"In this PhD dissertation, we propose distributed adaptation mechanisms for connected vehicles to deal with the connectivity challenges. To understand the system behavior of the solutions for connected vehicles, we first need to characterize the operational environment. Therefore, we devised a large scale fading model for various link types, including point-to-point vehicular communications and multi-hop connected vehicles. We explored two small scale fading models to define the characteristics of multi-hop connected vehicles. Taking our research into multi-hop connected vehicles one step further, we propose selective information relaying to avoid message congestion due to redundant messages received by the relay vehicle. Results show that the proposed mechanism reduces messaging load by up to 75% without sacrificing environmental awareness. Once we define the channel characteristics, we propose a distributed congestion control algorithm to solve the messaging overhead on the channels as the next research interest of this dissertation. We propose a combined transmit power and message rate adaptation for connected vehicles. The proposed algorithm increases the environmental awareness and achieves the application requirements by considering highly dynamic network characteristics. Both power and rate adaptation mechanisms are performed jointly to avoid one result affecting the other negatively. Results prove that the proposed algorithm can increase awareness by 20% while keeping the channel load and interference at almost the same level as well as improve the average message rate by 18%. As the last step of this dissertation, distributed cooperative dynamic spectrum access technique is proposed to solve the channel overhead and the limited resources issues. The adaptive energy detection threshold, which is used to decide whether the channel is busy, is optimized in this work by using a computationally efficient numerical approach. Each vehicle evaluates the available channels by voting on the information received from one-hop neighbors. An interdisciplinary approach referred to as entropy-based weighting is used for defining the neighbor credibility. Once the vehicle accesses the channel, we propose a decision mechanism for channel switching that is inspired by the optimal flower selection process employed by bumblebees foraging. Experimental results show that by using the proposed distributed cooperative spectrum sensing mechanism, spectrum detection error converges to zero."

Connectivity has been introduced to the car industry and currently Volvo, amongother automobile companies, currently has cars which are connected to the internetand can share data with external devices or services. However, these connected carsoften face issues with connectivity which is a concern for user quality of experience(QoE). One such issue is the difficulty of knowing how the connection changes over timeand if there are issues with said connectivity. In this work, use of different machinelearning techniques on charged data record (CDR) data is described to forecast thedefined key performance indicators (KPIs) derived from the CDR data. Additionally,use of unsupervised machine learning techniques to detect anomalies in the KPIs isinvestigated. The results show that in case of forecasting models, performance of Longshort term memory (LSTM) model surpasses other models.In case of unsupervisedmachine learning techniques like clustering methods, the performance of K-Means++model is found to be mediocre when evaluated using confusion matrix. / <p>Online</p>

Neste trabalho pretende-se identificar qual é a importância dada e como são feitos os estudos com usuários nas etapas de planejamento e desenvolvimento de dispositivos informacionais disponíveis dentro dos automóveis e como a área da Ciência da Informação, protagonistas nos estudos de necessidades, busca e uso de informação pelos indivíduos nos mais diferentes suportes de tecnologia de informação e comunicação, é relacionada ou pode ser agregada aos projetos. Dentro do guarda-chuva da Internet das Coisas, as fabricantes de automóveis e empresas de tecnologia vivem uma corrida intensa para oferecer mais conteúdos e aplicações que centralizem mais e novas funcionalidades. O carro já está se transformando em um espaço de interação, um lugar comum do usuário onde ele consegue aproximar e integrar suas tecnologias pessoais. Inúmeros trabalhos tentam identificar inovações e soluções, uma das reuniões bem sólidas que tenta avaliar o contexto do usuário dentro das interfaces veiculares, são as Conferências AutomotiveUI, Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. Entretanto, após ser feito um mapeamento nos artigos publicados, percebeu-se que apenas 50% contavam com estudos com usuários, sendo que destes, a grande maioria possuia uma visão extremamente orientada às tarefas e sistemas. Ao contrário do que ressalta a Ciência da Informação, os participantes das pesquisas apresentavam um papel meramente espectador e estatístico, sendo estruturados dentro de diversos exercícios de simulação de condução e análises estatísticas. Entender os contextos, perspectivas, necessidades, interações, emoções, aspectos cognitivos e situacionais, são essenciais para identificar como uma pessoa interage com um sistema ou como desempenha atividade rotineiras e soluciona seus questionamentos. A dúvidia que aparece é até quando o foco continuará nos objetos e quando termos como Internet das Coisas passarão a ser reconhecidos como Internet dos Indivíduos. A aproximação entre as áreas é dada como recomendação visando a maior satisfação, conforto e segurança de todos os envolvidos nessa corrida por um quebra-cabeça tecnológico. / This work intend to identify the importance given to the study with users and how they are done during the planning and development stages of information devices in-car and how the Information Science area, protagonists in the study of needs, search and use of information in the most diverse media of information and communication technology, is related or can be added to the projects. Within the umbrella of Internet of Things, car manufacturers and technology companies are in an intense race to offer more content and applications. The car is already turning into a space of interaction, a common place where the users can approach and integrate their personal technologies. Numerous papers try to identify innovations and solutions, one of the most solid meetings that tries to assess the user context within the vehicular interfaces, are the Conferences AutomotiveUI, Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. However, after a mapping of the published articles, it was noticed that only 50% had studies with users, and the majority of them had a vision extremely oriented to tasks and systems. Contrary to what is emphasized in Information Science, the research participants presented a merely spectator and statistical role, being structured in several exercises of drive simulation and statistical analyzes. Understanding the contexts, perspectives, needs, interactions, emotions, cognitive and situational aspects are essential to identify how a person interacts with a system, performs routine activity and solves questions. The doubt that appears is until when the focus will continue on the objects and when term as Internet of Things will be recognized as Internet of the Individuals. The areas approximation is given as a recommendation for the highest satisfaction, comfort and safety of all those involved in this race for a technological puzzle.

Neste trabalho pretende-se identificar qual é a importância dada e como são feitos os estudos com usuários nas etapas de planejamento e desenvolvimento de dispositivos informacionais disponíveis dentro dos automóveis e como a área da Ciência da Informação, protagonistas nos estudos de necessidades, busca e uso de informação pelos indivíduos nos mais diferentes suportes de tecnologia de informação e comunicação, é relacionada ou pode ser agregada aos projetos. Dentro do guarda-chuva da Internet das Coisas, as fabricantes de automóveis e empresas de tecnologia vivem uma corrida intensa para oferecer mais conteúdos e aplicações que centralizem mais e novas funcionalidades. O carro já está se transformando em um espaço de interação, um lugar comum do usuário onde ele consegue aproximar e integrar suas tecnologias pessoais. Inúmeros trabalhos tentam identificar inovações e soluções, uma das reuniões bem sólidas que tenta avaliar o contexto do usuário dentro das interfaces veiculares, são as Conferências AutomotiveUI, Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. Entretanto, após ser feito um mapeamento nos artigos publicados, percebeu-se que apenas 50% contavam com estudos com usuários, sendo que destes, a grande maioria possuia uma visão extremamente orientada às tarefas e sistemas. Ao contrário do que ressalta a Ciência da Informação, os participantes das pesquisas apresentavam um papel meramente espectador e estatístico, sendo estruturados dentro de diversos exercícios de simulação de condução e análises estatísticas. Entender os contextos, perspectivas, necessidades, interações, emoções, aspectos cognitivos e situacionais, são essenciais para identificar como uma pessoa interage com um sistema ou como desempenha atividade rotineiras e soluciona seus questionamentos. A dúvidia que aparece é até quando o foco continuará nos objetos e quando termos como Internet das Coisas passarão a ser reconhecidos como Internet dos Indivíduos. A aproximação entre as áreas é dada como recomendação visando a maior satisfação, conforto e segurança de todos os envolvidos nessa corrida por um quebra-cabeça tecnológico. / This work intend to identify the importance given to the study with users and how they are done during the planning and development stages of information devices in-car and how the Information Science area, protagonists in the study of needs, search and use of information in the most diverse media of information and communication technology, is related or can be added to the projects. Within the umbrella of Internet of Things, car manufacturers and technology companies are in an intense race to offer more content and applications. The car is already turning into a space of interaction, a common place where the users can approach and integrate their personal technologies. Numerous papers try to identify innovations and solutions, one of the most solid meetings that tries to assess the user context within the vehicular interfaces, are the Conferences AutomotiveUI, Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. However, after a mapping of the published articles, it was noticed that only 50% had studies with users, and the majority of them had a vision extremely oriented to tasks and systems. Contrary to what is emphasized in Information Science, the research participants presented a merely spectator and statistical role, being structured in several exercises of drive simulation and statistical analyzes. Understanding the contexts, perspectives, needs, interactions, emotions, cognitive and situational aspects are essential to identify how a person interacts with a system, performs routine activity and solves questions. The doubt that appears is until when the focus will continue on the objects and when term as Internet of Things will be recognized as Internet of the Individuals. The areas approximation is given as a recommendation for the highest satisfaction, comfort and safety of all those involved in this race for a technological puzzle.

Cette thèse propose que les entreprises puissent être maîtres de leur politique de connexion, en se basant sur des objectifs métier et en utilisant la connaissance interne qu’elles ont de leurs usagers et de tâches, et qu’elles les transmettent vers les opérateurs réseau. L’eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) proposé permet aux organisations de différencier les activités professionnelles et non-professionnelles engendrées par les usagers BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) et ainsi de mettre en œuvre des politiques de décision pour les ressources, les niveaux de priorité et même le choix du réseau d’accès. En étendant un moteur context‐aware pour évaluer le contexte de risque lié aux requêtes de connectivité, l’entreprise doit pouvoir déterminer les actions relatives aux requêtes de services à haut risque tout en prenant en compte l’impact métier. La solution proposée utilise des extensions des standards 3GPP pour permettre à l’entreprise d’agir comme un MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) ou un Sponsor de service data. Ainsi, la proposition de la fonctionnalité ‘Defer‐Back’ facilite le transfert d’utilisations personnelles vers l’opérateur de réseau, et ce, en accord avec les souhaits des utilisateurs. Les profils de contexte sont évalués suivant un modèle Business et Risque. Ce modèle calcule les valeurs des attributs de Crédibilité des sources, qui sont estimées en fonction de leur caractéristiques comme la confiance (fiabilité, stabilité des données) , la précision (gestion des erreurs) et la précision (résolution et proximité). Les politiques enterprise sont appliquées via un système de priorité multi‐niveau adaptable, combinant ainsi observations et préférences. Un nouvel algorithme (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) est proposé pour définir et agréger une ‘évidence’. Il augmente proportionnellement les attributs concordants et diminue les attributs non‐concordants. Cedar satisfait un grand de besoins et surperforme les méthodes traditionnelles, en particulier en ce qui concerne sa prise en compte de l’incertitude et des conflits. La solution multi‐facette proposée eCAPS donne lieu à un grand nombre d’applications, dont quatre sont décrites dans la thèse. De plus, l’étude de cas présentée ‘MNVO Automotive’ donne un plus de détail sur un cas particulier nécessitant la fusion de politiques parmi plusieurs parties‐prenantes. L’approche proposée, l’Arbre de Crédibilité Cedar’, qui intègre agrégation corroborative et mesure de la crédibilité, devrait avoir un impact significatif dans le domaine, en particulier sur le contexte comportemental et sur le diagnostique / This thesis suggests that the enterprise should determine its own connectivity policies and convey them to the network carrier. This allows selecting service delivery options based on business goals, using corporate internal knowledge of users and tasks. The proposed eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) allows organizations to distinguish between business and personal requests that are generated by BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) users. This enables enterprises to make policy decisions about resourcing, priority levels, automatic funding and even choice of access networks. By extending the model to evaluated risks, the enterprise could determine mitigating actions for high risk service requests, moderated by business priorities. The network solution utilizes extended 3GPP interfaces, to enable the enterprise to act as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) or as a Sponsor of data services. The proposed ‘Defer‐Back’ feature facilitates deferring personal usage back to the carrier, to be treated as a personal service. The solution contains a Business and Risk model that determines the profile of each service request. This model computes attributes’ inherent values from the Credibility of their sources, which is estimated by their digital characteristics, such as confidence (reliability, data stability), accuracy (error‐management) and precision (resolution and proximity). Corporate policy is injected via multi‐level customizable prioritization, thus combining observations with preferences. To aggregate the evidential information, a new algorithm (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) is proposed, which proportionally augments concordant attributes and decrements discordant ones. Cedar satisfies a challenging range of requirements and outperforms popular methods, especially due to its robustness and logical handling of uncertainty and conflict. The proposed multi‐facet eCAPS solution has many applications, of which four are included. Additionally, a case study of an MVNO Automotive is described, which necessitates joining multistakeholders’ policy. The ‘Cedar Credibility Tree’ approach, with corroborative aggregation and measured Credibility, has far reaching utility, especially in behavioral context and diagnosis

Smart technology, such as the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and big data, provides consumers with a new level of convenience through various smart-connected products (SCPs). Although many experts have increasingly warned about the privacy vulnerability issues of various SCPs, consumers often underestimate privacy risks when adopting smart technology. Accordingly, this dissertation presents a literature review and three empirical studies that examine the privacy problems and suggest new concepts and models for a deeper understanding of the privacy suspension phenomenon. The first chapter reviews the literature related to the privacy suspension phenomenon by integrating the antecedents of consumers' privacy concerns. New concepts of privacy concerns, such as active and inactive privacy concerns, are suggested along with multiple propositions for the proposed privacy suspension theory, which extends the dimension of ambivalence toward trust and distrust regarding smart technology. The second chapter presents the proposed privacy–common good trade-off model and three assumptions related to privacy trade- offs, privacy reduction, and anchoring effects in the sustainable smart-connected car context. This study also discusses the relationships between governments, companies, and consumers regarding the effects of the common good of sustainability and government subsidies. The third chapter evaluates the mediation effects between sustainability, trust, privacy concerns, disclosure intentions, and purchase intentions when purchasing sustainable smart-connected cars based on the proposed sustainability–trust–behavior model. Finally, the fourth chapter provides a practical solution to resolve privacy suspension issues using the design science research approach. This study proposes privacy information type characteristics to evaluate SCPs' tailored data collection capabilities, visualizing them through a spider diagram design method with nudges. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation discusses the consumer privacy suspension phenomenon when adopting smart technology. The first chapter summarizes existing studies regarding privacy concerns, trust, distrust, and ambivalence in adopting technology. It also proposes new concepts of privacy concerns and outlines the unique relationship between consumer privacy concerns and ambivalence toward trust and distrust in smart-connected products, thus helping readers understand why consumers reduce privacy concerns when adopting smart technology. The second chapter presents an empirical study that examines how consumers trade their privacy for the common good of sustainability based on the proposed privacy–common good trade-off model and outlines three key assumptions in the sustainable smart-connected car context. The third chapter discusses the roles of sustainability and trust when consumers decide to disclose their personal information and purchase sustainable smart-connected cars based on the proposed sustainability–trust–behavior model. Last, the fourth chapter provides a practical solution to improve the current inefficient privacy notification systems that cannot apply to different smart-connected products due to various smart sensors collecting different types of personal information. Thus, this dissertation contributes to a deeper understanding of the consumer privacy suspension phenomenon and how sustainability benefits can mitigate the conflicting interests between governments, companies, and consumers when adopting smart technology. In addition, the suggested practical solution using the design science research approach can help consumers make better privacy decisions when purchasing smart-connected products.

The development of IT has enabled the Internet of Things. Internet of Things is connected devices that communicate with each other and generate data that can then be used for different purposes. The number of connected devices is estimated to 20.4 billion by year 2020. The technology allows the automotive industry to connect its vehicles, which is called Internet of Vehicles, an application of the Internet of Things and intelligent cars. The amount of scientific literature that addresses the economic aspects related to the Internet of Things is scarce and need to be investigated further. The connected car is a disruptive technology that is expected to affect the automotive industry and their business models radically in the next few years and nobody really knows how the industry may look like the next 10-15 years. This type of disruptive technology requires companies to have the competence to implement innovative business models. The study focuses on the connected car from a business perspective and makes no insight into technical aspects or security challenges. The purpose of the study is to create an under-standing of the challenges facing the automotive business models with the introduction of the Internet of Things, which gives the automotive industry the opportunity to connect their cars to a greater extent than before. The study's results show that the value proposition and the channels are the most important parts to focus on in the business model. In order for companies to capitalize on the connection, it is extremely important that the customers understand the value of the connection and that the companies properly manage the information derived from the connected cars. Today, companies offer services or increased value in existing business models to strengthen their brand. The respondents share the opinion that the traditional business models will not change radically as long as the ownership of the car stay the same. Ownership and autonomous cars are the factors that are expected to affect the automotive industry the most. According to the respondents in the study, in order to deal with disruptive innovations in the industry, courage, adaptability, prospects and innovative thinking are required. / IT-utvecklingen har möjliggjort sakernas internet, Internet of Things. Internet of Things är uppkopplade enheter som kommunicerar med varandra och genererar data som sedan kan användas i olika syften. Antalet anslutna enheter beräknas att uppgå till 20,4 miljarder år 2020. Tekniken ger bilindustrin möjligheten att koppla upp sina fordon vilket benämns som Internet of Vehicles, en applikation av Internet of Things och intelligenta bilar. Vetenskaplig litteratur som tar upp de ekonomiska aspekterna i relation till Internet of Things är begränsad och behöver undersökas i större utsträckning. Den uppkopplade bilen är en disruptiv teknologi som förväntas påverka bilindustrin och deras affärsmodeller radikalt inom de närmaste åren och det är ingen som riktigt vet hur industrin kan komma att se ut de närmsta 10-15 åren. Denna typ av disruptiv teknologi kräver att företagen har kompetensen att implementera innovativa affärsmodeller. Studien fokuserar på den uppkopplade bilen ur ett affärsperspektiv och gör ingen fördjupning i tekniska aspekter eller säkerhetsutmaningar. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för vilka utmaningar bilindustrins affärsmodeller står inför med introduktionen av Internet of Things som ger industrin möjligheten att koppla upp sina bilar i en större omfattning än tidigare. Studiens resultat visar att värdeerbjudandet och kanalerna är de viktigaste delarna att fokusera på i affärsmodellen. För att företagen ska kunna kapitalisera på uppkopplingen är det viktigt att kunderna förstår värdet av uppkoppling och att företagen förvaltar informationen från de uppkopplade bilarna på rätt sätt. Idag erbjuder företagen tjänster eller utökat värde i befintlig affärsmodell för att stärka sitt varumärke. Respondenterna delar uppfattningen om att de traditionella affärsmodellerna inte kommer förändras radikalt så länge ägandet av bilen inte gör en helomvändning. Ägandeskapet och autonoma bilar är de faktorer som förväntas påverka industrin störst. Respondenterna i studien nämner fyra viktiga egenskaper för att kunna hantera disruptiva innovationer i branschen, mod, anpassningsbarhet, framtidsutsikt och nytänkande.