Contractual penalty as a means of corroboration of a debt in business relations The theme of this Masterʼs degree thesis is the contractual penalty as a means of corroboration of a debt in business relations. The author has chosen this topic because the contractual penalty is a traditional private institution, which enjoys great popularity for its function and relative simplicity of negotiation in current practice. The contractual penalty improves a creditorʼs status. It makes a borrowers fulfil their confirmed obligation since in case of its violation, they would have to provide the creditor with performance representing both generalized compensation of the damage and a penalty. In spite of a frequent use of the contractual penalty, its legislation is rather brief and does not cover all problematic aspects. The relevance of the topic increased with recodification of the private law. The main aim of the thesis is to explore legislative changes and their impact on selected problematic aspects of the contractual penalty using chosen methodology. The thesis explains whether legislative changes solve existing problems of the contractual penalty or not, what new questions in the context of the a contractual penalty arise and to what extent the conclusions of judicial decision-making practices are still...

Prophetic reports, constituting the second foundational source of the Islamic Weltanschauung, have been categorised in terms of their authenticity. The current work explores reports occurring in single transmission chains that are corroborated in word or meaning by other similarly narrated reports whose source at the level of Prophet Muhammad's companions could either be the same or different. Rules pertaining to this field have been amalgamated for the first time to simplify their application. Appropriated practical examples have been given to illustrate harmony between theory and praxis. Concentration has been restricted to a corroboration of reports by other transmission chains. An examination of the latter falls outside the scope of this investigation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

Prophetic reports, constituting the second foundational source of the Islamic Weltanschauung, have been categorised in terms of their authenticity. The current work explores reports occurring in single transmission chains that are corroborated in word or meaning by other similarly narrated reports whose source at the level of Prophet Muhammad's companions could either be the same or different. Rules pertaining to this field have been amalgamated for the first time to simplify their application. Appropriated practical examples have been given to illustrate harmony between theory and praxis. Concentration has been restricted to a corroboration of reports by other transmission chains. An examination of the latter falls outside the scope of this investigation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

Cette thèse propose que les entreprises puissent être maîtres de leur politique de connexion, en se basant sur des objectifs métier et en utilisant la connaissance interne qu’elles ont de leurs usagers et de tâches, et qu’elles les transmettent vers les opérateurs réseau. L’eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) proposé permet aux organisations de différencier les activités professionnelles et non-professionnelles engendrées par les usagers BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) et ainsi de mettre en œuvre des politiques de décision pour les ressources, les niveaux de priorité et même le choix du réseau d’accès. En étendant un moteur context‐aware pour évaluer le contexte de risque lié aux requêtes de connectivité, l’entreprise doit pouvoir déterminer les actions relatives aux requêtes de services à haut risque tout en prenant en compte l’impact métier. La solution proposée utilise des extensions des standards 3GPP pour permettre à l’entreprise d’agir comme un MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) ou un Sponsor de service data. Ainsi, la proposition de la fonctionnalité ‘Defer‐Back’ facilite le transfert d’utilisations personnelles vers l’opérateur de réseau, et ce, en accord avec les souhaits des utilisateurs. Les profils de contexte sont évalués suivant un modèle Business et Risque. Ce modèle calcule les valeurs des attributs de Crédibilité des sources, qui sont estimées en fonction de leur caractéristiques comme la confiance (fiabilité, stabilité des données) , la précision (gestion des erreurs) et la précision (résolution et proximité). Les politiques enterprise sont appliquées via un système de priorité multi‐niveau adaptable, combinant ainsi observations et préférences. Un nouvel algorithme (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) est proposé pour définir et agréger une ‘évidence’. Il augmente proportionnellement les attributs concordants et diminue les attributs non‐concordants. Cedar satisfait un grand de besoins et surperforme les méthodes traditionnelles, en particulier en ce qui concerne sa prise en compte de l’incertitude et des conflits. La solution multi‐facette proposée eCAPS donne lieu à un grand nombre d’applications, dont quatre sont décrites dans la thèse. De plus, l’étude de cas présentée ‘MNVO Automotive’ donne un plus de détail sur un cas particulier nécessitant la fusion de politiques parmi plusieurs parties‐prenantes. L’approche proposée, l’Arbre de Crédibilité Cedar’, qui intègre agrégation corroborative et mesure de la crédibilité, devrait avoir un impact significatif dans le domaine, en particulier sur le contexte comportemental et sur le diagnostique / This thesis suggests that the enterprise should determine its own connectivity policies and convey them to the network carrier. This allows selecting service delivery options based on business goals, using corporate internal knowledge of users and tasks. The proposed eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) allows organizations to distinguish between business and personal requests that are generated by BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) users. This enables enterprises to make policy decisions about resourcing, priority levels, automatic funding and even choice of access networks. By extending the model to evaluated risks, the enterprise could determine mitigating actions for high risk service requests, moderated by business priorities. The network solution utilizes extended 3GPP interfaces, to enable the enterprise to act as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) or as a Sponsor of data services. The proposed ‘Defer‐Back’ feature facilitates deferring personal usage back to the carrier, to be treated as a personal service. The solution contains a Business and Risk model that determines the profile of each service request. This model computes attributes’ inherent values from the Credibility of their sources, which is estimated by their digital characteristics, such as confidence (reliability, data stability), accuracy (error‐management) and precision (resolution and proximity). Corporate policy is injected via multi‐level customizable prioritization, thus combining observations with preferences. To aggregate the evidential information, a new algorithm (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) is proposed, which proportionally augments concordant attributes and decrements discordant ones. Cedar satisfies a challenging range of requirements and outperforms popular methods, especially due to its robustness and logical handling of uncertainty and conflict. The proposed multi‐facet eCAPS solution has many applications, of which four are included. Additionally, a case study of an MVNO Automotive is described, which necessitates joining multistakeholders’ policy. The ‘Cedar Credibility Tree’ approach, with corroborative aggregation and measured Credibility, has far reaching utility, especially in behavioral context and diagnosis

The thesis deals with contractual penalty as a means of corroboration of a debt in business relations. The topic was chosen by the author primarily because of the fact that contractual penalty is a traditional institute of private law. It is frequently used in the law of obligations as an instrument of corroboration of a debt. Therefore its application improves the position of creditor. The aim of this thesis is to scientifically describe and analyze institute of contractual penalty as frequently used tool of corroboration of a debt in the context of the current, relatively new legislation. The work is based on rules of the Civil Code effective since 1. 1. 2014. At the same time, there is a great emphasis on jurisprudence. The work also abounds comparison with the previous legislation, which aims to capture the development of the concept of contractual penalty. The thesis focuses on the most important issues related to the penalty clause. At the same time it offers a comparison with the English legislation in the last chapter. This comparison is particularly interesting due to the diversity of the legal system in the Czech Republic and the legal system in England. The work is divided into eight main chapters, which are divided into subsections according to the content of the topic. The first...

The thesis deals with a contractual penalty as an institution of private law. Thanks to the simple application of contractual penalty, it has become a traditional way of ensuring of debts which is frequently used as an instrument for strengthening the cre- ditor's position. Considering the growing non-formality of legal relations in current society, it is possible to expect the increase of contractual penalty's importance in future. The aim of this thesis is to explore the institution of contractual penalty with focusing on actual application issues which arise from its practical use. The thesis relates to the current legislation on contractual penalty of the Czech Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Coll. With regard to the nature of the topic, the thesis concentrates on the case law and the comparison with the previous legislation. In this way the legal development is reflected as well. The work consists of five chapters. The first chapter deals with the legal institution of contractual penalty in a general way, outlining the concept and functions of contractual penalty. This chapter also examines the current legislation on contractual penalty and the comparison with the previous legislation and the European legislation. In the second chapter, the thesis refers to the contractual penalty's negoti- ation...

False confessions are the most difficult type of confession to detect. Because the Reid interview and interrogation technique is the global gold standard for interviews, interrogations, and confessions, it is used to obtain confessions from suspects. However, the Reid method has been untested in regard to if it can detect false confessions to potentially eliminate wrongful convictions. The purpose of this qualitative study was to perform a content analysis of videos of confessions using several models that make up the Reid interview and interrogation technique. Utilizing attribution theory as a framework, these models were qualitatively assessed for their ability to detect false confessions in comparison with the legal casebook analysis and linguistic analysis. The key research questions addressed how interviewers attribute identification of false confessions through the assessment of the various models and the complete Reid interview and interrogation technique. An additional research question concerned how interviewers identify attribution error in false confessions through the assessment of the various models and the complete Reid interview and interrogation technique. Data were collected from 6 videos and subjected to content analysis, triangulated with discourse analysis and conversation analysis. The results of this study showed that the models applied to the confessions could distinguish between true and false confessions. A social change could occur if some or all of these models are applied to all interrogations to detect false confessions, which would provide law enforcement and the intelligence professions the tools to assess confessions in order to potentially stop wrongful convictions and intelligence failures in interviews and interrogations.

L'intérêt de l'humanité pour la connaissance se joue sur deux fronts : celui de la réduction de l'ignorance, et celui de l'action tant individuelle que collective. Aussi la manière dont nous acquérons le savoir est-elle essentielle, parce qu'elle préjuge aussi bien de notre perception du monde que de notre conscience de nous-mêmes et de la société. Car si, avec la raison comme alliée, l'homme se découvre des potentialités illimitées, nous aurions pourtant tort de passe outre une stricte réalité, celle de notre ignorance infinie, celle, au fond, de notre incapacité à cerner, de façon sûre et certaine, quoi que ce soit de ce monde complexe et en évolution constante qui nous accueille. C'est pourquoi, pour Karl Popper, toute rationalité véritable doit être critique, c'est-à-dire pluraliste et débattante, seule façon de considérer objectivement l'écart qui nous sépare de la vérité et, par suite, d'agir avec prudence et discernement, dans l'intérêt de la science comme dans celui de la collectivité. / Our interest for knowledge is based on two essential principles : the first one aims at reducing ignorance while the second one emphasizes individual and collective actions. So, the way we acquire knowledge is essential as it foresees at the same time our perception of the world as well as our being aware of our existence and that of the society as a whole. Indeed, if the Man uses reason his ally, he will discover unlimited potentialities, then we will be mistaken in not taking in consideration this strict reality of our unlimited ignorance, the one that, in reality, anf from the bottom of our not being able to certainly and surely encircle anything in this fast-growing world that dewells us. That is why Karl Popper, any real rationality has to be critical, it means pluralist and debating. That is the only way to separate the gap between us and the truth, and then, lead us to act with caution and discernment ib the interest of science and in the interest of the community.

I evaluate the methods of cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood in phylogenetic systematics by their affinity to Popper‘s degree of corroboration. My work analyzes an important recent exchange between the proponents of the two methods. Until this exchange, only advocates of cladistic parsimony have claimed a basis for their method on epistemological grounds through corroboration. Advocates of maximum likelihood, on the other hand, have based the rational justification for their method largely on statistical grounds. In Part One I outline corroboration in terms of content, severity of test and explanatory power. In Part Two I introduce the two methods. In Part Three I analyze three important debates. The first involves the appropriate probability interpretation for phylogenetics. The second is about severity of test. The third concerns explanatory power. In Part Four I conclude that corroboration can decide none of these debates, and therefore cannot decide the debate between cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood.

I evaluate the methods of cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood in phylogenetic systematics by their affinity to Popper‘s degree of corroboration. My work analyzes an important recent exchange between the proponents of the two methods. Until this exchange, only advocates of cladistic parsimony have claimed a basis for their method on epistemological grounds through corroboration. Advocates of maximum likelihood, on the other hand, have based the rational justification for their method largely on statistical grounds. In Part One I outline corroboration in terms of content, severity of test and explanatory power. In Part Two I introduce the two methods. In Part Three I analyze three important debates. The first involves the appropriate probability interpretation for phylogenetics. The second is about severity of test. The third concerns explanatory power. In Part Four I conclude that corroboration can decide none of these debates, and therefore cannot decide the debate between cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood.