This work describes the synthesis pathways to the development of optically and thermally responsive nanovalves with fast response times in nanoporous membranes. As an approach, we developed synthesis pathways to couple a thermally responsive polymer with metallic nanoparticles and build a nanocomposite that synergizes the capability of metallic nanoparticles to convert light into heat, and the fast thermal response exhibited by the polymeric material. In addition, we developed a technique to immobilize the synthesized nanocomposite to the surface of nanoporous membranes, which allowed building valves with light and heat triggering responses. This dissertation describes two syntheses pathways developed to produce optically and thermally responsive nanocomposites by coupling metallic nanoparticles, gold and silver, with a thermally responsive polymer, p-N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAM). The coupling is achieved by using PNIPAM as a capping and nucleating agent in the in situ redox reaction of a silver salt with sodium borohydride, and using PNIPAM as a capping and stabilizing agent in the redox reaction of a gold salt with ascorbic acid. The size and shape of the nanoparticles were controlled and the synthesized nanocomposites exhibit “cocoon-like” structures due to the PNIPAM surrounding the metal nanoparticles, giving the capability to aggregate and resolubilize, through many thermal (shown for gold and silver nanocomposites) and optical (shown by exposing to 532 nm wavelength low-power lasers) cycles. The steady state and dynamic heat conduction of the heat generated from the particles was modeled and the results agreed with the observed optical switching at our experimental conditions. Finally, a method to incorporate nanocomposites into nanoporous membranes (NPM) was developed. It involved prior immobilization of PNIPAM through plasma-induced grafting, followed by a reduction in situ of a metallic salt. The composite NPMs showed thermal responses and through simulation of heat conduction within the pores using the model developed in this work we were able to conclude that the synthesized composite membranes will exhibit optical switching when exposed to focused low power lasers. The nanovalves developed in this work have potential applications as optothermally responsive valves for the spatio-temporal delivery of bioactive agents, cell array, and advanced cell culture systems. / text

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the convictions about choral conducting is held and applied by Caro Carapetyan which may have contributed to his superior choral work. The primary source of information was a series of personal interviews with Carapetyan. The report was organized into five sections. The first part supplied background material. Subjects covered in the report include philosophy, the relationship between conductor and singers the conductor's knowledge of music history and literature, rehearsal planning, conducting technique the selection of singers, choral tone, blend and balance, diction, intonation, rhythm, and dynamics. Each of the chapters in Parts II, III and IV includes a summary and some comparisons with other choral music sources. The fifth part is a summary of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations. Recommendations for choral conductors and future researchers are included.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR « PROCOM » du programme Matériaux et Procédés dont le coordinateur est EADS IW. Elle a eu pour objectif la mise en place et le développement d’un procédé industrialisable consistant en la fabrication de renforts fibreux pour les composites de haute performance. Elle intègre des nouveaux concepts à nano/micro-échelles et un traitement de surface par voie électrochimique. Les travaux de cette thèse présentent la synthèse d’un polymère conducteur électronique, le polypyrrole, par voie électrochimique, effectuée à la surface de renforts hybrides qui sont des fibres de carbone greffées de nanotubes de carbone (NTCs). Dans un premier temps il s’agit d’optimiser la synthèse du polymère et d’observer l’influence des différents paramètres liés à l’électrochimie sur le taux de dopage et l’épaisseur du film polymère. Les paramètres étudiés étant le potentiel appliqué, le temps de polymérisation, la nature de l’électrolyte et le dopant. Puis il s’agit d’évaluer l’influence du dépôt de polymère sur trois paramètres très importants. Ces paramètres sont la conductivité électrique, les propriétés mécaniques et l’accrochage des NTCs à la surface de la fibre de carbone. Les propriétés électriques sont importantes car ces composites seront utilisés pour le fuselage d’aéronefs qui doivent pouvoir dissiper le courant en cas de foudre. Les bonnes propriétés électriques intrinsèques des NTCs ainsi que l’utilisation d’un polymère conducteur ont permis d’améliorer les propriétés conductrices du renfort. Le polymère joue également le rôle d’interface entre le renfort qui est la fibre hybride et la matrice dans le but d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques du matériau final. Cependant pour améliorer l’interface différents pré-traitements ont été effectués, tels qu’un traitement thermique, une fonctionnalisation de surface par plasma et le greffage d’une couche d’accroche. Enfin, le polymère joue un rôle protecteur au niveau de la dissémination des NTCs dans l’atmosphère afin d’éviter tout risque sanitaire. Dans un deuxième temps, un système permettant l’électropolymérisation des fibres hybrides en continu a été mis au point en vue de la réalisation d’un procédé pilote par les partenaires industriels du projet. / This thesis is part of the ANR project “PROCOM” from the Mat&Pro program whose coordinator is EADS IW. The aim of the project is the development of a process likely to be scaled up industrially to produce fibrous reinforcements for high performance composites. The project incorporates new concepts in nano / micro-scale and an electrochemical surface treatment. This PhD work presents the synthesis of an electronically conductive polymer (polypyrrole) by an electrochemical route, on the surface of hybrid reinforcements which are carbon fibers grafted by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). At first, the polymer synthesis has been optimized and the influence of different electrochemical parameters on the doping level and the thickness of the polymer layer was investigated. The parameters studied were the applied potential, the polymerization time, the nature of the electrolyte and the dopant. Then, the influence of polymer deposition on three very important parameters was considered. These parameters are the electrical conductivity, the mechanical properties and the adhesion of CNTs on the surface of the carbon fibers. The electrical properties are important because these composites are intended to be used for the fuselage of aircraft that must be able to dissipate the current from lightning. Good intrinsic electrical properties of CNTs and the use of a conductive polymer have improved the conductive properties of reinforcements. The polymer, which is at the interface between the reinforcing hybrid fibers and the matrix, is expected to improve the mechanical properties of the final material. However, to improve this interface different pre-treatments were carried out, such as heat treatment, plasma surface functionalization and incorporation of a grafting layer. Finally, the polymer plays a protective role in the dissemination of CNTs in the atmosphere in order to avoid any health risk. In a second step, a system for the electropolymerization of hybrid fibers in continuous was implemented with the aim of developing an industrially scalable process.

M.Tech. (Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology. / Complexes of alkyldithiocarbamate and thiuram have been extensively explored for various applications in the medical field. Thiuram and dithiocarbamate ligands were used to prepared complexes of cobalt and copper. The high abundance of sulfur in these ligands has resulted to be the preferred complexes for the synthesis of metal sulfide nanoparticles. All the prepared complexes were characterized using techniques such as IR and 1HNMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. All the spectra data obtained were consistent with the coordination of the ligands through sulfur atom to the metal ion. The thermogravimetric analysis of all complexes decomposed to form metal sulfide, which really confirmed that all the complexes could be used to metal sulfide nanoparticles. All the prepared complexes were used to synthesize MxSy nanoparticles. The metal sulfide nanoparticles were successful prepared by thermal decomposition of the single-source precursor in hexadecylamine solution. The reaction parameter such as the concentration (1.0, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 g), reaction temperature (80, 130, 200, 250 °C) and the time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) of the reactionwere varied to see their effect on the preparation of the nanoparticles. The prepared metal sulfide nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as UV spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The concentration was found to have a profound effect in size and shape of the prepared nanoparticles. The nanoparticles prepared at various concentrations were dominated by sphere with an average size of 2-30 nm. The XRD pattern confirmed that the composition is not affected by the temperature. Thetemperature has a dramatic effect in size, shape and the stoichiometry of the reaction. This was confirmed by an increase in size as the temperature was increased, with the exception of cobalt sulfide nanoparticles that decrease in size while temperature was increase. The XRD pattern showed different composition as the temperature was varied. Time of the reaction was found to affect the particles size of the nanoparticle. The sizes of the nanoparticles were increase as the time of the reaction was prolonged.

While mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) show promise in a number of different device structures, their successful application has been inhibited by difficulties with characterization. The simultaneous influence of both ionic and electronic systems often foils attempts to quantify material parameters important for rational device design. In many cases, even general models of MIEC function can prove uncertain or controversial. This dissertation addresses the broader issue of ambiguity in MIEC characterization by exploring near-infrared absorbance as a method of gaining further insight into these systems. In combination with a traditional suite of techniques, this method enables determination of parameters not otherwise accessible. The determination of a concentration-dependant carrier mobility in an MIEC material will be demonstrated, and MIEC conduction in the unipolar regime will be broadly described as a system of electrochemically-supported charge injection. This model will be subsequently expanded to describe an unusual and previously unreported phenomenon of rectification when MIECs are interfaced with otherwise appropriate semiconducting contacts. A model labeled as extracting-electrode space-charge limited current will be described and experimentally demonstrated. Finally, the unique photovoltaic properties of an ionic heterojunction system comprising two MIECs will be examined. The results will be used to gain insight into the role of ionic asymmetry in the behavior of MIEC interfaces. This dissertation contains coauthored, previously published, and unpublished work.

Samuel Sensiper. / Based on the author's (Sc. D.) thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1951.

These days, organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) have received a large interest from both academic and industrial researchers as alternative energy source to replace petroleum and nuclear fission. New organic semi-conductors (OSC) are actively researched since these materials can be purified and processed by solution techniques that are cheaper than those required for silicon. The current record efficiency is 8.3%. Further improvement of the OPV performances is desired in order to decrease both the pay-back time of the device and the price of the energy produced. On that purpose, academic research is focused on two main axes: (i) develop new organic materials characterized by high charge mobilities for both p-type (holes) and n-type (electrons) semi-conduction and (ii) increase as much as possible the contact surface between both p-type and n-type OSC (p-n junction), where the electric charges are created. In the frame of this PhD thesis, we proposed to investigate this second aspect by building the interface at a nanoscopic scale, creating a molecular heterojunction. Liquid crystalline (LC) materials composed of donor-acceptor dyads were chosen as OSC since they can lead to complex supramolecular structures made of two interpenetrated networks: the first one is related to the donor and provides holes transport, while the second one is related to the acceptor and affords electrons conduction. In this context, we decided to synthesize new donor-acceptor molecules composed of a phthalocyanine (donor) covalently connected to a fullerene (acceptor) through a non-conjugated bridge and to investigate their supramolecular assembly in solution and solid state. This specific molecular structure was inspired from a mesogenic phthalocyanine developed earlier in our laboratory and the very popular fullerene derivative referred to as PCBM. Four dyads with different bridge lengths were prepared via multi-step synthesis. Two key steps are: (i) the formation of low-symmetry A3B phthalocyanines bearing three mesogenic substituents and one hydroxyl-terminated chain and (ii) the esterification of these phthalocyanines with the carboxylic acid homologue of PCBM. In solution, no electron transfer from the phthalocyanine to the fullerene is evidenced in the ground state. On the contrary fluorescence quenching indicates that a photo-induced charge transfer takes place. Also, cyclic voltammetry measurements confirmed that both phthalocyanine and fullerene moieties act as independent -systems in the ground state. Strong self-aggregation in solution was demonstrated as well by combined use of 1H NMR and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopies. Impact of concentration and temperature on the level of aggregation was studied. Finally, supramolecular organization in the solid state was investigated for pure dyads and in blends. All four dyads produced amorphous phases, mainly due to the important steric hindrance created by the bulky fullerenes in the columnar mesophase of phthalocyanines. On the contrary, mesomorphism was observed in binary blends with two different mesogenic phthalocyanines. We showed that three parameters can be used to tune the supramolecular organization of dyads: (i) the chemical structure of the phthalocyanine used for the blend, (ii) the composition of the blend and (iii) the eventual application of a thermal annealing to the material. Supramolecular organization of the fullerenes in a regular lattice could not be demonstrated./Actuellement, les panneaux solaires à base de matériaux organiques sont pressentis pour devenir dans un futur proche une source d’énergie alternative au pétrole et à la fission nucléaire et constituent dès lors un pole de recherche important dans les domaines académiques et industriels. Une part importante de la recherche se concentre sur le développement de nouveau matériaux semi-conducteurs organiques. Ces derniers présentent l’avantage de pouvoir être purifiés et mis en œuvre plus aisément au départ d’une solution, contrairement au silicium. Le record d’efficacité actuel pour les cellules solaires organiques est de 8.3%. Toutefois, afin de diminuer le prix de l’électricité ainsi produite de même que le coût de revient du dispositif photovoltaïque, il est souhaitable d’en améliorer encore l’efficacité. Dans cette optique, la recherche académique se concentre principalement sur deux axes : (i) développer de nouveaux semi-conducteurs organiques caractérisés par une mobilité de charges élevée tant pour le transport de trous que celui des électrons et (ii) augmenter au maximum la surface de contact entre les deux matériaux semi-conducteurs (jonction p-n), lieu où sont produites les charges électriques. Dans le cadre de travail, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier ce second aspect en essayant de construire cette interface à une échelle nanoscopique : la jonction moléculaire. Le système choisi consiste en des diades donneur-accepteur pour lesquelles la formation de phases cristal-liquide est souhaitée. En effet, ce type de phases peut mener à des structures supramoléculaires complexes correspondant à deux réseaux imbriqués distincts imbriqués : le premier formé par les unités donneuses assure le transport de trous, tandis que le second, formé par les unités accepteuses, permet le transport d’électrons. Dans ce contexte, nous avons décidé de synthétiser de nouvelles diades incluant une phtalocyanine (donneur) connectée à un fullerène (accepteur) par un pont covalent non-conjugué. La deuxième partie du travail concerne l’étude de leurs propriétés tant en solution qu’à l’état solide. Cette structure moléculaire particulière se compose d’une moitié PCBM, un dérivé bien connu du fullerène, et d’une phtalocyanine précédemment étudiée au sein de notre laboratoire et formant des phases cristal liquide d’autre part. Quatre diades comportant des ponts covalents de longueur différente ont été synthétisées par le biais d’une synthèse multi-étapes. Deux étapes-clés de la synthèse sont : (i) la formation de phthalocyanines de type A3B substituées par trois groupes mésogènes et un quatrième portant une fonction alcool libre et (ii) l’estérification de ces phthalocyanines à l’aide de l’homologue acide carboxylique du PCBM. En solution, aucun transfert de charge spontané à l’état fondamental n’a pu être mis en évidence. Au contraire, le quenching de fluorescence observé pour la phthalocyanine indique qu’un transfert d’électron photo-induit de la phthalocyanine vers le fullerène a lieu. D’autre part, les études de voltammétrie cyclique on confirmé que les deux systèmes électroniques de la phthalocyanine et du fullerène sont indépendants à l’état fondamental. L’utilisation combinée des spectroscopies d’absorption UV-Visible et de RMN 1H ont permis de mettre en évidence la forte tendance des diades à s’agréger en solution. L’impact de la température et de la concentration ont dès lors été étudiés. Finalement, l’organisation supramoléculaire des diades à l’état solide a été étudiée à la fois en tant que matériaux purs mais également au sein de mélanges. Les quatre diades produisent des phases amorphes, principalement dû à l’encombrement stérique important généré par les fullerènes au sein de la phase colonne des phthalocyanines. Au contraire, la formation de mésophases colonne a été observée dans le cas de mélanges avec deux phthalocyanines mésogènes. Aucun arrangement régulier des fullerènes sur un réseau défini. Nous avons donc pu illustrer l’impact de trois paramètres sur les propriétés thermotropes des mélanges : (i) la structure chimique de la phthalocyanine utilisée pour réaliser le mélange, (ii) la composition du mélange et (iii) l’application ou non d’un recuit thermique sur l’échantillon.

Making a robust carbon nanotube-based conductor as a replacement of copper in electricity grids can initiate a paradigm shift in energy transmission. This dissertation identifies four fundamental factors for making carbon nanotube-based conductors as functionalization, dispersion, concentration and processing. These four factors are discussed in detail by studying four separate systems: nanotube/epoxy composites, nanotube/porous medium density polyethylene (MDPE) composites, nanotube/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites and pure nanotube cables. In nanotube/epoxy composites, homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes and a strong interface between nanotubes and epoxy matrix were simultaneously achieved through the development of a novel nanotube functionalization. While the degree of functionalization was high, the process was non-destructive to the mechanical properties of the nanotubes. In addition, the functional groups constructed covalent bonds with the epoxy matrix and also made dispersing the nanotubes much easier. As a result, the composites reinforced by the functionalized nanotubes had better mechanical properties than the samples reinforced by the raw nanotubes. In nanotube/porous MDPE composites, the degree of nanotube dispersion reached a level of 1 micron for nanotube agglomerate size within the matrix. This successful dispersion was primarily attributed to creating the porous MDPE. The pore size was tuned to be as small as 1 micron so that the sub-micron long HiPco nanotubes could easily penetrate into the matrix. The nanotube/porous MDPE composites obtained enhancement both in mechanical strength and electrical conductivity compared to the control samples. In nanotube/HDPE composites, the nanotube conducting networks were studied. Conductivity of the composites with the loading ratio at the percolation threshold was not sufficiently high for conductor applications. Nanotube/HDPE composite wires with higher loading ratios up to 40 wt% were prepared. Key factors for improving the formation of the conducting networks were identified. Through optimization in processing, maximum conductivity of ∼10 3 S/m was achieved. Pure nanotube cables were prepared by a solid spinning procedure, which showed the potential to make macroscopic cables of various length and thickness. The pure nanotube cables circumvented the bottleneck in improving conductivity for composite systems, in which polymer in-between the nanotubes caused high contact resistance. The pure nanotube cables reached conductivity as high as ∼10 6 S/m. Through iodine doping, conductivity further was enhanced so that the specific conductivity of the doped cables exceeded that of metals such as copper. As a result of applying the knowledge learned from study of the four fundamental factors, a macroscopic carbon-nanotube cable was created. It reached an unprecedented conductivity as high as ∼10 7 S/m. Mechanically it was more robust than steel, but with 1/6 the weight. This advanced nanotube-based conductor can have a wide spectrum of applications such as transmission lines and low dimensional connecting wires.

The typical high school choral director of today is expected to know a great deal about the various types of music that exist as well as the appropriate techniques to create those genres in such a way that their student’s performances are realistic and stylistically accurate. What most undergraduate students are taught in pursuit of a choral music education degree misses the mark in that the show choir genre is nearly ignored throughout the curriculum. Yet, the nation’s new teachers are expected to strike out into the world of teaching and often find themselves in very large, competitive programs with the show choir at the very center. This study begins by identifying a number of questions that a first year teacher with no show choir directing experiences might ask, identifying the “how and why” of the daunting task of creating an artistic product in this new American modern choral genre. These questions also served as a guide to formulate a profile of the ideal show choir director. Then utilizing the established profile of the ideal show choir director, several experts – those who have an established reputation for a high level of success – were interviewed and their responses were documented, studied, and organized into categories that correspond with those found in the profile of the ideal show choir director. The correlation of these elements provided an in-­‐depth look into the processes of these successful directors that have proven to be effective over the course of many years, giving the reader a revealing look into how to build a program from the beginning, and to see it through to the end with ultimate success. As young teachers attempt to create musical experiences that are appealing to their students, they often find themselves competing with an idea that singing in choir should be like what can be seen on television in shows such as GLEE or American Idol, and other similar programs. While this is not an entirely real reflection of what choral music education is about, there is some truth to what is shown, and to a degree, what can be done. The focus of this project is to provide our new teachers a knowledge base to draw from that can assist them in their own development toward becoming a truly well balanced musician and educator. This project can assist these young teachers in developing into those who have knowledge of the show choir art form, and know how to teach the various techniques necessary to engage students and keep them interested in singing choral music. / Access to dissertation permanently restricted to Ball State community only / School of Music