à un paradigme de consommation contemporain. / The relation between artist and audience in classical music is traditionally defined by a paradigm in whichthe arts professional is the exclusive maker of the art work’s meaning, and where the audience recognizes an artistic or scientific authority in the meaning he receives from the arts professional.This is contrary to a paradigmatic shift that has been observed in various areas, and where consumers claim an increased control over the meaning-making of the products they consume. This leads to the realization that a favoured practice of classical pianist, the lecture-recital, is ill suited to this paradigmatic shift, since meaning-making in a lecture-recital is the sole responsibility of the artist.Using a research-creation approach, we devised in Interactive Lecture-Recital (ILR) in which the audience was responsible for selecting textual andmusical material by emitting live votes through a digital interface.Listeners therefore had to make a coherent meaning from scattered cultural elements, all of which revolved around Québécois composer Léo Roy (1887–1974).After eachof thethree ILR’s that I presented, audience members completed a survey aiming to assess their concert experience and their meaning-making at the ILR.Audience members generally welcomed enthusiastically the opportunity to play a more active meaning-making role, although individuals presented a variety of attitudes pertaining to artist–audience cooperation.This type of reception brings an increased difficulty for the spectator. This prompts an artist to use adaptation strategies, in order to enhance spectators’reception.An analysis of survey data shows five parameters that an artist can vary in order to adapt an ILR to various publics, with the goal of providing an optimal experience to audience members: conceptual distance between modulesof cultural material, addition or deletion of chronological data, completeness of the introduction, presentation of links between modules, and presentation of musical pieces. We argue that this kind of reception brings a new relevance to classical pianism, by adapting it to a contemporaryconsumption paradigm.

Thesis entitled Educational concerts and its realization in region of Teplice describes the educational concert as a specific type of music production for youth. Characterizes the young audience as the object of the action of receptive music education and focusing on the role of implementers of the concerts. The practical section deals with the implementation of educational concerts in region of Teplice, detailing educational concerts of the Northczech Philharmonic Teplice, carried out in October 2014. The aim of the thesis is to give an overview about the phenomenon of the educational concert and find out the current status of realization of this concerts in the district of Teplice. The personal interviews with the implementers of educational concerts and also author's observation was the main source of knowledge for the practical part. It was found that there are several chamber ensembles operating in Teplice, who hosts concerts in the schools. Educational productions for children and youth are also organized by music school and conservatory of Teplice. North Czech Philharmonic Teplice annually held symphony educational concerts under the direction of guest conductor Milos Machek. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

L'objet de cette thèse est de s'intéresser aux relations entre le compositeur allemand et la Grande-Bretagne. À première vue, cette idée peut paraître surprenante. En effet, Beethoven, compositeur allemand né en 1770, ne foula jamais le sol anglais à l’inverse d’autres compositeurs comme Haydn, Weber et Mendelssohn. Pourtant, ce travail s'efforcera de démontrer qu’une relation véritable s’était établie, qu’elle portait sur de nombreux aspects et qu’elle était mue par un sentiment d'admiration réciproque. En premier lieu, cette thèse s'attachera à définir, d'une part, les origines de l'enthousiasme du compositeur allemand pour la Grande-Bretagne et, d'autre part, les aspects de la culture britannique qui plurent tant au compositeur. Ainsi, la politique, le système parlementaire, la littérature et la musique anglaise furent autant d’éléments sur lesquels Beethoven portait son admiration. Aussi, nous retrouvons le témoignage de cette affection à travers certaines de ses œuvres et inspirations musicales. Ensuite, ce travail de recherche mettra en lumière les mécanismes qui permirent de faire de Beethoven un compositeur célébré dans tout le Royaume-Uni jusqu’à l’ériger en un nouveau héros musical britannique. Par conséquent, ce travail analysera la programmation et la réception des œuvres du compositeur dans tout le royaume et mettra en évidence le rôle du réseau beethovénien à Londres dans la promotion de sa musique. En effet, Beethoven put jouir de l’aide précieuse de deux réseaux : un premier réseau composé d’amis viennois ou étrangers résidant à Londres comme Clementi, Salomon, von Häring, Ries qui le mirent en relation avec un second réseau, composé de Britanniques comme les musiciens Smart, Neate ou l’éditeur Birchall. Ces deux lobbies se retrouvèrent dans l’outil principal de promotion de Beethoven, la Société Philharmonique de Londres, créée en 1813. La thèse démontrera également l'importance des différents aspects contextuels – social, historique et esthétique – favorables à la domination de Beethoven sur la scène musicale britannique. Enfin, ce travail montrera comment la presse fit du compositeur allemand un « citoyen » britannique. Pour terminer, au fil des pages, ce travail tentera de combler une lacune dans les études beethovéniennes, à savoir, l’explication des raisons qui poussèrent Beethoven à abandonner ses projets de visite, pourtant nombreux, en Grande-Bretagne. / The aim of this thesis is to focus on the relationship between the German composer and Great Britain. However, at first glance, this idea may be surprising. Indeed, Beethoven, born in 1770 in Germany never went to Britain unlike other composers such as Haydn, Weber and Mendelssohn. Nevertheless, this study will attempt to show that a true relationship was established, based on numerous aspects and on a reciprocal feeling of admiration. Firstly, this thesis will try to find the origins of the German composer’s enthusiasm for Britain and it will then define the different cultural aspects that were so dear to Beethoven. Thus, literature, music and politics emerge as the different aspects of British culture which the musician admired the most. As a result, it is possible to find tokens of his fascination for Britain through his works. In the same way, this research work will describe the mechanisms which contributed to make Beethoven a celebrated composer in the United Kingdom who, gradually, became the new British musical hero. Thus, this thesis will analyse the concert programmes and reception of Beethoven’s works and it will shed new light on the importance of networks which promoted the composer within the British musical scene. Indeed, Beethoven benefited from the valuable help of two networks: the first was composed of Viennese or foreign friends living in London like Clementi, Salomon, von Häring or Ries, who put him in contact with a second network, a British one with English musicians like Sir George Smart, Charles Neate or publishers like Robert Birchall. Finally, these two lobbies merged together into one of the key elements promoting Beethoven’s music, The Philharmonic Society, created in 1813. This study will also show the importance of the social, musical and esthetical factors which favoured Beethoven’s domination of the British musical scene. It will show how the British press elevated Beethoven to the rank of “British” citizen especially during his agony. Finally, in Beethoven studies, there is a major gap to fill in: the reasons why Beethoven abandoned the different projects of visiting England.

As a case study in cultural production and consumption and of the commodification of culture in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England, this study examines how musicians in London began to emerge from their dependence on the patronage of court, aristocracy and church into a more public sphere, moving from positions as salaried employees to a more freelance existence where they contributed to their income by putting on public commercial concerts. Taking as its starting point the almost 50,000 references to music recorded in the Register of Music in London Newspapers 1660–1750, a database has been built to record detailed information extracted from over 12,000 advertisements, puffs and news items related to commercial concert giving in London between 1660 and 1750. Concert advertisements and other material may thus be studied longitudinally in relation to each other, providing a valuable source of data for the growth of concert giving in London over a long and important period of its development. Public commercial concerts emerged in London in the period following the restoration of Charles II in 1660, developing from private music meetings dominated by amateur performers and informal public performances by professionals in taverns via John Banister's first advertised concerts in 1672. By 1750, public commercial concerts in London may not have achieved their final form or the heights of popularity that accompanied the ‘rage for music' of the 1790s, but they were promoted regularly and with a clear sense of programme planning, laying the foundations for later expansion. The possibility for musicians to make a living as freelance professionals without having to rely solely on patronage, their development of commercial skills, their emerging links with music publishers, all this is witness to the birth of music as a business in London in the period between 1660 and 1750.

Este trabalho busca mensurar os efeitos do compartilhamento de arquivos na internet sobre o mercado de shows, importante canal de remuneração para músicos. São utilizados dados retirados do Guia da Folha, uma das principais publicações especializadas em cultura na cidade de São Paulo. A especificação principal adota um estimador de diferença em diferenças tendo shows como grupo de tratamento e peças teatrais como grupo de controle. As estimações indicam que a pirataria provocou um choque positivo de oferta, reduzindo os preços de ingressos em até 8,2% e aumentando a quantidade em 14 apresentações por semana. Além disso, a capacidade média foi reduzida, e a diversidade de apresentações e de casas de show aumentou. Esses resultados apontam para a ocorrência de um processo de pulverização do mercado, onde artistas menores fazem shows menores e mais baratos. Artistas muito famosos, entretanto, subiram os preços em torno de 10% e reduziram em até 2,5 o número de apresentações semanais / This dissertation measures the effects of file-sharing on the market for music concerts, an important source of income for most musicians.We use information published by Folha de São Paulo, one of the most popular Brazilian newspapers. The main analysis consists of using a differences-in-differences estimator with music concerts as treatment group and theatrical plays as control group.We find evidence that music piracy had a positive effect on the supply of concerts with an up to 8.2% reduction of ticket prices and an increase of 14 weekly performances.We also find a decrease in the mean capacity of venues; an significant increase in the variety of music venues and of unique musicians performing. These results indicate an increasingly competitive market with less popular musicians performing at lower prices for smaller audiences. Famous musicians however have risen ticket prices up to 10% and reduced their number of concerts at around 2.5 weekly performances

何楠. / "2011年9月". / "2011 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-177). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / He Nan. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / 獨立搖滾音樂：夾縫中的茁壯 --- p.1 / 80後：最好的一代，最壞的一代 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻綜述 --- p.11 / Chapter I. --- 亞文化與亞文化資 本 --- p.11 / Chapter II. --- 原真性 --- p.19 / Chapter III --- 音樂場域與現場表演 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與研究方法 --- p.40 / 研究問題 --- p.40 / 研究方法 --- p.44 / Chapter 第四章 --- MAO:音樂場域的當代脈搏 --- p.50 / Super-flat： 二維化的無差別世界 --- p.55 / 金屬熔爐：身份感的焦慮再塑 --- p.58 / 昏暗洞穴：便利商店式的多樣可能 --- p.60 / 刻刀與塗改液：塗鴉的社會學暗喻 --- p.62 / 環境控制：時空抽離與去語境化 --- p.65 / MAO之意象：本源缺失的歷史反哺 --- p.67 / Chapter 第五章 --- 家之出走´ؤ´ؤ後逃離時代的身份危機 --- p.69 / 李震一一我在遠方，比遠方更遠 --- p.71 / 小雪´ؤ´ؤ我從來不求被他人理解，被理解類似於自我賣淫 --- p.84 / 家之出走´ؤ´ؤ後逃離時代的身份危機 --- p.90 / Chapter 第六章 --- 我是理想的私生子 --- p.95 / 老木´ؤ´ؤ生活面前，我便裝睡。而你永遠無法叫醒一個裝睡的人 --- p.97 / Jason´ؤ´ؤ只有在音樂裏，我才是個健全的人 --- p.107 / 我是理想的私生子 --- p.116 / Chapter 第七章 --- 拒做“稻草人´ح --- p.119 / 灰灰一一迷失便是對我最大的寬容和尊重 --- p.121 / 二狗´ؤ´ؤ我迷戀詩意的世界 --- p.128 / 拒做“稻草人´ح --- p.135 / Chapter 第八章 --- 獨立搖滾音樂：亞文化資本、原真性、音樂場域/現場演出的角鬥場 --- p.139 / 亞文化資本：POGO之身體政治 --- p.139 / 原真性：理想自我的多重角力 --- p.146 / 音樂場域與現場演出：“情感聯盟´ح與“文化流浪´ح --- p.157 / Chapter 第九章 --- 結語：無身份的人與不確定的狀態 --- p.163 / 參考文獻（中文)： --- p.170 / 參考文獻（英文)： --- p.171 / 附錄：本文所涉及的關鍵名詞之解釋 --- p.178

<p>Svensk musikindustri har under de senaste årtiondena åtnjutit stora framgångar på den internationella marknaden. Export Music Sweden grundades för att stötta och marknadsföra svensk populärmusik utomlands. VD Christer Lundblad sade 2003 att intäkter från konserter ökar kraftigt. Anledningar till detta kan vara att den ökande illegala nedladdningen av musik ger ett ökat ekonomiskt utrymme för konserter, samt att människor idag värderar upplevelser högre än tidigare. Eftersom mer pengar spenderas på konserter blir prissättningen mer betydelsefull. Ur ett rent ekonomiskt perspektiv borde konsertbiljetter prissättas för att maximera vinsten. Ett sätt att göra detta är att prisdiskriminera. Vi har funnit att detta inte görs i så stor utsträckning inom kon-sertindustrin, vilket har lett oss till att ta reda på varför så inte är fallet.</p><p>För att ta reda på varför inte prisdiskriminering sker i större utsträckning har vi intervjuat sju personer inom de grupper, i konsertindustrin, som påverkar prissättningen. Dessa grupper är artister, management, turnéproduktionsbolag och skivbolag. Vi har även studerat litteratur rörande prisdiskriminering och konsertindustrin, i form av ve-tenskapliga artiklar, böcker och rapporter.</p><p>Uppsatsen diskuterar hur prisdiskriminering av konserter går till, vilka som är inblandade i prissättningsbeslutet, samt deras syn på prisdiskriminering. Den tar även upp andra faktorer som påverkar prissättningen av konserter.</p><p>I uppsatsen kommer vi fram till att det finns två anledningar till att konserter inte prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning. En anledning är praktisk och innebär att konsertplatsens attribut inte tillåter platsindelning och således prisdiskriminering. Den andra anledningen bygger på konsertarrangörers lättja samt artisters invändningar mot pris-diskriminering. Vi redogör även, utifrån undersökningens resultat, för att utvecklingen pekar på att konserter kommer att prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning i framtiden.</p> / <p>Swedish music industry has, during the latest decades, been highly successful interna-tionally. Export Music Sweden, ExMS was founded to support and market Swedish music abroad. ExMS Managing Director Christer Lundblad said in 2003 that the income made from concerts is growing rapidly. The reason for that development might be that the illegal downloading of music leave people more money left to spend on concerts. Furthermore, the development might spawn from the fact that people value experiences higher than before. Moreover, when more money is spent on concerts the pricing becomes more important than ever. Concert tickets should, if seen in an economical perspective, be priced to maximize revenue. One way of doing that is to price discriminate. We have, through a pre-study on the subject, established that concerts are not price discriminated as extensively as they could. That fact has made us curious as to why that is.</p><p>In order to find out why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively we have interviewed seven people belonging to groups involved in the pricing process of concerts. These groups are artists, managers, concert arrangement agencies and record labels. Furthermore, we have studied literature on price discrimination and the concert industry.</p><p>The thesis discusses the pricing of concerts; which people who is involved in the decisions concerning the pricing of concerts and their views on the subject. In addition, the thesis also contains other factors influencing the pricing of concerts.</p><p>In conclusion, we find that there are two reasons explaining why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively. One is practical and involves the fact that some concert venue attributes does not allow price discrimination, since the crowd cannot be divided into different sections. The other reason is the fact that concert arrangement agencies are to comfortable to price discriminate, and that artists are unwilling to price discriminate for different reasons. Furthermore, the thesis’s results indicate that concerts will be price discriminated more extensively in the future.</p>

Svensk musikindustri har under de senaste årtiondena åtnjutit stora framgångar på den internationella marknaden. Export Music Sweden grundades för att stötta och marknadsföra svensk populärmusik utomlands. VD Christer Lundblad sade 2003 att intäkter från konserter ökar kraftigt. Anledningar till detta kan vara att den ökande illegala nedladdningen av musik ger ett ökat ekonomiskt utrymme för konserter, samt att människor idag värderar upplevelser högre än tidigare. Eftersom mer pengar spenderas på konserter blir prissättningen mer betydelsefull. Ur ett rent ekonomiskt perspektiv borde konsertbiljetter prissättas för att maximera vinsten. Ett sätt att göra detta är att prisdiskriminera. Vi har funnit att detta inte görs i så stor utsträckning inom kon-sertindustrin, vilket har lett oss till att ta reda på varför så inte är fallet. För att ta reda på varför inte prisdiskriminering sker i större utsträckning har vi intervjuat sju personer inom de grupper, i konsertindustrin, som påverkar prissättningen. Dessa grupper är artister, management, turnéproduktionsbolag och skivbolag. Vi har även studerat litteratur rörande prisdiskriminering och konsertindustrin, i form av ve-tenskapliga artiklar, böcker och rapporter. Uppsatsen diskuterar hur prisdiskriminering av konserter går till, vilka som är inblandade i prissättningsbeslutet, samt deras syn på prisdiskriminering. Den tar även upp andra faktorer som påverkar prissättningen av konserter. I uppsatsen kommer vi fram till att det finns två anledningar till att konserter inte prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning. En anledning är praktisk och innebär att konsertplatsens attribut inte tillåter platsindelning och således prisdiskriminering. Den andra anledningen bygger på konsertarrangörers lättja samt artisters invändningar mot pris-diskriminering. Vi redogör även, utifrån undersökningens resultat, för att utvecklingen pekar på att konserter kommer att prisdiskrimineras i större utsträckning i framtiden. / Swedish music industry has, during the latest decades, been highly successful interna-tionally. Export Music Sweden, ExMS was founded to support and market Swedish music abroad. ExMS Managing Director Christer Lundblad said in 2003 that the income made from concerts is growing rapidly. The reason for that development might be that the illegal downloading of music leave people more money left to spend on concerts. Furthermore, the development might spawn from the fact that people value experiences higher than before. Moreover, when more money is spent on concerts the pricing becomes more important than ever. Concert tickets should, if seen in an economical perspective, be priced to maximize revenue. One way of doing that is to price discriminate. We have, through a pre-study on the subject, established that concerts are not price discriminated as extensively as they could. That fact has made us curious as to why that is. In order to find out why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively we have interviewed seven people belonging to groups involved in the pricing process of concerts. These groups are artists, managers, concert arrangement agencies and record labels. Furthermore, we have studied literature on price discrimination and the concert industry. The thesis discusses the pricing of concerts; which people who is involved in the decisions concerning the pricing of concerts and their views on the subject. In addition, the thesis also contains other factors influencing the pricing of concerts. In conclusion, we find that there are two reasons explaining why concerts are not price discriminated more extensively. One is practical and involves the fact that some concert venue attributes does not allow price discrimination, since the crowd cannot be divided into different sections. The other reason is the fact that concert arrangement agencies are to comfortable to price discriminate, and that artists are unwilling to price discriminate for different reasons. Furthermore, the thesis’s results indicate that concerts will be price discriminated more extensively in the future.

The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the public music-making by locals in Holmsund 1850—1980, and to explain the great variety of musical forms in hope to thereby illuminate the importance of local music-making for the workers' musical taste, but also how workers' musical aesthetics were affected by a more general working-class culture. The variety of musical forms is explained according to John Blacking's distinction between change of musical system, and variation and innovation within a musical system. There are two major changes of the musical system. The first generations of workers in Holmsund were recruited from the surrounding countryside, and the main structure of their music-making seems to have remained unchanged. During the 1880s and 1890s there is an introduction of new elements which dominate the whole industrial epoch: brass instruments become the most highly valued instruments, and the thoroughly organized group playing. The new ideals of instrument sound are related to the new soundscape of the industrial society. Organized group playing is seen as homological with the social organization of industrial production, where the work of individuals in different departments is coordinated by a conductor/executive in power. During the decade of the 1960s the musical system is once more changed. Electronic technology changes the concepts of sounds and distribution forms, the influence of local music-making on public musical taste became marginal. Local music-making cannot therefore be said to reflect a workers' aesthetic, but should rather be interpreted as tendencies counteracting the professionalism and mediafication of modern society. These epochal models outline the basic structural frame of the musical system of each period and the role assigned to local music-making. At the same time there is a great variety of musical forms within each period. These variations are systematized as temporarily-used ways fo managing certain pairs of concepts, which are seen as oppositional or complementary. These pairs are: individual/collective, ideals of equality/professionalization, education/entertainment, continuity/innovation, culture/subculture, and male/female. Finally, the ways in which values and attitudes of the general working-class culture influence the local music scene are analyzed. Instead of the abstract ideals of composition, the usefulness of the music is stressed in popular aesthetics. The genius cult of art musics does not fit into popular music situations, where the will to work hard for the audience is valued instead. Ways of relating to the body form another distinction between bourgeois and worker culture. Popular music is much centred around dance music, which is also used in concert situations. What these values and attitudes have in common is that they are part of a popular aesthetic which the educated aesthetic uses as a negative reference point. / digitalisering@umu