The objective of this Master's thesis is to analyse the term of "rule of law" and its Chinese variations (fazhi 法治 , fazhi 法制 , yifazhiguo 依法治国 ) since establishment of the People's Republic of China until present, with the emphasis on contemporary understanding of the concept, affected by political environment. The concept of the rule of law is presented throughout analysis of collected works of influential political leaders, namely Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Xi Jinping, reflected in official documents crucial to the legal system, such as the Constitution. Each historical period represents a different stance on the conception of rule of law and position of legal system, which results in analysis of current situation with a prospective future attitude to this issue. Keywords: rule of law, constitutional rule, Communist Party of China, China

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO NARCIZO SOARES.pdf: 1707124 bytes, checksum: 566a6e6ce1d7f8119e5ee8c567f69590 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-08 / The present master thesis has as a starting point a proposed investigation the legal speech of the constitutional programmatic rule and it s material consequences for the political power, specially in confrontation with the jurisdictional activity. It s development applies over the axis of the paradigm of post-positivist legal interpretation allied with the perspective of the speech argumentation theory . The hypothesis pointed seeks to confirm that the legal-positivism, as political stand point, is no longer able to sustain as only orientation for the rules capable to respond to the needs a diversity of theoretical concepts and the globalization of the contents required by culture. Facing the global economic contingencies, it is certain that the social are going through a stress originated by the crisis experienced by the State itself. This orientation the first analysis is taken taking account the rule of law by itself and, in the end, the constitutional pragmatic rule, functioning as a public policy parameter delivering the social rights and welfare policies. It is establish, as well, that the hypothesis adopted considers the constitutional programmatic rules, even if they are not regulated, possess the sufficient normalization and efficiency for, through them, the constituted public powers could, indeed, reinforce the constitutional will and confirm the it s regulatory strength. The aim is to ask when, how and in what circumstances this task should be accomplish, considering the wide range of impediments faced by this enterprise are also the goals of this research. In special concern of the jurisdictional activity, in the search to comprehend in which way the constitutional hermeneutic can be posed as efficient and legitimate instrument to establish the precepts and shape in which the courts decisions are embedded as a parameter of the accomplishment of justice. / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como proposta de investigação o discurso jurídico sobre a norma constitucional programática e a sua consequente materialização pelos poderes públicos, especialmente em face da atividade jurisdicional. Seu desenvolvimento se dá sobre o eixo do paradigma pós-positivista de interpretação do direito aliado à perspectiva das teorias da argumentação. A hipótese que se busca confirmar é a de que o positivismo jurídico, como marco teórico, não mais se sustenta como orientação normativa capaz de responder às necessidades que a diversidade dos conceitos teóricos e a globalização dos conteúdos de cultura requerem. Em vista das contingências econômicas mundiais, tem-se como certo que os direitos sociais passam por uma tensão oriunda da própria crise do Estado. Nesse rumo, toma-se como primeira análise a norma em si mesma considerada e, ao final, a norma constitucional programática como orientadora das políticas públicas veiculadoras dos direitos sociais e prestacionais. Estabelece-se, também, a hipótese de que regulamentadas ou não, as normas constitucionais programáticas possuem normatividade e eficácia suficientes para que, por meio delas, os poderes públicos possam, de fato, concretizar a vontade constitucional e confirmar a sua força normativa. Perquirir quando, de que forma e em que circunstâncias essa tarefa deve ser cumprida, sem desconsiderar a plêiade de empecilhos que se colocam à frente desse trabalho são, também, os objetivos desta pesquisa. Especialmente no que respeita à atividade jurisdicional, busca-se compreender de que forma a hermenêutica constitucional pode se apresentar como um instrumento eficaz e legítimo para que se estabeleçam os preceitos e a forma como as decisões judiciais se amoldem como parâmetros de realização da justiça.

Constitutionalizaton of Law’s different areas is a phenomenon gradually more ingrained in our cultural and legal framework. Maybe the best demonstration is the increasingly prominent role of the Constitutional Court (TC) – Constitution’s Supreme Interpreter – in defining and redefining concepts, rights and legal principles touching a range of subjects, from TaxLaw to Human Rights. This is relevant to understand the Law and its current effects whether it is valued positively or negatively. / La constitucionalización de las distintas áreas del Derecho es un fenómeno cada vez más arraigado en nuestra cultura y contexto jurídicos. Tal vez la forma más evidente en que se haya manifestado sea el creciente protagonismo del Tribunal Constitucional (TC), supremo intérprete de la Constitución, en la significación y resignificación de conceptos, derechos y principios jurídicos que, a través de sus sentencias, han afectado desde el derecho tributario hasta los derechos humanos. Sea que esto se valore positiva o negativamente, su relevancia para comprender el derecho y sus efectos en la actualidad es innegable.

The traditional model of initial training of judges in Spain and in other countries has been focused, and is still focused, on the mechanical digestion of a pile of stereotyped notions related to several legal subjects.This knowledge is presented with no references to specific legal disputes and does not meet at all, neither the profile of modern complex constitutional legal systems consisting of several levels, internally changing and conflicting; nor the practice of those systems. It does correspond, however, the historical model of the Napoleonic judge, who tends to act as a mechanical enforcer of the law and the longa manu of the real power rather than guardian of the citizens’ basic rights. The alternative to this kind of judicial training would be a system of training incorporating a high quality operative knowledge of the positive law actually in force, together with a theoretical-philosophical training in line with the suggestions made by Manuel Sacristán of «a level of exercise of thinking» based on the specific field and activity inherent to that group of legal practitioners. / El modelo tradicional de formación inicial de jueces para el desempeño del rol, en España, pero no solo, se ha cifrado y se cifra en la asimilación mecánica de todo un cúmulo de nociones estereotipadas relativas a las diversas disciplinas. Se trata de un bagaje que, por su carácter desproblematizador, no se ajusta en absoluto al perfil de los modernos ordenamientos constitucionales complejos, dotados de distintos niveles y, con frecuencia, internamente conflictivos y cambiantes; y menos a su práctica.Pero responde, en cambio, al histórico tipo de juez del modelo napoleónico, longa manu del poder en acto más que garante de derechos, tendencial aplicador mecánico. La alternativa a esta clase de formación estaría en otra que incorporase a un buen conocimiento operativo del derecho positivo en su ser actual y realmente vigente, una formación teórico-filosófica en la línea sugerida una vez por Manuel Sacristán, como «un nivel de ejercicio del pensamiento» a partir de y sobre el específico campo temático y de la actividad propia de tal clase de operadores.