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Electrically Conductive Low Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterisation and ApplicationBocharova, Vera 16 December 2008 (has links)
Miniaturization has become a driving force in different areas of technology including microelectronics, sensoric- and bio-technologies and in fundamental science. Because of the well-known limitations of conventional lithographic methods, newly emerging bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of various nanoobjects including single polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes constitutes a very promising alternative for fabrication of ultimately small devices. Carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for nanotechnology and hold much promise to revolutionize fundamental science in a investigation of phenomena, associated with the nanometer–sized objects.It was found in this work that grafted chains of poly(2-vinylpyridine) form a shell covering the carbon nanotubes that makes them dispersible in organic solvents and in acidic water (CNTs-g-P2VP).The positively charged poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell is responsible for the selective deposition of carbon nanotubes onto oppositely charged surfaces. It was established that the deposition CNTs-g-P2VP from aqueous dispersions at low pH is an effective method to prepare ultra-thin films with a tunable density of carbon nanotubes.It was shown that poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted to carbon nanotubes is a universal support for the immobilization of various nanoclusters at the carbon nanotube's surface. Prussian Blue nanoparticles were selectively attached to the surface of CNTs-g-P2VP.Conducting polymer nanowires are another very promising kind of nanomaterials that could be also suitable for applications in nanodevices and nanosensors. In this work was developed a simple method to control the conformation and orientation of single adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules by co-deposition with octylamine. A simple chemical route to conductive polypyrrole nanowires by the grafting of polypyrrole from molecules of polystyrensulfonic acid was developed. The dc conductivity of individual polypyrrole nanowires approaches the conductivity of polypyrole in bulk.The conductivity can be described using variable-range hopping model.
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Microwave interaction in nonlinear metamaterialsLapine, Mikhail 22 September 2004 (has links)
This Thesis is devoted to theoretical investigation of the effective magnetic properties of nonlinear metamaterials, based on resonant conductive elements.A general expression for the effective bulk ermeability in the microwave frequency range is derived. Frequency dispersion of the permeability is studied and recommendations for optimisation of metamaterials with negative permeability are given. The results are supported with numerical simulation of the finite metamaterial sample.Next, a metamaterial possessing nonlinear magnetic responseowing to nonlinear electronic components, inserted into resonant conductive elements, is proposed. For the limit of low nonlinearity, the arising quadratic nonlinear susceptibility is calculated; it is shown how it is controlled by the properties and arrangement of the structure elements as well as by the type and characteristics of the insertion.For the insertions operating in essentially nonlinear regime, when a nonlinear magnetic susceptibility cannot be introduced, an approach is developed for analyzing three-wave coupling processes with a strong pump wave and two weak signals. Peculiarities of coupling, arising from use the insertions with variable resistance or variable capacitance are discussed. Estimates are given that extremely strong nonlinear coupling can be achieved using typical diodes reported in literature.Finally, it is demonstrated how the metamaterial band gap can be tuned, and the resulting metamaterial switching between transmitting, reflecting and absorbing states is described. The details appear to depend drastically on the type of nonlinear components inserted into the resonant conductive elements. Relying on practical estimates, it is predicted that the transmittance of a metamaterial slab can be modulated by several orders of magnitude already using a slab with thickness equal to one microwave wavelength in vacuum.
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Development of 3D Printing Multifunctional Materials for Structural Health MonitoringCole M Maynard (6622457) 11 August 2022 (has links)
<p>Multifunctional additive manufacturing has the immense potential of addressing present needs within structural health monitoring by enabling a new additive manufacturing paradigm that redefines what a sensor is, or what sensors should resemble. To achieve this, the properties of printed components must be precisely tailored to meet structure specific and application specific requirements. However due to the limited number of commercially available multifunctional filaments, this research investigates the in-house creation of adaptable piezoresistive multifunctional filaments and their potential within structural health monitoring applications based upon their characterized piezoresistive responses. To do so, a rigid polylactic acid based-filament and a flexible thermoplastic polyurethane based-filament were modified to impart piezoresistive properties using carbon nanofibers. The filaments were produced using different mixing techniques, nanoparticle concentrations, and optimally selected manufacturing parameters from a design of experiments approach. The resulting filaments exhibited consistent resistivity values which were found to be less variable under specific mixing techniques than commercially available multifunctional filaments. This improved consistency was found to be a key factor which held back currently available piezoresistive filaments from fulfilling needs within structural health monitoring. To demonstrate the ability to meet these needs, the piezoresistive responses of three dog-bone shaped sensor sizes were measured under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions for the optimally manufactured filaments. The characterized piezoresistive responses demonstrated high strain sensitivities under both tensile and compressive loads. These piezoresistive sensors demonstrated the greatest sensitivity in tension, where all three sensor sizes exhibited gauge factors over 30. Cyclic loading supported these results and further demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of the printed sensors within SHM applications.</p>
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Electric Road Systems : A feasibility study investigating a possible future of road transportation / Elektriska vägsystem : Genomförbarhetsstudie kring en möjlig framtid för vägstransportSingh, Archit January 2016 (has links)
The transportation sector is a vital part of today’s society and accounts for 20 % of our global total energy consumption. It is also one of the most greenhouse gas emission intensive sectors as almost 95 % of its energy originates from petroleum-based fuels. Due to the possible harmful nature of greenhouse gases, there is a need for a transition to more sustainable transportation alternatives. A possible alternative to the conventional petroleum-based road transportation is implementation of Electric Road Systems (ERS) in combination with electric vehicles (EVs). ERS are systems that enable dynamic power transfer to the EV's from the roads they are driving on. Consequently, by utilizing ERS in combination with EVs, both the cost and weight of the EV-batteries can be kept to a minimum and the requirement for stops for recharging can also be eliminated. This system further enables heavy vehicles to utilize battery solutions. There are currently in principal three proven ERS technologies, namely, conductive power transfer through overhead lines, conductive power transfer from rails in the road and inductive power transfer through the road. The aim of this report is to evaluate and compare the potential of a full-scale implementation of these ERS technologies on a global and local (Sweden) level from predominantly, an economic and environmental perspective. Furthermore, the thesis also aims to explore how an expansion of ERS might look like until the year 2050 in Sweden using different scenarios. To answer these questions two main models (global and Swedish perspective) with accompanying submodels were produced in Excel. The findings show that not all countries are viable for ERS from an economic standpoint, however, a large number of countries in the world do have good prospects for ERS implementation. Findings further indicated that small and/or developed countries are best suited for ERS implementation. From an economic and environmental perspective the conductive road was found to be the most attractive ERS technology followed by overhead conductive and inductive road ERS technologies. The expansion model developed demonstrates that a fast expansion and implementation of an ERS-based transportation sector is the best approach from an economical perspective where the conductive road technology results in largest cost savings until 2050. / Transportsektorn är en viktig del av dagens samhälle och står för 20% av den totala globala energiförbrukningen. Det är också en av de sektorer med mest växthusgasutsläpp, där nästan 95% av energin härstammar från petroleumbaserade bränslen. På grund av växthusgasers potentiellt skadliga karaktär finns det ett behov för en övergång till mer hållbara transportmedel. En möjlig alternativ till den konventionella petroleumbaserade vägtransporten är implementering av elektriska vägsystem (ERS) i kombination med elfordon. Elektriska vägsystem är system som möjliggör dynamisk kraftöverföring till fordon från vägarna de kör på. Sålunda kan man genom att använda ERS i kombination med elbilar, minimera både kostnaden och vikten av batterierna samt även minska eller eliminera antalet stopp för omladdningar. Dessutom möjliggör detta system att även tunga fordon kan använda sig av batterilösningar. Det finns för närvarande i princip tre beprövade ERS-tekniker, nämligen konduktiv kraftöverföring genom luftledningar, konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i vägen och induktiv kraftöverföring genom vägen. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera och jämföra potentialen för en fullskalig implementering av dessa ERS-teknik på en global och lokal (Sverige) nivå från, framförallt, ett ekonomiskt- och ekologiskt perspektiv. Rapporten syftar också till att undersöka, med hjälp av olika scenarier, hur en utbyggnad av ERS i Sverige skulle kunna se ut fram till år 2050. För att besvara dessa frågor producerades två huvudmodeller (global och lokal perspektiv) med kompletterande undermodeller i Excel. De erhållna resultaten visar att ERS inte är lönsamt ur ett ekonomisk perspektiv i precis alla de undersökta länder, dock har ett stort antal länder i världen visat sig ha goda förutsättningar för ERS. Vidare visar resultaten att små och/eller utvecklade länder är bäst lämpade för ERS. Ur ett ekonomiskt- och ekologiskt perspektiv har konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i väg tekniken visat sig vara den mest attraktiva, följt av konduktiv kraftöverföring genom luftledningar och induktiv kraftöverföring genom väg teknikerna. Expansionsmodellen som utvecklats visar att en snabb expansion och implementation av en ERS-baserad vägtransportsektor är det bästa alternativet, där tekniken för konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i väg ger de största kostnadsbesparingar fram till 2050.
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Conductive 2D Conjugated Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films: Synthesis and Functions for (Opto-)electronicsLiu, Jinxin, Chen, Yunxu, Feng, Xinliang, Dong, Renhao 30 May 2024 (has links)
Two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs), possessing extended π–d conjugated planar structure, are emerging as a unique class of electronic materials due to their intrinsic electrical conductivities. Taking advantage of the large-area flat surface, 2D c-MOF thin films allow facile device integration with sufficient electrode contact, high device stability, and high charge transport, thereby emerging as appealing active layers for a broad range of electronic applications. Synthesis and device investigation of thin films are of great importance for their further development, which are systematically summarized in the current review. Here, the authors firstly introduce the molecular structures of representative 2D c-MOFs and present the fundamental understanding on structure–property relationships. After that, the state-of-art synthetic methodologies toward high-quality 2D c-MOF thin films are summarized, including exfoliation and reassembly (ERA), liquid-interface-assisted synthesis (LIAS), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). By considering the advantages of 2D c-MOF films in device integration, remarkable progress in (opto-)electronic device applications are discussed, such as field-effect transistors (FETs), chemiresistive sensors, photodetectors, superconductors, and thermoelectrics. In the end, the remained challenges about the development of 2D c-MOF films for (opto-)electronics are highlighted and possible future directions are proposed to address these challenges.
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Élaboration et caractérisation des couches minces d'oxydes conducteurs transparents (TCO) pour les cellules solairesKoné, Klègayéré Emmanuel 15 January 2024 (has links)
[FR] Ce travail rapporte une investigation sur l’élaboration et la caractérisation de quelques oxydes
transparents conducteurs, en occurrence l’oxyde de zinc (ZnO), l’oxyde de titane (TiO2) et
l’oxyde de nickel (NiO). En revanche, une étude d’hétérojonction d’une couche de pérovskite
déposée sur une couche de ZnO a été faite. Le spin coating et le spray pyrolyse qui sont des
techniques simples et à faible coût ont été utilisées pour réaliser les différents dépôts. Les films
obtenus ont été caractérisés par la Diffraction des Rayons X (DRX), la spectroscopie UV-
Visible et la Microscopie Electronique à Balayage (MEB). En vue d’améliorer les propriétés de
des oxydes élaborés, plusieurs dépôts ont été effectués. Le premier dépôt a permis de comparer
leurs différentes propriétés. L’oxyde de zinc a présenté les meilleures propriétés par rapport aux
autres. Il a fait preuve d’une bonne transmittance supérieure à 80%, une bande interdite de plus
de 3,25 eV et une bonne cristallinité. Un dépôt a été effectué pour étudier l’influence de la
concentration de la solution de ZnO sur ses différentes propriétés. Il est ressorti de cette étude
que 0,5 M a donné les meilleurs résultats avec une transmittance de plus de 80% dans le visible
et une bande interdite de 3,25 eV. Pour le dépôt de l’étude de l’effet du nombre de couches sur
les différentes propriétés, quatre échantillons ont été produits (1 couche, 2 couches, 3 couches
et 4 couches). L’échantillon à 4 couches a présenté les plus bons résultats. En plus d’avoir une
transparence dans le visible de plus 70% et une bande interdite de 3,25 eV, il possède le plus
de grains. Les résultats du dopage de l’oxyde de zinc par l’alumine ont montré que ses propriétés
s’améliorent avec le dopage. Ainsi, l’échantillon dopé à 10% a donné de bons résultats
comparés aux autres. Sa transmittance est plus de 90% et sa bande interdite est de 3,41 eV. Pour
tous les dépôts, les résultats de la diffraction des rayons X ont révélé que l’oxyde de zinc
présente deux principaux pics caractéristiques correspondant aux plans cristallographiques
(002) et (101). Tous les films de ZnO produits sont polycristallins. Les résultats de l’UV-Visible
ont montré que les oxydes élaborés ont une transmittance autour de 80% et une large bande
interdite qui varie entre 3,20 eV et 3,41 eV. La perception des grains sur les images MEB a
confirmé la cristallinité des films. Les pics identifiés du film de TiO2 correspondent aux plans
(101) et (004), tous correspondant à la phase anatase tétragonale du TiO2. L'orientation
préférentielle des grains est la direction (101). L’analyse de la DRX de NiO a montré que le pic
indexé (111) à 37,636° correspond à la structure cubique des nanoparticules de NiO. Les dépôts
de pérovskite sur la couche de ZnO en hétérojonction a révélé une bonne adhésion entre les
deux couches. Ces dépôts ont permis d’étudier leurs stabilités et d’initier la fabrication d’une
cellule solaire. / [ES] En este trabajo se informa de una investigación sobre el desarrollo y la caracterización de una serie de óxidos conductores transparentes, a saber, óxido de zinc (ZnO), óxido de titanio (TiO2) y óxido de níquel (NiO). Por otra parte, se llevó a cabo un estudio de heterounión de una capa de perovskita depositada sobre una capa de ZnO. Para producir los distintos depósitos se utilizaron técnicas sencillas y de bajo coste, como el recubrimiento por centrifugación y el pirólisis por pulverización. Las películas obtenidas se caracterizaron por difracción de rayos X (DRX), espectroscopia UV-Visible y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Para mejorar las propiedades de los óxidos producidos, se realizaron varios depósitos. El primer depósito se utilizó para comparar sus diferentes propiedades. El óxido de zinc mostró las mejores propiedades en comparación con los demás. Mostró una buena transmitancia de más del 80%, una brecha de banda de más de 3,25 eV y una buena cristalinidad. Se llevó a cabo una deposición para estudiar la influencia de la concentración de la solución de ZnO en sus distintas propiedades. El estudio demostró que 0,5 M daba los mejores resultados, con una transmitancia superior al 80% en el visible y una separación de banda de 3,25 eV. Se fabricaron cuatro muestras (1 capa, 2 capas, 3 capas y 4 capas) para estudiar el efecto del número de capas en las distintas propiedades. La muestra de 4 capas dio los mejores resultados. Además de tener una transparencia visible superior al 70% y un bandgap de 3,25 eV, presentaba la mayor cantidad de granos. Los resultados del dopaje del óxido de zinc con alúmina mostraron que sus propiedades mejoraban con el dopaje. La muestra dopada al 10% dio buenos resultados en comparación con las demás. Su transmitancia era superior al 90% y su brecha de banda era de 3,41 eV. Para todos los depósitos, los resultados de difracción de rayos X revelaron que el óxido de zinc tiene dos picos característicos principales correspondientes a los planos cristalográficos (002) y (101). Todas las películas de ZnO producidas son policristalinas. Los resultados de UV-Visible mostraron que los óxidos producidos tienen una transmitancia de alrededor del 80% y una amplia banda de separación que varía entre 3,20 eV y 3,41 eV. La percepción de los granos en las imágenes SEM confirmó la cristalinidad de las películas. Los picos identificados en la película de TiO2 corresponden a los planos (101) y (004), todos ellos correspondientes a la fase anatasa tetragonal del TiO2. La orientación de grano preferida es en la dirección (101). El análisis XRD del NiO mostró que el pico indexado (111) a 37,636° corresponde a la estructura cúbica de las nanopartículas de NiO. Los depósitos de perovskita sobre la capa de heterounión de ZnO revelaron una buena adherencia entre ambas capas. Estos depósitos permitieron estudiar su estabilidad e iniciar la fabricación de una célula solar. / [CA] Aquest treball informa d'una investigació sobre l'elaboració i caracterització d'alguns òxids conductors transparents, concretament l'òxid de zinc (ZnO), l'òxid de titani (TiO2) i l'òxid de níquel (NiO). D'altra banda, es va fer un estudi d'heterounió d'una capa de perovskita dipositada sobre una capa de ZnO. Per produir els diferents dipòsits es van utilitzar el recobriment per centrifugació i l'esprai de piròlisi, que són tècniques senzilles i de baix cost. Les pel·lícules obtingudes es van caracteritzar per difracció de raigs X (XRD), espectroscòpia UV-Vis i microscòpia electrònica d'escaneig (SEM). Pero tal de millorar les propietats dels òxids elaborats, s'han realitzat diversos dipòsits. El primer dipòsit va permetre comparar les seves diferents propietats. L'òxid de zinc va mostrar les millors propietats en comparació amb els altres. Va a demostrar una bona transmitància superior al 80%, un interval de banda superior a 3,25 eV i una bona cristalinitat. Es va fer un dipòsit per estudiar la influència de la concentració de la solució de ZnO en les seves diferents propietats. D'aquest estudi es va comprovar que 0,5 M va donar els millors resultats amb una transmitància de més del 80% en el visible i un interval de banda de 3,25 eV. Per a la presentació de l'estudi de l'efecte del nombre de capes sobre les diferents propietats, es van produir quatre mostres (1 capa, 2 capes, 3 capes i 4 capes). La mostra de 4 capes va mostrar els millors resultats. A més de tenir una transparència en el visible de més del 70% i un interval de banda de 3,25 eV, és el que té més grans. Els resultats del dopatge d'òxid de zinc amb alúmina van a demostrar que les seves propietats milloren amb el dopatge. Així, la mostra augmentada al 10% va a donar bons resultats en comparació amb les altres. La seva transmitància és superior al 90% i el seu interval de banda és de 3,41 eV. Per a tots els dipòsits, els resultats de la difracció de raigs X van revelar que l'òxid de zinc presenta dos pics característics principals corresponents als plans cristal·logràfics (002) i (101). Totes les pel·lícules de ZnO produïdes són policristalines. Els resultats UV-Vis van mostrar que els òxids elaborats tenen una transmitància al voltant del 80% i una àmplia banda prohibida que varia entre 3,20 eV i 3,41 eV. La percepció dels grans a les imatges SEM va confirmar la cristalinitat de les pel·lícules. Els pics identificats de la pel·lícula de TiO2 corresponen als plans (101) i (004), tots corresponents a la fase anatasa tetragonal de TiO2. L'orientació preferida del gra és la direcció (101). L'anàlisi XRD de NiO va a mostrar que el pic indexat (111) a 37,636 ° correspon a l'estructura cúbica de les nanopartícules de NiO. Els dipòsits de perovskita a la capa de ZnO d'heterounió van revelar una bona adhesió entre les dues capes. Aquests dipòsits van permetre estudiar la seva estabilitat i iniciar la fabricació d'una cèl·lula solar. / [EN] This work reports on an investigation into the elaboration and characterisation of some of transparent conducting oxides, namely zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2) and nickel oxide (NiO). On the other hand, a heterojunction study of a perovskite layer deposited on a ZnO layer was carried out. Spin coating and spray pyrolysis, which are simple, low-cost techniques, were used to produce the various deposits. The films obtained were characterised by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In order to improve the properties of the oxides produced, several deposits were made. The first deposit was used to compare their different properties. Zinc oxide showed the best properties compared with the others. It showed good transmittance of over 80 %, a band gap of over 3.25 eV and good crystallinity. A deposition was carried out to study the influence of the concentration of the ZnO solution on its various properties. The study showed that 0.5 M gave the best results, with a transmittance of over 80 % in the visible and a band gap of 3.25 eV. Four samples were produced (1 layer, 2 layers, 3 layers and 4 layers) to study the effect of the number of layers on the different properties. The 4-layer sample gave the best results. As well as having a visible transparency of over 70 % and a band gap of 3.25 eV, it had the most grains. The results of doping zinc oxide with alumina showed that its properties improved with doping. The 10 % doped sample gave good results compared with the others. Its transmittance was over 90 % and its band gap was 3.41 eV. For all the deposits, the X-ray diffraction results revealed that the zinc oxide has two main characteristic peaks corresponding to the (002) and (101) crystallographic planes. All the ZnO films produced are polycrystalline. The UV-Visible results showed that the oxides produced have a transmittance of around 80 % and a wide band gap varying between 3.20 eV and 3.41 eV. The perception of the grains on the SEM images confirmed the crystallinity of the films. The peaks identified in the TiO2 film correspond to the (101) and (004) planes, all corresponding to the tetragonal anatase phase of TiO2. The preferred grain orientation is in the (101) direction. XRD analysis of NiO showed that the indexed peak (111) at 37.636° corresponds to the cubic structure of NiO nanoparticles. Deposits of perovskite on the heterojunction ZnO layer revealed good adhesion between the two layers. These deposits were used to study their stability and to initiate the manufacture of a solar cell. / Koné, KE. (2023). Élaboration et caractérisation des couches minces d'oxydes conducteurs transparents (TCO) pour les cellules solaires [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201922
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Ανάπτυξη παθητικών συστημάτων μελέτης ενδοκρανιακών θερμοκρασιακών μεταβολών και εγκεφαλικών διεργασιώνΚαραθανάσης, Κωνσταντίνος 20 October 2010 (has links)
Η ανίχνευση με τη χρήση μικροκυμάτων παίζει πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο στην
τεχνολογική εξέλιξη του κόσμου τα τελευταία 50 χρόνια. Από τα ραντάρ μέχρι τη
Μικροκυματική Ραδιομετρία, η ανίχνευση με τη χρήση μικροκυμάτων έχει
χρησιμοποιηθεί για έναν αυξανόμενο αριθμό εφαρμογών σε διάφορα επιστημονικά
πεδία, μεταξύ των οποίων η χαρτογράφηση του εδάφους, ο καθορισμός της υγρασίας
του εδάφους, η θερμογραφία και η ανίχνευση του καρκίνου του μαστού. Έτσι, οι
μικροκυματικοί αισθητήρες, διαθέτοντας την ικανότητα να διαπερνούν πολλά είδη
μέσων (πχ. σύννεφα, βιολογικοί ιστοί), έχουν μια σημαντική θέση ανάμεσα σε άλλες
τεχνικές μέτρησης.
Η Μικροκυματική Ραδιομετρία αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό τομέα της
επιστημονικής έρευνας και εφαρμογής της ανίχνευσης με τη χρήση μικροκυμάτων,
καθώς αποτελεί μια παθητική μέθοδο ανίχνευσης της φυσικά εκπεμπόμενης χαοτικής
θερμικής ακτινοβολίας από κάθε σώμα που βρίσκεται σε θερμοκρασία άνω του
απόλυτου μηδενός (-273 Κελσίου). Ένα μικροκυματικό ραδιόμετρο είναι η συσκευή
που χρησιμοποιείται για τη διεξαγωγή ραδιομετρικών μετρήσεων. Η ραδιομετρία έχει
αποτελέσει ένα σημαντικό τομέα έρευνας όχι μόνο για την αξιολόγηση της
ατμόσφαιρας και της επιφάνειας της γης, αλλά και για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση των
παθητικών μετρήσεων, με σημαντικές εφαρμογές ειδικά στον τομέα της βιοϊατρικής.
Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής μελετήθηκε σε θεωρητικό
και πειραματικό επίπεδο η βελτιστοποίηση των ιδιοτήτων ανίχνευσης ενός
Τρισδιάστατου Συστήματος Παθητικής Μικροκυματικής Ραδιομετρικής Απεικόνισης
για διαγνωστικές εφαρμογές εγκεφάλου. Η καινοτομία της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου
έγκειται στη χρήση μιας αγώγιμης ελλειψοειδούς κοιλότητας που δρα σαν
μορφοποιητής δέσμης, ώστε να επιτευχθεί μέγιστη συγκέντρωση και εστίαση της
ακτινοβολίας που εκπέμπει το φυσικό σώμα ενδιαφέροντος, σε συνδυασμό με
ευαίσθητους ραδιομετρικούς δέκτες και ομοιοκατευθυντικές κεραίες λήψης στο
φάσμα συχνοτήτων 1 – 4 GHz. Η μέτρηση πραγματοποιείται με την τοποθέτηση του
ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου στην περιοχή της πρώτης εστίας και τη λήψη της
ακτινοβολίας που συγκλίνει, μέσω ανάκλασης στα τοιχώματα του ελλειψοειδούς, στη
δεύτερη εστία. Εκεί είναι τοποθετημένη η κεραία λήψης που συνδέεται στον
ευαίσθητο ραδιομετρικό δέκτη.
VI
Με σκοπό τη βελτίωση των ιδιοτήτων εστίασης του συστήματος,
πραγματοποιήθηκε η μοντελοποίησή του και ακολούθησε εκτενής ηλεκτρομαγνητική
μελέτη για την ανάλυση της επίδρασης διατάξεων προσαρμογής από κατάλληλα
υλικά στο εσωτερικό της ελλειψοειδούς κοιλότητας. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν πως
με τη σωστή επιλογή των υλικών και των ιδιοτήτων τους, είναι δυνατό να επιτευχθεί
σημαντική βελτίωση του βάθους ανίχνευσης του κατωφλίου ανίχνευσης
θερμοκρασίας και της χωρικής διακριτικής ικανότητας του συστήματος.
Τα πειράματα με ομοιώματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν, επαληθεύουν τις
βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας του συστήματος καθώς επίσης και την ευεργετική
επίδραση των διατάξεων προσαρμογής στις ιδιότητες εστίασής του, που μελετήθηκαν
θεωρητικά στο πρώτο στάδιο της έρευνας,. Τέλος, οι πειραματικές διαδικασίες, που
σχεδιάστηκαν με βάση πιθανές κλινικές εφαρμογές του συστήματος, δείχνουν ότι έχει
βασικά χαρακτηριστικά και ιδιότητες ώστε να αποτελέσει στο μέλλον κλινικό,
διαγνωστικό εργαλείο. / Microwave sensing has played an increasingly significant role in the world’s
technological advances over the past 50 years. From radar to radiometry, microwave
sensing has been used for a large number of applications, including ground mapping,
soil moisture determination, thermography, and breast cancer detection. With the
ability to safely penetrate many kinds of media (e.g., clouds or biological specimens),
microwave sensors find a significant place among other modalities of measurement.
Microwave radiometry is an important scientific research and application area
of microwave sensing because it provides a passive sensing technique for detecting
naturally emitted chaotic thermal radiation by any material object being above the
absolute zero temperature (-273 Celsius). A microwave radiometer is the device used
to conduct radiometric measurements. While radiometry has been a significant
research field for atmospheric and earth surface evaluations, it lends itself to further
exploration of passive measurements, with significant applications especially in the
biomedical field.
In the framework of the present PhD Thesis, a theoretical and experimental
optimization study of the sensing capabilities of a Three Dimensional Passive
Microwave Radiometry Imaging System for brain diagnostic applications was
performed. The novelty of the proposed methodology consists in the use of a
conductive ellipsoidal cavity acting as a beamformer to achieve maximum peak of
radiation pattern in order to measure the intensity of the microwave energy, radiated
by the medium of interest, by using sensitive microwave radiometers and relevant non
– contacting antennas within the range of 1 – 4 GHz. The measurement is realized by
placing the human brain in the region of the first focus and collecting the radiation
converged at the second focus by a receiving antenna connected to the
sensitive radiometer.
Towards the improvement of the system’s focusing properties, extended
electromagnetic analysis was performed in order to validate the impact of matching
configurations made from appropriate materials, located inside the ellipsoidal cavity.
The results show that with the appropriate choice of materials and careful assessment
of their properties, it is possible to significantly improve the system’s detection depth,
temperature detection level and spatial sensitivity.
VIII
The experimental procedures that were performed verify the proof of concept
and confirm the beneficial impact of matching configurations on the system’s
focusing properties, which was theoretically studied in the first part of the research.
Finally, the experimental set used in the study, related to possible clinical
applications, produced promising results regarding the potential perspective of the
system to serve as a future clinical diagnostic tool.
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単一電子トラップ直視技術の開発とそれを用いた極薄ゲート絶縁膜の劣化機構の解明近藤, 博基, 安田, 幸夫, 財満, 鎭明, 酒井, 朗, 池田, 浩也 04 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:13305005 研究代表者:近藤 博基 研究期間:2001-2004年度
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Použití keramik v kladné aktivní hmotě olověných akumulátorů / The use of ceramics in the positive active mass of lead-acid batteriesBureš, Michal January 2015 (has links)
Premature loss of capacity, mode of partial charge, additives, negative electrode, lead acid battery, lead-acid battery cycling, hybrid electric vehicle, traction battery, ebonex, titanium dioxide
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