These days, organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) have received a large interest from both academic and industrial researchers as alternative energy source to replace petroleum and nuclear fission. New organic semi-conductors (OSC) are actively researched since these materials can be purified and processed by solution techniques that are cheaper than those required for silicon. The current record efficiency is 8.3%. Further improvement of the OPV performances is desired in order to decrease both the pay-back time of the device and the price of the energy produced. On that purpose, academic research is focused on two main axes: (i) develop new organic materials characterized by high charge mobilities for both p-type (holes) and n-type (electrons) semi-conduction and (ii) increase as much as possible the contact surface between both p-type and n-type OSC (p-n junction), where the electric charges are created. In the frame of this PhD thesis, we proposed to investigate this second aspect by building the interface at a nanoscopic scale, creating a molecular heterojunction. Liquid crystalline (LC) materials composed of donor-acceptor dyads were chosen as OSC since they can lead to complex supramolecular structures made of two interpenetrated networks: the first one is related to the donor and provides holes transport, while the second one is related to the acceptor and affords electrons conduction. In this context, we decided to synthesize new donor-acceptor molecules composed of a phthalocyanine (donor) covalently connected to a fullerene (acceptor) through a non-conjugated bridge and to investigate their supramolecular assembly in solution and solid state. This specific molecular structure was inspired from a mesogenic phthalocyanine developed earlier in our laboratory and the very popular fullerene derivative referred to as PCBM. Four dyads with different bridge lengths were prepared via multi-step synthesis. Two key steps are: (i) the formation of low-symmetry A3B phthalocyanines bearing three mesogenic substituents and one hydroxyl-terminated chain and (ii) the esterification of these phthalocyanines with the carboxylic acid homologue of PCBM. In solution, no electron transfer from the phthalocyanine to the fullerene is evidenced in the ground state. On the contrary fluorescence quenching indicates that a photo-induced charge transfer takes place. Also, cyclic voltammetry measurements confirmed that both phthalocyanine and fullerene moieties act as independent -systems in the ground state. Strong self-aggregation in solution was demonstrated as well by combined use of 1H NMR and UV-Visible absorption spectroscopies. Impact of concentration and temperature on the level of aggregation was studied. Finally, supramolecular organization in the solid state was investigated for pure dyads and in blends. All four dyads produced amorphous phases, mainly due to the important steric hindrance created by the bulky fullerenes in the columnar mesophase of phthalocyanines. On the contrary, mesomorphism was observed in binary blends with two different mesogenic phthalocyanines. We showed that three parameters can be used to tune the supramolecular organization of dyads: (i) the chemical structure of the phthalocyanine used for the blend, (ii) the composition of the blend and (iii) the eventual application of a thermal annealing to the material. Supramolecular organization of the fullerenes in a regular lattice could not be demonstrated./Actuellement, les panneaux solaires à base de matériaux organiques sont pressentis pour devenir dans un futur proche une source d’énergie alternative au pétrole et à la fission nucléaire et constituent dès lors un pole de recherche important dans les domaines académiques et industriels. Une part importante de la recherche se concentre sur le développement de nouveau matériaux semi-conducteurs organiques. Ces derniers présentent l’avantage de pouvoir être purifiés et mis en œuvre plus aisément au départ d’une solution, contrairement au silicium. Le record d’efficacité actuel pour les cellules solaires organiques est de 8.3%. Toutefois, afin de diminuer le prix de l’électricité ainsi produite de même que le coût de revient du dispositif photovoltaïque, il est souhaitable d’en améliorer encore l’efficacité. Dans cette optique, la recherche académique se concentre principalement sur deux axes : (i) développer de nouveaux semi-conducteurs organiques caractérisés par une mobilité de charges élevée tant pour le transport de trous que celui des électrons et (ii) augmenter au maximum la surface de contact entre les deux matériaux semi-conducteurs (jonction p-n), lieu où sont produites les charges électriques. Dans le cadre de travail, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier ce second aspect en essayant de construire cette interface à une échelle nanoscopique : la jonction moléculaire. Le système choisi consiste en des diades donneur-accepteur pour lesquelles la formation de phases cristal-liquide est souhaitée. En effet, ce type de phases peut mener à des structures supramoléculaires complexes correspondant à deux réseaux imbriqués distincts imbriqués : le premier formé par les unités donneuses assure le transport de trous, tandis que le second, formé par les unités accepteuses, permet le transport d’électrons. Dans ce contexte, nous avons décidé de synthétiser de nouvelles diades incluant une phtalocyanine (donneur) connectée à un fullerène (accepteur) par un pont covalent non-conjugué. La deuxième partie du travail concerne l’étude de leurs propriétés tant en solution qu’à l’état solide. Cette structure moléculaire particulière se compose d’une moitié PCBM, un dérivé bien connu du fullerène, et d’une phtalocyanine précédemment étudiée au sein de notre laboratoire et formant des phases cristal liquide d’autre part. Quatre diades comportant des ponts covalents de longueur différente ont été synthétisées par le biais d’une synthèse multi-étapes. Deux étapes-clés de la synthèse sont : (i) la formation de phthalocyanines de type A3B substituées par trois groupes mésogènes et un quatrième portant une fonction alcool libre et (ii) l’estérification de ces phthalocyanines à l’aide de l’homologue acide carboxylique du PCBM. En solution, aucun transfert de charge spontané à l’état fondamental n’a pu être mis en évidence. Au contraire, le quenching de fluorescence observé pour la phthalocyanine indique qu’un transfert d’électron photo-induit de la phthalocyanine vers le fullerène a lieu. D’autre part, les études de voltammétrie cyclique on confirmé que les deux systèmes électroniques de la phthalocyanine et du fullerène sont indépendants à l’état fondamental. L’utilisation combinée des spectroscopies d’absorption UV-Visible et de RMN 1H ont permis de mettre en évidence la forte tendance des diades à s’agréger en solution. L’impact de la température et de la concentration ont dès lors été étudiés. Finalement, l’organisation supramoléculaire des diades à l’état solide a été étudiée à la fois en tant que matériaux purs mais également au sein de mélanges. Les quatre diades produisent des phases amorphes, principalement dû à l’encombrement stérique important généré par les fullerènes au sein de la phase colonne des phthalocyanines. Au contraire, la formation de mésophases colonne a été observée dans le cas de mélanges avec deux phthalocyanines mésogènes. Aucun arrangement régulier des fullerènes sur un réseau défini. Nous avons donc pu illustrer l’impact de trois paramètres sur les propriétés thermotropes des mélanges : (i) la structure chimique de la phthalocyanine utilisée pour réaliser le mélange, (ii) la composition du mélange et (iii) l’application ou non d’un recuit thermique sur l’échantillon.

Since their discovery, organic electronic materials have been of great interest as an alternative active layer material for active area materials in electronic applications. Initially studied as probes or lasing material the field has progressed to the point where both conjugated polymers and small organics have become fashionable objects of current device oriented solid state research. Organic electronic materials are liquid crystalline materials, packing into well-ordered domains when annealed thermally or via solvent annealing. The macromolecular orientation of the molecules in the solid state causes a shift in the electronic properties due to coupling of the dipoles. The amount of interaction between molecules can be correlated to different nanoscale morphologies. Such morphologies can be measured using microscopy techniques and compared to the spectroscopic results. This can then be extrapolated out to infer how the charges move within a film. Cyanine dyes represent an interesting form class of dyes as the molecular packing is strongly affected by hydrophilic and hydrophobic pendent groups, which cause the dye to arrange into a tubular bilayer. Spectroelectrochemistry is used to monitor and controllably oxidize the samples. Using singular value decomposition (SVD) it is possible to extract each electronic species formed during electrochemical oxidation and model the proposed species using semi empirical quantum mechanical calculations. Polyfluorene is a blue luminescent polymer of interest for its high quantum yield. The solution and solid-state conformation has shown two distinct phases. The formation of the secondary phase shows a dependence on the molecular weight. In a poor solvent, as the molecular weight increases, the secondary phase forms easier. In the solid state, the highly efficient blue emission from polyfluorene is degraded by ketone defects. The energy transfer to preexisting ketone defects is increased as the filmed is thermally ordered. Glass transitions of block copolymers are studied using synthetically novel polymers where an environmentally sensitive fluorescent reporter is placed within various regions of a self-assembled film. Different dynamics are observed within the block of the film then specifically at the interface of two blocks. / text

These days, organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) have received a large interest from both academic and industrial researchers as alternative energy source to replace petroleum and nuclear fission. New organic semi-conductors (OSC) are actively researched since these materials can be purified and processed by solution techniques that are cheaper than those required for silicon. The current record efficiency is 8.3%. Further improvement of the OPV performances is desired in order to decrease both the pay-back time of the device and the price of the energy produced. On that purpose, academic research is focused on two main axes: (i) develop new organic materials characterized by high charge mobilities for both p-type (holes) and n-type (electrons) semi-conduction and (ii) increase as much as possible the contact surface between both p-type and n-type OSC (p-n junction), where the electric charges are created. <p>In the frame of this PhD thesis, we proposed to investigate this second aspect by building the interface at a nanoscopic scale, creating a molecular heterojunction. Liquid crystalline (LC) materials composed of donor-acceptor dyads were chosen as OSC since they can lead to complex supramolecular structures made of two interpenetrated networks: the first one is related to the donor and provides holes transport, while the second one is related to the acceptor and affords electrons conduction. In this context, we decided to synthesize new donor-acceptor molecules composed of a phthalocyanine (donor) covalently connected to a fullerene (acceptor) through a non-conjugated bridge and to investigate their supramolecular assembly in solution and solid state. This specific molecular structure was inspired from a mesogenic phthalocyanine developed earlier in our laboratory and the very popular fullerene derivative referred to as PCBM. <p>Four dyads with different bridge lengths were prepared via multi-step synthesis. Two key steps are: (i) the formation of low-symmetry A3B phthalocyanines bearing three mesogenic substituents and one hydroxyl-terminated chain and (ii) the esterification of these phthalocyanines with the carboxylic acid homologue of PCBM.<p>In solution, no electron transfer from the phthalocyanine to the fullerene is evidenced in the ground state. On the contrary fluorescence quenching indicates that a photo-induced charge transfer takes place. Also, cyclic voltammetry measurements confirmed that both phthalocyanine and fullerene moieties act as independent & / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce manuscrit décrit la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouvelles molécules incluant un cœur organophosphoré, le phosphole. Certaines de ces molécules ont été utilisées pour la fabrication de dispositifs OLEDs ou de cellules photovoltaïques organiques. Le premier chapitre fait un état de l'art de la chimie du phosphole dans le domaine des matériaux organiques entre 2010 et 2013. Le second chapitre décrit la synthèse et l'étude physico-chimique de molécules qui permettent de moduler l'angle de torsion dans les systèmes π conjugués pour faire varier les propriétés optiques et rédox. Une de ces molécules a permis la fabrication d'une diode blanche organique. Le troisième chapitre de ce manuscrit présente une structure tridimensionnelle intéressante, le 1,1-biphosphole. En plus de posséder une structure tridimensionnelle, ces structures présentent un mode de conjugaison original, la conjugaison σ-π, qui permet de réduire l'écart HO-BV de nos systèmes. Une de ces molécules a permis la fabrication de la première cellule photovoltaïque organique avec un dérivé du phosphole inséré dans la couche active. Dans une deuxième partie, ce chapitre traite également de la réactivité originale du 1,1'-biphosphole qui permet de fonctionnaliser l'atome de phosphore par une simple substitution nucléophile, permettant d'insérer une grande variété de substituants pour moduler les propriétés des molécules. Pour finir, ce manuscrit présente un quatrième chapitre qui implique le phosphole comme unité coordinante afin de réaliser des nouveaux complexes qui permettent de réaliser une ortho-métallation par activation C-H. De nouveaux complexes ortho-métallés d'Ir(III) et de Rh(III) ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. / This thesis describes the synthesis and the characterization of new molecules including an organophosphorous unit, the phosphole ring. Some molecules have been used to build devices like organic light emitting diodes or organic photovoltaic cells.The first chapter describes the state of the art of the phosphole chemistry in organic materials between 2010 and 2013. The second chapter describes molecules having a tuneable twist angle allowing a fine control of the properties of the molecules like the HOMO-LUMO gap. One of those molecules has been used to build a white organic light emitting diode. The third chapter of this thesis presents an interesting three dimensional structure, the 1,1'-biphosphole. Beside this three dimensional structure, the molecules possess an original conjugation mode, the σ-π conjugation which allows a decrease of the HOMO-LUMO gap. One molecule from this chapter was used as absorber in organic photovoltaic cell. In the second part of this chapter, the 1,1'-biphosphole structure shows an interesting reactivity toward nucleophilic attack in order to functionalize the phosphorus center. This reactivity has been used to make new molecules and offer the opportunity to attach a wide range of substituents to the phosphorus atom in order to tune the properties of the molecules. The fourth chapter deals with the coordination chemistry of the phosphole in order to realize new ortho-metalated complexes. New Ir(III) and Rh(III) complexes have been synthesized and characterized.