Measurement-based behavioral electromagnetic interference (EMI) models have been shown earlier to accurately capture the EMI behavior of switched power converters. These models are compact, linear, and run in frequency domain, enabling faster and more stable simulations compared to the detailed lumped circuit models. So far, the behavioral EMI modeling techniques are developed and applied to the converter's input side only. The resulting models are therefore referred to as "terminated EMI models". Under the condition that the output side of the converter remains fixed, these models can predict the input side EMI for any change in the impedance of the input side network. However, any change at the output side would require re-extraction of the behavioral model. Thus the terminated EMI models are incapable of predicting the change in the input side EMI due to changes at the output side of the converter or vice versa. The above mentioned limitation has been overcome by an "un-terminated EMI model" proposed in this dissertation. Un-terminated EMI models are developed here to predict both the common-mode (CM) and the differential (DM) noise currents at the input and the output sides of a motor-drive system. The modeling procedure itself has been simplified and now requires fewer measurements and results in less noise in the identified model parameters. Both CM and DM models are then combined to predict the total noise in the motor drive system. All models are validated by experiments and their limitations identified. A significant portion of this dissertation is then devoted to the application of behavioral EMI models in the design of EMI filters. Comprehensive design procedures are developed for both DM and CM filters in a motor-drive system. The filters designed using the proposed methods are experimentally shown to satisfy the DO-160 conducted emissions standards. The dissertation ends with a summary of contributions, limitations, and some future research directions. / Ph. D.

The advent of wide-bandgap (WBG) devices like silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs has resulted in a paradigm shift toward high-density and high-efficiency integration of power electronics systems. This being the result of relatively high switching frequencies (>10 kHz) compared to conventional Si IGBT counterparts, which reportedly can minimize the size of passive components such as DC-link capacitors and line harmonic filters. Unfortunately, with faster switching speeds and high slew rates, the common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) conducted emissions interference (EMI) noise is worsened. The effects are manifested at the utility interface with grid-tied applications (three-phase rectifiers or back-to-back converters) in the form of high CM and DM emissions, total harmonic distortion (THD) and current harmonics. While at the motor end, long cable and bearing/leakage current effects are prevalent. As such, typically bulky passive filters are recommended to comply with industry regulations and allow safe and reliable system operation, which can be detrimental on the overall system power density. Hence, it is imperative to minimize the filter volume/weight contribution to fully utilize the benefits of WBG power converters. As an added feature, modular filter building block (FBB) configurations inspired by the building block nature of power electronics converters are needed to address scalability to higher power levels (through interleaving or paralleling) without the need for significant filter redesign. As such, for grid-tied applications (AC-DC converters), the interleaving of parallel converters adopted to achieve superior harmonic attenuation for grid-side currents at the expense of low harmonic filter volume. Therefore, interleaved converters are explored in Chapters 2 and 3. However, to block inter-channel circulation, additional use of coupled inductors (CI) can outweigh the benefits of interleaving. Therefore, modular FBB architectures with unique methods to handle circulating currents are proposed. At the same time, the FBB is designed to meet power quality and EMI limits for any given number of channels, up to the maximum number of channels, N, allowed at the point of common coupling (PCC). Consequently, a qualitative and quantitative comparison of FBB candidates is performed, and the indirectly coupled FBB using a secondary loop interconnection is proposed as a viable modular FBB candidate. Correspondingly, for DC-AC inverters, modular filters can be realized using a masked impedance and decoupling approach. The test case being a DC-fed motor drive for aircraft propulsion systems. Techniques, such as optimized parallel RC dampers to reduce the peak bearing current and CM/DM magnetic integration of a DC side filter with an embedded DC current sensor and embedded decoupling path with gate driver for high frequency commutation, are implemented to reduce the overall weight of the system. The challenges with low temperature rise margin due to high ambient temperature and low peak Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) are addressed. In addition, a novel pulse with modulation (PWM) scheme is proposed to further enhance the bandwidth of the proposed AC filter, specifically targeted to reduce the peak bearing current and improve the specific power and motor lifetime. A negative consequence of high-density filter integration is the impact of self and mutual parasitic couplings of filter sub-components on filter attenuation, which is studied on a back-to-back converter system (AC-AC). Simplified lumped models that are representative of the high frequency filter behavior are developed to desensitize the impact of individual filter sub-components. Thereafter, unique winding and placement techniques are proposed to compensate for the impact of self and mutual parasitic couplings on the noise spectrum. Overall, this work presents potential FBB topologies for varying modes of power conversion (AC-DC, DC-AC, and AC-AC), ultimately aimed at reducing the volume/weight of the system. Methods to minimize the passive component volume/weight from the point of view of topology, magnetic integration, and PWM techniques are discussed, while the implications of a high-density integration at high frequency is presented. Generalized practical design guidelines are formulated to aid in accurate high-density filter design for WBG converters. / Doctor of Philosophy / With the ever-increasing use of switching converters, either AC-DC, DC-AC, or DC-DC converters, electromagnetic interference issues can affect the overall system performance, which necessitates the use of filters. This is especially true with more and more point-of-load applications (parallel converters in charging stations, industries, and residential loads), distributed energy sources (solar power, wind power, and battery storage systems), and primary sources (power plants) being integrated together into a super grid. Similarly, transportation applications (electric vehicles, more-electric aircrafts) demand strict filtering requirements, due to the prime importance of reliability. Therefore, three-phase power quality and EMI filters are an integral part of any power conversion system, from low to high power applications. First, novel techniques to address the scalability and modularity of filters with parallel converters are considered (grid-tied application), where the benefits of interleaving and challenges in circulating current mitigation are addressed. The idea is simply to design one filter that can be used with any given number of converters running in parallel, which promotes rapid manufacturability to meet the ever-increasing demand. Thereafter a highly integrated and optimized filter structure is demonstrated for a traction inverter used in aerospace propulsion. Challenges pertaining to compact filter design are addressed, and new methods are proposed to overcome some of the critical issues that come with high-altitude operation, such as reliability, high temperature, and partial discharge-free operation. Lastly, the effect of non-idealities on filters that can lead to deteriorated performance is explored. As such, solutions to compensate for these effects are proposed and verified. Clearly, there is a need to optimize filters as well, minimizing their volume and weight contribution within a power converter. This aspect is considered throughout the work where design guidelines are proposed to optimize the given filter topology, filter parameter selection, and form factors for different applications, ranging from AC-DC converters to DC-AC traction motor drives.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards for an accredited test laboratory require that the measurement uncertainty of the measuring instruments be characterized. The CISPR 16-4 standard gives guidance to the magnitude of this uncertainty, but no method of characterization. This thesis describes a method to perform this characterization on a conducted emissions measurement system, taking advantage of full system analysis techniques to reduce the uncertainty to exceptionally low levels. In addition, a framework is introduced whereby uncertainty can decomposed into its constituent parts such that the laboratory operator can identify methods to improve the systems performance.

Avec l'électrification des moyens de transports, en particulier dans les applications avions et l’automobile, la consommation électrique est en pleine croissance. Cela conduit à de nouveaux problèmes dans la phase de conception. Même si le développement en électronique de puissance permet d’avoir une meilleure gestion d’énergie, avoir un meilleur rendement et avoir une réduction de prix, cela génère des niveaux d’interférences électromagnétiques élevées. L’intégration de l’étude de la CEM dès la phase de conception pourra aider à prédire le profil des émissions conduites avant de passer au prototypage et donc éviter de perdre du temps et du coût de conception.Dans ce contexte, nous avons mis en évidence le besoin de la modélisation de nos composants d’un point de vue CEM. Ces modèles doivent être valable dans une plage de fréquence définit par la norme CISPR 25 dédiée au secteur automobile. L’approche de la modélisation doit être applicable sur tous les types de composants utilisés dans ce domaine tout en étant indépendants des fournisseurs qui ne donnent pas toutes les caractéristiques des composants qu’ils vendent ni des logiciels commercialisés qui aident à fournir des modèles de nos composants. Les travaux effectués pourraient se diviser en plusieurs étapes : la modélisation des composants passifs, la modélisation des composants actifs, la modélisation du PCB et l’optimisation du routage. / With the electrification of the transportation means, especially in avionics and automotive applications, power consumption is growing. This leads to new problems in the design phase. Even though the development in power electronics allows for better energy management, better performance and lower prices, it generates high levels of electromagnetic interference. Integrating the EMC study early in the design phase can help predict the profile of emissions conducted prior to prototyping and thus avoid wasting time and cost of design. In this context, we have highlighted the need for modeling our components from an EMC point of view. These models must be valid in a frequency range defined by the CISPR 25 standard dedicated to the automotive sector. The modeling approach should be applicable to all types of components used in this area while being independent of suppliers that do not provide all the features of the components they sell, or commercial software that helps provide models of our components. The work could be divided into several stages: passive component modeling, active component modeling, PCB modeling and routing optimization.

Avec l’avancement technologique des circuits intégrés à travers la miniaturisation des tailles des transistors et leur multiplication au sein d’une même puce, l’intégration des circuits dans des systèmes embarqués complexes, principalement dans l’industrie aéronautique, spatiale et automobile, rencontre de plus en plus d’exigences en termes de respect des niveaux d’émission et d’immunité. De plus, étant donné que l’évolution des niveaux de Compatibilité Electromagnétique (CEM) des équipements électroniques doit respecter ces exigences à long terme, les marges définis par les industriels sont souvent surestimés et les systèmes de filtrages établis par les équipementiers peuvent être surdimensionnés. De ce fait, pour les circuits intégrés dédiés aux applications embarquées, il est nécessaire d’étudier les deux aspects qui concernent la modélisation CEM ainsi que la modélisation de la fiabilité. Ces dernières années, des standards ont été proposés et permettent la construction de modèles CEM prédictifs tel que ICEM-CE/RE (Integrated Circuit Emission Model for Conducted and Radiated Emission) et ICIM-CI (Integrated Circuit Immunity Model for Conducted Immunity). De plus, pour intégrer l’effet du vieillissement dans les modèles CEM, il faut étudier les principaux mécanismes de dégradation intrinsèques aux circuits intégrés qui accélèrent leur vieillissement tels que le HCI (Hot Carrier Injection), TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown), EM (Electromigration) et NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability). Des modèles standardisés sont utilisés dans les différents domaines industriels qui permettent la construction de modèle de fiabilité tels que le standard MIL-HDBK-217 et le standard FIDES. Cependant, ils ne permettent de prendre en compte qu’un seul mécanisme de dégradation à la fois. Ce manuscrit de thèse introduit ces aspects de modélisation CEM et de fiabilité. Il traite également la construction d’un modèle d’émission conduite d’un FPGA avec la proposition de nouvelle méthodologie de modélisation. Ensuite, l’étude de la fiabilité du FPGA est décrite à travers l’utilisation d’un nouveau modèle permettant la prise en compte des différents mécanismes de dégradations et a été combiné au modèle CEM pour la prédiction des niveaux d’émissions conduite à long terme. / With the technological evolution of integrated circuits (ICs) through the transistors scaling, which leads to the multiplication of the number of transistors within a chip, the requirements in terms of emission and immunity levels become more restrictive in the aeronautic, space and automotive industries. Moreover, since the evolution of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) levels of electronic equipment after aging must meet the EMC long-term requirements, the EMC margins defined by the manufacturers are often overestimated and the filtering systems designed by the equipment manufacturer could be oversized.Therefore, for the integrated circuits dedicated to embedded applications, it is necessary to study the different aspects of EMC modeling as well as the reliability the modeling. These last years, several standards have been proposed for the construction of predictive EMC models such as ICEM-CE/RE (Integrated Circuit Emission Model for Conducted and Radiated Emission) and ICIM-CI (Integrated Circuit Immunity Model for Conducted Immunity). On the other hand, to integrate the effect of aging in EMC models, it is important to study the main intrinsic degradation mechanisms that accelerate the aging of ICs, such as HCI (Hot Carrier Injection), TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown), EM (Electromigration) and NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability). For this purpose, there are existing models for the reliability prediction, such as the MIL-HDBK-217 standard and the FIDES standard. However, these models could take into account only the activation of one degradation mechanism. The combination of several degradation mechanisms could be critical for the IC performances and could contribute in the evolution of EMC level.This thesis introduces the different aspects of EMC and reliability modeling. This work deals with the construction of a conducted emission model of an FPGA and the proposition of new modeling methodologies. Furthermore, the reliability of the tested FPGA is described using a new predictive model, which takes into account the activation of the different degradation mechanisms. The reliability model has been combined with the EMC model for the long-term conducted emission level prediction.

Au cours de ces dernières décennies, les avionneurs n’ont cessé d’augmenter la puissance électrique embarquée à bord des avions. Cette intensification de l’usage de l’électricité, dans le but de rationaliser les énergies secondaires de l’avion (pneumatique, hydraulique, mécanique) constitue le fondement du concept de l’avion plus électrique. Une des contreparties de l’augmentation du nombre de charges électriques réside dans le fait qu’elles doivent fonctionner dans le même environnement électromagnétique, ce qui engendre des problèmes de compatibilité. Cette discipline a été traitée jusqu’à présent en fin de développement d’un système, avant l’étape de la certification et de l’intégration sur avion. La prise en compte de ces contraintes dès la phase de conception, via l’estimation des perturbations électromagnétiques conduites et rayonnées par simulation, peut permettre d’importants gains de temps et de coûts en réduisant les phases d’essais. La première étape de ce projet de recherche est la mise en place d’une approche de modélisation compatible avec les processus d’optimisation. Il est alors indispensable de prendre en compte l’ensemble des sous-systèmes qui composent la chaîne électromécanique, à savoir les RSILs, les câbles, le convertisseur et le moteur. L’approche de modélisation choisie est de type directe ; elle consiste à représenter la chaîne électromécanique dans la base de mode commun par des quadripôles. Ce modèle générique permet d’estimer les courants de mode commun directement dans le domaine fréquentiel en différents points du système. Par ailleurs, afin d’être compétitif vis-à-vis des autres vecteurs d’énergie présents sur avion, la densité de puissance des systèmes électriques doit être drastiquement augmentée. L’introduction des semi conducteurs grands gaps à base de Carbure de Silicium (SiC) permet de contribuer à l’augmentation de la densité de puissance des électroniques de puissance. Cependant, dans ces travaux de thèse, nous veillons à la non régression des performances au niveau système et notamment vis-à-vis de l’impact des émissions électromagnétiques conduites de mode commun. Une fois les modèles en émission établis, diverses solutions de filtrage sont étudiées : filtrage passif externe et interne. Une démarche d’optimisation multi-objectifs (masse, pertes) et multi contraintes (qualité réseau, stabilité, CEM, thermique, etc.) est proposée. Des études de sensibilité mettent en évidence les variables de conception ayant le plus d’impact sur les émissions conduites. Cette approche permet le dimensionnement optimal des composants de l’onduleur (module de puissance, dissipateur, filtres de mode commun et de mode différentiel, paramètres de la commande rapprochée). Les résultats obtenus grâce à l’algorithme génétique employé permettent de construire des courbes de tendance utiles pour l’aide au dimensionnement. / Over the last decades, aircraft manufacturers have not ceased to increase the electrical power on board aircrafts. This intensification of the use of electricity, in order to rationalize the secondary energies of the aircraft, lays the foundation for the concept of the More Electric Aircraft (MEA). One of the counterparts to increasing the number of the electrical loads is that they must operate in the same electromagnetic environment, which creates compatibility issues. This discipline has been treated so far at the end of the development of a system, before the stage of certification and aircraft integration. Taking into account these constraints from the design phase, via the estimationof conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances by simulation, significant time and costs savings could be achieved by reducing the test phases. The first step of this research project is the implementation of a modeling approach suitable with optimization processes. It is then essential to take into account all subsystems that form the electromechanical drive, namely the LISNs, the cables, the power converter and the electric motor. The modeling approach chosen is of the direct type; it consists of representing the electromechanical chain in the common mode base by two ports networks. This generic model allows us to estimate common mode currents directly in the frequency domain at different locations. Besides, one of the main challenges associated to MEA is thus to drastically increase the power density of electrical power systems, without compromising on reliability. The development of new Wide Bandgap (WBG) semiconductor technologies made of Silicon Carbide, can significantly increase efficiency, performance and power density of adjustable speed electrical power drive systems. Nevertheless, due to their higher switching speed and voltage overshoot, WBG semiconductors used in power converters of an electromechanical chain may have some drawbacks when it comes to ElectroMagnetic Interference. Understanding the switching behavior of WBG components is necessary in order to keep switching speed and overvoltage at a reasonable level. In this PhD thesis, we ensure that the introduction of this emerging technology does not lead to a regression of performance at system level. Once we establish the conducted emissions models, different filtering solutions have been used: external and internal passive filters. An optimization dedicated to the resolution of a multi-objectives problem (mass, losses) and multi-constraints (quality, stability, EMC, thermal, etc.) in order to minimize the mass of the converter is accomplished. Sensitivity studies led to the identification of the design variables which have the biggest impacts on conducted emissions. This tool allows the optimal sizing of the inverter’s components (power module, heat sink, common mode and differential mode filters, close control parameters). The results obtained thanks to the use of a genetic algorithm make it possible to develop trend curvesfor an inverter sizing.

Nos últimos 20 anos, o inversor de frequência PWM passou a ser largamente utilizado. Dentre as razões principais de sua ampla difusão, cita-se a introdução do IGBT que, devido à sua capacidade de comutação rápida, possibilitou a redução de perdas, tamanho e custo dos conversores, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiu o uso do motor de indução em aplicações que demandam alto desempenho dinâmico. Porém, esta mesma característica que trouxe tais benefícios, contribuiu para acentuar os efeitos relacionados a fenômenos eletromagnéticos, devido à rápida transição que produz sinais em alta frequência, responsáveis por tornar os sistemas de acionamentos potenciais fontes de interferência eletromagnética. Os principais fenômenos desta natureza são a tensão de onda refletida, associada a ruídos de modo diferencial, e a corrente de modo comum. De maneira geral, a corrente de modo comum tem maior potencial de contribuição para a emissão radiada que a de modo diferencial e, em sistemas de acionamento, constitui a principal fonte de interferência eletromagnética. Esta não é resultado apenas da rápida comutação dos IGBTs, mas, também, da configuração do sistema, que propicia o surgimento das tensões de modo comum. Este trabalho visa estudar alternativas que minimizem, naturalmente, estas tensões através de sua configuração, reduzindo-se a necessidade de novos componentes, como filtros passivos ou circuitos ativos. Ressalta-se, assim, que o primeiro passo consistiu-se na compreensão do problema de geração da tensão de modo comum. Visando atingir os propósitos anteriormente mencionados, foi idealizado um inversor, composto de duas pontes chaveando em oposição, chamado de duplo-trifásico. A partir de simulações, avaliou-se seu potencial e definiu-se sua implementação, a partir de dois inversores idênticos. Testou-se o protótipo contra um terceiro módulo de mesmo tipo, em iguais condições. A comparação dos resultados indicou que a configuração proposta pode ser eficiente no controle do ruído de modo comum, obtendo-se valores de redução de 86%. Nota-se que o comportamento observado via o protótipo, permite um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relativos à circulação da corrente de modo comum. Desta forma, à luz da pesquisa realizada, nota-se que, conceitualmente, a solução proposta se destaca das demais apresentadas na literatura pela sua exequibilidade e simplicidade. / Over the last 20 years, the PWM frequency inverter has become widely used. Among the main reasons for its widespread distribution is the introduction of the IGBT, due to its ability for fast switching allowing the reduction of losses, size and cost of the converters, and the use of the induction motor in applications that demand high dynamic performance. However, this same characteristic that brought such benefits, stressed the effects related to electromagnetic phenomena, due to the fast transition that produces high frequency signals, responsible for turning drive systems, potential sources of electromagnetic interference. The main phenomena of this nature are the reflected wave overvoltage, associated with differential mode noise, and the common mode current. In general, the common mode current has greater potential of contribution to the emission of radiated interference than the differential mode current and is the main source of electromagnetic interference in drive systems. The common mode current is not just the result of the fast transitions of IGBTs, but also of the system configuration, which produces common mode voltages. This work aims to study alternatives that minimize, naturally, those voltages through its configuration, reducing the need for additional components, such as passive filters or active circuits. It is pointed, that the first step consisted in the understanding of the problem of the common mode voltage generation. In order to address this objective, an inverter composed of two bridges, switching in opposition, called double-three-phase was designed. Its potential for noise mitigation, as well, its implementation, with two identical inverters was evaluated by simulations. The prototype was tested against a third module of the same type, under the same conditions. The comparison of the results indicated that the proposed configuration can be efficient in the common mode noise control, with 86% reduction. The behavior observed through the prototype allows a better understanding of the phenomena involving common mode current. Thus, in the light of the research, we note that, conceptually, the proposed solution stands out for its practicality and simplicity, from the others presented in the literature.

De l’avion plus électrique, en passant par l’hybridation de véhicules automobiles et jusqu’aux implants cardiaques d’assistance circulatoire, la compacité est devenue le graal de l’électrotechnique embarquée moderne. En effet, la densité de puissance des systèmes électromécaniques ne cesse de s’accroitre. Ainsi, pour répondre aux besoins de forte intégration, les convertisseurs en électronique de puissance trouvent un vecteur de développement dans l’augmentation de leur température et des fréquences de fonctionnement mais aussi dans la réduction des temps de commutation des interrupteurs, leur permettant de réduire leurs pertes thermiques et ainsi, de réduire leurs besoins en refroidissement. Les moteurs et générateurs électriques évoluent avec des topologies aussi diverses qu’innovantes pour répondre aux besoins d’intégration, robustesse et sureté de fonctionnement. Particulièrement, les bobinages des moteurs sont les premiers éléments sur le front de bataille. Au sein du bobinage s’effectuent les échanges entre moteur et convertisseur. L’augmentation des contraintes fréquentielles et transitoires sous forme de fronts de courant et tension issus des ensembles d’électronique de puissance constituent des défis en termes de compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) pour les systèmes embarqués. Le travail présenté ici est le fruit d’une étroite collaboration entre la société NOVATEM et le laboratoire Génie de Production de l’ENIT de Tarbes au travers d’un financement CIFRE, en association avec la plateforme Labceem de l’IUT de Tarbes. Il propose d’apporter des modèles prédictifs permettant de déterminer les conséquences de ces contraintes d’intégration dans les systèmes mécatroniques de puissance dès les premières étapes de leur conception. Les perturbations conduites dont la source HF est au sein des interrupteurs de puissance du convertisseur, sont façonnées par les impédances caractérisant le chemin de couplage dont le moteur fait partie intégrante. Ce travail vise à élaborer des méthodes et outils pour contribuer à l’étude prédictive de la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) des ensembles mécatroniques en essayant de couvrir une plage de fréquence allant de 0 à 300 MHz. Dans une première partie, un état de l’art est détaillé afin de délimiter le contexte et les frontières de l’étude. Puis, un deuxième chapitre porte sur la modélisation analytique de bobinages concentrés de moteurs électriques. Les modèles analytiques établis permettent de déterminer les paramètres de réseaux de circuits pour effectuer des simulations dans le domaine temporel et harmonique. Contrairement aux modèles comportementaux de moteurs répandus dans la littérature, les modèles ici synthétisés prennent en compte les paramètres physiques des bobinages. Ils donnent la possibilité à l’utilisateur de paramétrer les architectures de bobinages concentrés en changeant des paramètres tels que la géométrie des bobines, les matériaux d’isolation ou encore la perméabilité des culasses. Un troisième chapitre, détaille l’établissement d’une méthode rationnelle d’extraction numérique de paramètres fonctionnels et parasites des PCB multicouches de puissance. Cette méthode, de par la prise en compte de paramètres physiques, s’inscrit dans une logique générique et prédictive. Finalement, dans le dernier chapitre, les outils et méthodes précédemment établis sont appliqués à l’étude d’un système réel de motorisation de véhicule électrique développé par la société partenaire Novatem. Le caractère physique et prédictif de ces outils vise à permettre l’expérimentation virtuelle sur l’ensemble moteur-convertisseur sans la nécessité de prototypes. Ce dernier chapitre illustre l’intérêt d’une approche physique en modélisation pour la compatibilité électromagnétique de systèmes mécatroniques. / From the more electrically operated aircraft, to the hybridization of motor vehicles, all the way to electromechanic cardiac implants, compactness has become the holy grail of modern embedded electrical engineering. Indeed, the power-to-weight ratio demands for electromechanical systems has greatly increased. To meet these high integration needs, power electronic converters find a vector of development by increasing their temperature and operating frequencies but also by reducing the switching time of power switches, thus enabling them to reduce their power losses and thereby reducing their cooling requirements. Electric motors and generators operate with various innovative topologies that meet integration, robustness and reliability needs. Motor windings, particularly, are the first motor components on the battle front. It is at the heart of the winding that occur the exchanges between motor and converter. In terms of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for embedded systems, the increased frequency and transient stresses in the form of current and voltage edges from the power electronic assemblies are considered steep challenges. The work presented herein is the result of a close cooperation between the company Novatem and the laboratory Génie de Production of ENIT de Tarbes, through CIFRE funding, in combination with the Labceem platform of IUT of Tarbes. Its aim is to develop predictive models that will serve to determine the consequences of such integration constraints in power mechatronic systems that are in the early stages of design. Conducted disturbances whose HF source is located at the inverter power switches are shaped by the impedances characterizing the coupling path of which the electrical machine is an integral part. This work proposes to develop methods and tools to support the predictive study of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of mechatronic assemblies, by attempting to cover a modeling frequency range that goes from 0 to 300 MHz’s. In the first chapter of this work, a literature review is detailed for the definition of the context and boundaries of the study. A second chapter focuses on the analytical modeling of concentrated windings in electric motors. The analytical models that are established allow determination of circuit networks settings to perform time- and frequency- domain simulations. Unlike the widespread behavioral models of electrical machine in the literature, the models that are synthesized here take into account the physical parameters of the coils. The user of such models is offered the opportunity to account for the different winding architectures, by changing core parameters such as geometry, insulation materials or permeability. A third chapter describes the establishment of a rational method for extraction of functional and parasitic parameters in multilayer Power PCBs. This method being of a generic and predictive logic aims to account for physical parameters. Finally, in the last chapter, the previously established tools and methods are applied to the study of a real electric vehicle drive system developed by the company Novatem. The physical and predictive value of these tools allows for execution of virtual experimentations on the motorconverter assembly without the need for prototypes. This chapter illustrates the value of a physical approach to modeling the electromagnetic compatibility of mechatronic systems.

Nos últimos 20 anos, o inversor de frequência PWM passou a ser largamente utilizado. Dentre as razões principais de sua ampla difusão, cita-se a introdução do IGBT que, devido à sua capacidade de comutação rápida, possibilitou a redução de perdas, tamanho e custo dos conversores, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiu o uso do motor de indução em aplicações que demandam alto desempenho dinâmico. Porém, esta mesma característica que trouxe tais benefícios, contribuiu para acentuar os efeitos relacionados a fenômenos eletromagnéticos, devido à rápida transição que produz sinais em alta frequência, responsáveis por tornar os sistemas de acionamentos potenciais fontes de interferência eletromagnética. Os principais fenômenos desta natureza são a tensão de onda refletida, associada a ruídos de modo diferencial, e a corrente de modo comum. De maneira geral, a corrente de modo comum tem maior potencial de contribuição para a emissão radiada que a de modo diferencial e, em sistemas de acionamento, constitui a principal fonte de interferência eletromagnética. Esta não é resultado apenas da rápida comutação dos IGBTs, mas, também, da configuração do sistema, que propicia o surgimento das tensões de modo comum. Este trabalho visa estudar alternativas que minimizem, naturalmente, estas tensões através de sua configuração, reduzindo-se a necessidade de novos componentes, como filtros passivos ou circuitos ativos. Ressalta-se, assim, que o primeiro passo consistiu-se na compreensão do problema de geração da tensão de modo comum. Visando atingir os propósitos anteriormente mencionados, foi idealizado um inversor, composto de duas pontes chaveando em oposição, chamado de duplo-trifásico. A partir de simulações, avaliou-se seu potencial e definiu-se sua implementação, a partir de dois inversores idênticos. Testou-se o protótipo contra um terceiro módulo de mesmo tipo, em iguais condições. A comparação dos resultados indicou que a configuração proposta pode ser eficiente no controle do ruído de modo comum, obtendo-se valores de redução de 86%. Nota-se que o comportamento observado via o protótipo, permite um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relativos à circulação da corrente de modo comum. Desta forma, à luz da pesquisa realizada, nota-se que, conceitualmente, a solução proposta se destaca das demais apresentadas na literatura pela sua exequibilidade e simplicidade. / Over the last 20 years, the PWM frequency inverter has become widely used. Among the main reasons for its widespread distribution is the introduction of the IGBT, due to its ability for fast switching allowing the reduction of losses, size and cost of the converters, and the use of the induction motor in applications that demand high dynamic performance. However, this same characteristic that brought such benefits, stressed the effects related to electromagnetic phenomena, due to the fast transition that produces high frequency signals, responsible for turning drive systems, potential sources of electromagnetic interference. The main phenomena of this nature are the reflected wave overvoltage, associated with differential mode noise, and the common mode current. In general, the common mode current has greater potential of contribution to the emission of radiated interference than the differential mode current and is the main source of electromagnetic interference in drive systems. The common mode current is not just the result of the fast transitions of IGBTs, but also of the system configuration, which produces common mode voltages. This work aims to study alternatives that minimize, naturally, those voltages through its configuration, reducing the need for additional components, such as passive filters or active circuits. It is pointed, that the first step consisted in the understanding of the problem of the common mode voltage generation. In order to address this objective, an inverter composed of two bridges, switching in opposition, called double-three-phase was designed. Its potential for noise mitigation, as well, its implementation, with two identical inverters was evaluated by simulations. The prototype was tested against a third module of the same type, under the same conditions. The comparison of the results indicated that the proposed configuration can be efficient in the common mode noise control, with 86% reduction. The behavior observed through the prototype allows a better understanding of the phenomena involving common mode current. Thus, in the light of the research, we note that, conceptually, the proposed solution stands out for its practicality and simplicity, from the others presented in the literature.

Le développement de la technologie des semi-conducteurs dans les trente dernières années a augmenté le nombre des nouvelles applications dans lesquelles les dispositifs d’électronique de puissance sont utilisés. L'augmentation de la rapidité de commutation des transistors a permis que la conversion de puissance se produise de façon de plus en plus performante. Cet avantage apporte un nouveau challenge dans la phase de conception, lié à la Compatibilité Électromagnétique. En effet, les impulsions rapides de tension et courant dans les convertisseurs de puissance sont une source d’émissions électromagnétiques conduites indésirables. Des méthodologies de modélisation précises, qui prennent en compte une grande partie des effets parasites, ont été développées pour évaluer le niveau de ces émissions conduites. Lorsque ces méthodologies sont confrontées aux mesures, les résultats sont en concordance dans une large gamme de fréquence, elles peuvent donc être considérées comme des outils fiables de pronostic. Néanmoins, la plupart des paramètres du modèle d’un système électronique ne peuvent pas réellement être déterminés précisément : les conditions d’opération sont souvent mal connues (variations de température ou d'humidité) ; les paramètres caractéristiques des composants présentent une certaine dispersion de production ; des interférences externes sont imprévisibles. Dans ce contexte, il est intéressant de développer des méthodologies de modélisation qui soient capables de prendre en compte des incertitudes paramétriques. Dans cette thèse, deux méthodologies d’analyse d’incertitudes, adaptées aux convertisseurs de puissance, sont proposées. Les incertitudes paramétriques sont modélisées en utilisant des fonctions de densité de probabilité et l’objectif de l’analyse proposée est de déterminer les moments statistiques, la fonction de densité de probabilité ou la limite supérieure probabiliste des émissions conduites d’un convertisseur de puissance quelconque. Des techniques pour aborder les difficultés liées aux non-linéarités, au temps de simulation important et au nombre élevé de dimensions sont discutées. Les méthodologies proposées sont appliquées à des problèmes test et à des problèmes réels, et les résultats sont comparés aux méthodologies classiques. La précision des résultats des méthodologies proposées est similaire aux techniques classiques, mais le temps de calcul est considérablement réduit. Finalement, ce travail ouvre des possibilités de développements nouveaux pour l’analyse des incertitudes des systèmes non-linéaires et à grande échelle. / The development of semiconductor technology in the last decades has boosted numerous new applications in which power electronic devices have been employed. The fast switching of transistors has allowed power conversion to be performed with high efficiency. However, this improvement brought a new challenge in design: the Electromagnetic Compatibility. Both fast pulses of voltage and current, inside power converters, are a source of unwanted conducted electromagnetic emissions. High accurate modeling methodologies, which takes into account most of the parasitic phenomena, have been developed, in order to compute the level of conducted emissions of electronic devices. When these methods are confronted with measurement, they show good agreement in a large frequency range, and thus they are considered a trustful prediction tool for electronic systems design. Nevertheless, most of the parameters of the model of any electronic system, in reality, cannot be determined precisely, due to unknown operation conditions (i.e.: temperature or humidity variations), production dispersion of the components or unpredictable external interference. In this context, it is of great interest to develop modeling methodologies that are able to take into account parametric uncertainties. In this thesis, two methodologies for uncertainty analysis of power converters are proposed. In the first, namely Polynomials per Frequency, the parametric uncertainty is modeled using probability density functions and the objective of the proposed analysis is to determine the statistical moments, the probability density function or a probabilistic upper bound for the conducted emissions of an arbitrary power converter. In the second methodology, namely Adaptive Unscented Transform, techniques to tackle the difficulties of nonlinearity, long simulation time and high-dimensionality are discussed. The proposed methodologies are applied to benchmark and real-world problems and the results are confronted to classical approaches. The accuracy of the gotten results is similar to those obtained by classical methods, although the required computational time is significantly reduced. Finally, this work leaves many possibilities for further development in the field of uncertainty analysis of nonlinear and highdimensional systems. / O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de semicondutores nas últimas décadas proporcionou um aumento no número de novas aplicações, nas quais dispositivos de eletrônica de potência são empregados. A rápida comutação dos transistores permitiu que a conversão de potência seja realizada com alta eficiência. Entretanto, esse benefício trouxe um novo desafio na fase de projeto: a Compatibilidade Eletromagnética. Os rápidos pulsos de tensão e corrente dentro dos conversores de potência são uma fonte indesejada de emissões eletromagnéticas conduzidas. Metodologias de modelagem de alta precisão, que consideram grande parte dos efeitos parasitas, foram desenvolvidas para avaliar o nível de emissões conduzidas de dispositivos eletrônicos. Estas metodologias, quando comparadas às medições, apresentam boa concordância numa ampla faixa de frequência, e portanto elas são consideradas ferramentas de previsão confiáveis para projeto de sistemas eletrônicos. Não obstante, a maioria dos parâmetros do modelo de um sistema eletrônico, na realidade, não podem ser determinados precisamente, devido às condições de operação incertas (por exemplo, variação de temperatura ou umidade), à dispersão de produção dos componentes ou à interferência externa imprevisível. Neste contexto, existe um grande interesse em desenvolver metodologias de modelagem que sejam capazes de levar em consideração incertezas paramétricas. Nesta tese, duas metodologias de análise de incertezas para conversores de potência são propostas. Na primeira, denominada Polinômios por Frequência, as incertezas paramétricas são modeladas usando funções densidade de probabilidade e o objetivo da análise proposta é determinar os momentos estatísticos, a função densidade de probabilidade ou o limite superior probabilístico das emissões conduzidas de um conversor de potência arbitrário. Na segunda, denominada Transformada de Incerteza Adaptativa, técnicas para abordar as dificuldades de nãolinearidade, tempo de simulação longo e alto número de dimensões são discutidas. As metodologias propostas são aplicadas em problemas teste e problemas do mundo real e os resultados são confrontados com metodologias clássicas. A precisão dos resultados das metodologias propostas é similar às técnicas clássicas, embora o tempo computacional necessário é significantemente reduzido. Finalmente, este trabalho deixa em aberto várias possibilidades para desenvolvimento adicional no campo da análise de incertezas de sistemas não-lineares e de alta-dimensão. / Развитие полупроводниковых технологий в последние десятилетия привело к росту числа новых приложений, в которых использовались силовые электронные устройства. Быстрое переключение транзисторов позволило силовой конверсии осуществляться с большей эффективностью. Однако это улучшение привело к новым сложностям в дизайне: Электромагнитная совместимость. Быстрое напряжение и токовые импульсы в силовых преобразователях являются источником нежелательного электромагнитного излучения. Высокоточные моделирующие методы, которые ведут учет большинства этих паразитарных явлений, были развиты для вычисления уровня управляемых излучений электронных устройств. Когда эти методы сопоставляются с измерениями, они показывают хорошее согласование в широком диапазоне частот, и, следовательно, они считаются надежным инструментом выявления для проектирования электронных систем. Тем не менее, большинство параметров модели любой электронной системы, в действительности, не могут быть точно определены при неизвестных условиях эксплуатации (т.е. температуры или влажности), производстве дисперсиикомпонентов или непредсказуемых внешних помехах. В этом контексте, это представляет большой интерес для разработки методов моделирования, которые способны учитывать параметрическую неопределенность. В этой диссертации предложены два метода анализа неопределенности силовых преобразователей. Параметрическая неопределенность моделируется с помощью функции плотности вероятности и цель предлагаемого анализа заключается в определении статистических моментов, функции плотности вероятности или вероятностной верхней границы кондуктивного излучения произвольного преобразователя питания. Техники по преодолению трудностей нелинейности, долгого времени симуляции и высокой размерности рассмотрены. Предлагаемые методики применяются для проверки и решения реальных проблем и результаты сравнимы с классическими подходами. Точность результатов похожа на классические методы, хотя время, требуемое для вычисления, существенно снижается. Наконец, эта работа оставляет много возможностей для дальнейшего развития в области неопределенности анализа нелинейных, многомерных систем.