Transportation projects are unique projects that have many issues such as ROW acquisition, traffic control, and utilities. To help solve some of these issues projects should utilize constructability. Over the past 25 years research on constructability has consistently shown to have substantial cost and schedule benefits. To fully obtain those benefits, constructability should be utilized from the very beginning of the project at the conceptual planning phase. One of the tools to support implementation is 3D and 4D visualization. The benefits and applications of 3D and 4D for transportation project research is still lagging behind building projects. This thesis aims to provide a frame work for how 3D and 4D visualization could have an impactful role if used in the early planning and design process. Two case studies are used for developing that frame work, the Woodall Rodgers Deck Plaza and the Eastern Extension of President George Bush Turnpike projects in Dallas, Texas. Information taken from interviews of Texas Department of Transportation staff are used to develop a list of issues for each project, as well as the impacts those issues have had on the project. For each of those issues a proposal of how using 3D and 4D visualization could help mitigate those issues when implemented during the early planning phases. / text

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / The Brazilian housing deficit is a problem that primarily affects the poorest part of the population. Its solution is not only to implement huge housing programs or to develop building systems, but also to evaluate these actions through the analysis of its constructability. Lower cost construction systems, tailored to local realities which can ensure to families con fort, safety and quality of life are essential when it comes to design and build social housing - SH (HIS on Portuguese). This paper, therefore, presents the development process of a modular masonry for ceramic blocks, since its conception and design until its implementation in a constructive prototype and analyses the same from the standpoint of constructability. Thus, the study uses a methodology of intensive recording and monitoring of the system's project and implementation phases. It performs a critical analysis of them, investigating, qualitatively, the constructability of the system and proposing improvements for it to reach a higher integrat ion level between projectual and executive phases. As a result, there is a systematic for studying the constructability applicable to other building systems, with results that contribute to continuous improvement on build of social housing / O dÃficit habitacional brasileiro à um problema que afeta principalmente a parcela mais pobre da populaÃÃo. Sua soluÃÃo passa nÃo somente pela execuÃÃo de grandes programas habitacionais ou pelo desenvolvimento de sistemas construtivos, mas tambÃm pela avaliaÃÃo destes por meio da anÃlise de sua construtibilidade. Sistemas construtivos de menor custo, adaptados Ãs realidades locais e que possam garantir Ãs famÃlias conforto, seguranÃa e qualidade de vida sÃo essenciais quando se trata de projetar e executar habitaÃÃes de interesse social - HIS. O presente trabalho, pois, apresenta o processo de desenvolvimento de um sistema modular em alvenaria de blocos cerÃmicos, desde sua concepÃÃo e projeto atà sua aplicaÃÃo na execuÃÃo de um protÃtipo construtivo, e analisa o mesmo sob a Ãtica da construtibilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho utiliza uma metodologia de acompanhamento e registro intensivos das fases de projetaÃÃo e execuÃÃo do sistema e realiza um estudo crÃtico das mesmas, investigando sua construtibilidade qualitativamente e propondo melhorias a fim de que o mesmo alcance um patamar superior de integraÃÃo entre as fases projetual e executiva. Tem-se como resultado uma sistemÃtica de estudo da construtibilidade que pode ser aplicada em outros sistemas construtivos, com a consequÃncia de benefÃcios para a melhoria contÃnua na construÃÃo de habitaÃÃes de interesse social.

La investigación titulada “Uso de sistema constructivo de prelosas para optimizar tiempo, mejorar costo y margen de las empresas que se dedican a la construcción de edificios multifamiliares no mayores de 12 pisos, caso de estudio A y B”, se desarrolló con el propósito de demostrar que utilizando el sistema constructivo de prelosas, mejorará los plazos, costos y márgenes operativos en la construcción de edificios multifamiliares. La investigación se enfoca en dos proyectos de la empresa Proyec Contratistas Generales S.A, basándose en las mejoras obtenidas en la gestión de los proyectos “Varela 1270” y “Varela 879”. La presente investigación responde a un estudio tipo aplicativo de naturaleza cuantitativa y de diseño descriptivo. Además, introduce conceptos del uso de sistemas constructivos prefabricados, evaluación de plazo, costos y márgenes en los proyectos “Varela 1270” y “Varela 879” para analizar los datos obtenidos y ser comparados con el uso de sistemas constructivos tradicionales. Enfocado en las diferencias existentes entre cada sistema constructivo, que corresponde a una de las causales que repercutieron en el costo y plazo de la ejecución de la obra. El uso del sistema constructivo de prelosas en edificaciones, presenta una diferencia de 20% en el plazo de ejecución respecto a un sistema constructivo tradicional. Además, la eliminación de procesos implícitos como; actividad de tarrajeo de cielo raso, optimización de materiales y mano de obra. Significan un ahorro de S/. 76,921.76 para el proyecto “Varela 1270” (Proyecto A) y S/. 60,553.24 para el proyecto “Varela 879” (Proyecto B). / The research study entitled "Using a preslab construction system to optimize time, improve the cost and margin of companies engaged in the construction of multifamily buildings no larger than 12 floors, case study A and B", was developed with the purpose of demonstrate that using the preslab construction system will improve deadlines, costs and operating margins in the construction of multifamily buildings. The research focuses on two projects of the company Proyec Contratistas Generales S.A, based on the improvements obtained in the management of projects “Varela 1270” and “Varela 879”. This investigation responds to a study of the applicative type of quantitative nature and design is descriptive. In addition, it introduces the concepts of using prefabricated construction systems, deadlines, cost and margin assessment in projects “Varela 1270” and “Varela 879” to analyze the data obtained and be compared with the use of traditional construction systems, focusing on existing differences between each construction system, which corresponds to one of the causalities that affected the cost and timeframe of the execution of the work. The use of the construction system of pre-wears in buildings, has a difference of 20% in the period of implementation compared to a traditional construction system. In addition, the elimination of implicit processes such as; ceiling taraging activity, material optimization and labor. They mean savings of S/. 76,921.76 for the "Varela 1270" (project A) and S/project. 60,553.24 for the "Varela 879" (project B). / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

The modern design-construction boundary is facing an unprecedented moment of evaluation. Global applications of building information modeling, including virtual prototyping, factory-based component procurement and industrialized site production are only a few of the forces that threaten to engulf the established façades of architecture, engineering and construction practice. Those professional identities that are unable or unwilling to reach deeply into this oncoming torrent of interoperability, integrated delivery, and infinite domains will be lost. It is even possible that the language of building culture will be washed away forever. Preparations should be made. This research proposes to strengthen available built-project communications. It does so by examining the natural architectonic relationships which exists at the most primitive level of production — about the assembly task. A work and its procedures are investigated through the programming interface of a Virtual Prototype (VP) modeling system. With visualized constructability as its goal, this study highlights the character of VP programming as it translates between design and production information with digital specificity. The results of that investigation fashion a test of a new production communications language with the potential to enrich and refresh the insulate expressions and hollow specification of traditional design communications. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Constructability issues cause dire repercussions in the industry and often pose as overwhelming threats to the successful delivery of projects. Constructability issues mainly arise from a design, which does not sufficiently embody the knowledge and expertise of the construction phase. Subsequently this creates a variety of negative secondary effects during project execution, which eventually manifest as time-, budget- and quality-risks to the project. The research thesis explores the status quo of constructability issues in South Africa, with specific reference to the relationship between construction and design. It is well known that close collaboration between consultants and contractors has the potential to lead to more effective construction processes, improved construction safety and to cost effective structural solutions. Not all contract forms allow sufficient collaboration between these parties at the time of conceptual design, nor at the detailed design stage. For this reason it is imperative that a designer has sufficient experience and knowledge of construction processes to produce suitably constructible designs. In principle, constructability issues can be regarded as the result of poor coherence, and thus poor communication, between construction and design. The problem therefore lies in the transfer of knowledge between project participants, which can be described as poor knowledge management, in particular, of constructability knowledge. This research aims to address the topic of constructability and to demonstrate how structural knowledge management between contractors and designers can lead to improved construction processes. The concept of constructability is defined, through the identification of technical traits to explicitly describe constructability, concurrently with input from industry expertise and professional experience in the field. Knowledge management principles are also studied in detail and the status quo of current knowledge management initiatives in the industry is investigated. The investigations are done through a series of questionnaire surveys, personal interviews and correspondences. The principle conclusions from the study are that designers do not always understand what constitutes a constructible design. Furthermore, although constructability knowledge is found to exist in complex tacit forms, some explicit guiding principles can indeed be formulated to aid designers. In addition, considering the unique characteristics of each project, these guiding principles should be supported by proposed knowledge management initiatives to facilitate structured forums of knowledge sharing between different parties to develop and transfer constructability knowledge. This will assist to accelerate the learning process towards becoming an accomplished designer, and empower the capacity of both designers and contractors to manage constructability problems. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Boubaarheidsprobleme veroorsaak ernstige gevolge in die bedryf en hou dikwels oorweldigende bedreigings in vir die suksesvolle lewering van projekte. Boubaarheidsprobleme ontstaan hoofsaaklik as gevolg van „n ontwerp wat nie genoeg kennis van die konstruksiefase behels nie. Gevolglik, word „n verskeidenheid van negatiewe sekondêre effekte geskep tydens die projek uitvoering, wat risikos uiteindelik veroorsaak in aspekte van tyd, geld en kwaliteit. Heirdie navorsing ondersoek die status quo van boubaarhiedsprobleme in Suid Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die verhouding tussen konstruksie en ontwerp. Dit is bekend dat geskikte samewerking tussen konsultante en kontrakteurs kan lei tot meer effektiewe bouprosesse, verbeterde bouveiligheid en goedkoper strukturele oplossings. Kontraktuele ooreenkomste laat nie altyd toe vir behoorlike samewerking tussen die partye gedurende ontwerp stadiums nie. Om hierdie rede, is dit noodsaaklik dat „n ontwerper voldoende ervaring en kennis van die konstruksie prosesse bevat, om behoorlike boubare ontwerpe te kan poduseer. In beginsel, kan boubaarheidsprobleme beskou word as „n gevolg van swak kommunikasie tussen konstruksie en ontwerp. Die problem lê dus in die oordrag van kennis tussen projek deelnemers, wat ook beskryf kan word as swak kennis-bestuur, in die geval, van boubaarheidskennis. Hierdie navorsing beoog om die onderwerp van boubaarheid aan te spreek en te demonstreer hoe strukturele kennis-bestuur tussen die kontrakteurs en ontwerpers tot verbeterde konstruksie prosesse kan lei. Die konsep van boubaarheid word gedefinieer, deur die idenfisering van tegniese eienskappe wat boubaarheid eksplisiet kan beskryf, gelyktydig met die insette van industrie kundigheid en professionele ondervinding. Kennis-bestuur beginsels word ook in diepte bestudeer en die status quo van die huidige kennis-bestuur inisiatiewe in die bedryf word ondersoek. Die ondersoeke word gedoen deur middel van vraelys opnames, persoonlike onderhoude en korrespondensies. Die algemene gevolgtrekkings uit die studie is dat ontwerpers nie altyd die implikasies van „n boubare ontwerp verstaan nie. Verder, alhoewel boubaarheidskennis bestaan in komplekse vorms in die gedagtes van konstruksie personeel, eksplsiete riglyne kan wel geformuleer word om die ontwerp prosses to steun. Aangesien projekte uniek is, moet hierdie riglyne ondersteun word deur die voorestelde kennis-bestuur inisiatiewe, om oop platforms van kennis oordrag te fasiliteer tussen verskillende partye. Dit sal help om die leer prosess te versnel en sal die kapasiteit van beide ontwerpers en kontrakteurs bemagtig, sodat hulle boubaarheidsprobleme beter te kan hanteer.

A falta de integração entre áreas de conhecimento pode gerar efeitos negativos no processo de projeto em uma construtora-incorporadora. Em muitos casos, o projeto do produto é elaborado pela incorporadora sem qualquer participação da área responsável pela produção e de outras áreas da construtora. O trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a gestão de projetos na construção de edifícios, valorizando a participação da engenharia de produção nessa fase, apoiando-se nos conceitos de Projeto Simultâneo, e propõe diretrizes para sua aplicação na construtora-incorporadora Cyrela, com enfoque na construtibilidade e manutenibilidade. Para desenvolver a pesquisa foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as características da gestão de projetos, da Engenharia de Produção na construção de edifícios, e sobre a Engenharia Simultânea no desenvolvimento de produtos com comparativo de modelos de indústrias seriadas para a construção civil, incluindo a interação entre os agentes do processo. Como resultados são apresentados: uma análise da interação entre os agentes do processo; a ligação entre pessoas, processos e tecnologia; os conceitos de construtibilidade, manutenibilidade e retroalimentação na interface com projetos. São igualmente feitas análises das tendências de modernização na gestão dos projetos por meio da modelagem da informação da construção e, apoiado em estudo de caso, são apresentadas as experiências do Projeto Simultâneo aplicadas na Cyrela. Por fim, são apresentadas as diretrizes para participação da Engenharia de Produção da Construtora e Incorporadora Cyrela no Projeto Simultâneo, sendo essa a principal contribuição do trabalho. Embora suas contribuições possam servir de referência para demais empresas do setor, essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida para aplicações práticas da Cyrela, construtora-incorporadora que atua na construção de edifícios em todas as regiões do Brasil. / The lack of integration between knowledge areas can generate negative effects in the design process in a construction-real estate developer. In many cases, the product design is prepared by the real estate developer without any involvement of the area responsible for production and other areas of construction. This thesis presents an analysis of the project management in building construction, valuing the participation of engineering production in this stage, basing on the concepts of Concurrent Design and proposes guidelines for its application at Cyrela constructionreal estate developer company, focusing on constructability and maintainability. To develop the research was performed a literature review about the characteristics of Project Management, Production Engineering in building construction, and the Concurrent Engineering in the development of products with comparative serial industries models for the construction industry, including interaction between agents of the process. As results are presented: an analysis of the interaction between the agents of the process; a link between people, processes and technology; the concepts of constructability, maintainability and feedback on interface with projects. Modernization trends in project management are analyzed also through building information modeling and, through case study, are presented the Concurrent Design experiences applied at Cyrela. Finally are presented the guidelines to the participation of the Production Engineering of Cyrela construction-real estate developer on Concurrent Design, being the main contribution of this thesis. Although the contributions may serve as a reference for other companies in the sector, this research was developed for practical applications at Cyrela, constructionreal estate developer that acts in the construction of buildings in all regions of Brazil.

L’objectif de la thèse est d’enrichir l’Analyse Fonctionnelle, une méthode de conception orientée sur la définition des fonctions d’un produit, pour le développement d’ouvrages complexes dans le domaine de la construction. Pour cela les concepts et pratiques de deux corpus méthodologiques sont adaptés et intégrés dans l’Analyse Fonctionnelle : l’Ingénierie Système et la Constructibilité. Cette méthode enrichie est appliquée sur un concept innovant de métro multifonctionnel qui consiste à utiliser un système unique pour répondre à plusieurs besoins de la ville : non seulement transporter des passagers mais aussi de l’eau, des déchets, de l’électricité, de la chaleur, de l’information, des marchandises et bien d’autres selon les particularités de chaque projet. Dans l’introduction après avoir brièvement décrit les enjeux rencontrés dans le domaine de la construction, qui justifient le besoin de nouvelles méthodes, nous soulignons que l’Analyse Fonctionnelle a essentiellement été utilisée dans d’autres domaines que celui de la construction pour faire face aux mêmes problèmes. En revanche, son application au domaine de la construction est limitée du fait de la non prise en compte des particularités de ce secteur : le besoin auquel répondent les systèmes dans ce domaine sont d’adapter l’espace pour que s’y réalise des activités humaines, mais aussi que chaque projet est unique. L’unicité de chaque projet nous a amené à prendre en compte la constructibilité, soit les contraintes liées au développement de l’ouvrage, à différentes étapes de l’Analyse Fonctionnelle. L’Analyse Fonctionnelle est aussi mal adaptée pour le développement de systèmes complexes, ainsi, les concepts et outils de l’ingénierie Système, dont l’objectif est la maitrise des systèmes complexes, sont intégrés à l’Analyse Fonctionnelle (V&V, SysML). La première partie de la thèse consiste en un état de l’art des trois méthodes étudiées : l’Analyse Fonctionnelle, l’Ingénierie Système et la Constructibilité. Dans cette partie les blocages et des adaptations nécessaires sont identifiés. Dans une deuxième partie, la méthode d’Analyse Fonctionnelle enrichie par la Constructibilité et l’Ingénierie Système est présentée. Le concept de Constructibilité notamment est étendu à la prise en compte non seulement des contraintes liées aux activités de réalisation mais aussi aux contraintes de conception et de planification/programmation (soit l’ensemble du système pour faire). L’Ingénierie Système pour sa part est adaptée en prenant en compte les caractéristiques spatiales des systèmes, composantes essentielles dans la construction. Deux outils ont été développés pendant la thèse permettant d’implémenter la méthode : un outil de modélisation des exigences basé sur le langage de modélisation SysML qui permet de lier les exigences avec des modèles BIM (Building Information Modeling) améliorant ainsi leur traçabilité et la facilitation de leur vérification, et la matrice de constructibilité qui permet d’analyser la constructibilité d’un système en prenant en compte l’ensemble des contraintes liées à son développement. Troisièmement, la méthode d’Analyse Fonctionnelle enrichie est appliquée sur 2 cas d’études liés au métro multifonctionnel : l’application de ce concept sur les études de la 5ème ligne de Lyon vers Alaï et l’intégration d’un réseau de fibre optique alimentant l’île de France dans la ligne 16 du projet du Grand Paris. En conclusion des pistes de recherche pour le futur sont proposées : d’autres méthodologies de conception existent avec des objectifs différents (innovation pour la théorie C-K) ou des nouveaux concepts (System of Systems). Ou comment mesurer et quantifier les critères de constructibilité ? Comment appliquer ces méthodes dans différents contextes législatifs et contractuels ? Sont autant de question qui méritent de nouvelles recherches ultérieures / Objectives of the thesis is to enrich Functional Analysis, a design method oriented on the definition of functions, by the integration of two methodological corpuses: Constructability and Systems Engineering in order to adapt it to complex construction products. The enriched method is used and applied on an innovative concept: the multifunctional metro. This new concept consists in the integration of new functions in a metro system: not only transport people but also energy, information, wastes, merchandises, water etc. in order to answer to several city needs with a unique infrastructure. In the introduction, after having describe challenges faced by the construction industry, we highlight that Functional Analysis has been used extensively in other industries to face similar issues. However, its application in the construction industry is limited due to particularities of the construction industry: each project is unique, construction projects are complex and that needs construction projects answer consists in adapting space in order to carry human or related activities. The identification of such particularities have led on one hand, to the consideration of constructability concepts and principles in Functional Analysis to better integrate development constraints of each project in the product development. On the other hand, to the consideration of Systems Engineering, a methodological corpus which objective is to manage complexity of projects. Firstly, Functional Analysis, Constructability and Systems Engineering corpuses are presented and issues are identified in these three methods either to adapt them to complex construction projects for their integration. Constructability notably, is improved with the integration of constraints from Design and Planning phases and a proposition is presented to shift from Constructability to Constructibility. Systems Engineering for its part is adapted by the integration of spatial characteristics of systems. A SysML tool (Systems Modeling Language) has been developed and linked with a BIM modeling tool to improve the capacity to model and verify requirements related to construction systems. The Constructibility matrix, a tool to ease the implementation of constructibility has also been developed.Secondly, Functional Analysis enriched by methodological inputs and tools related to the construction industry is applied. Case studies concern two different phases (planning and design) in two different projects where multifunctionnality concepts have been investigated: the 5th metro line of Lyon where the evaluation of the integration of new functions in the metro line have been studied. And the line 16 of the Greater Paris Project where the integration of a broadband network was the opportunity to study the integration of a new function more in detail (transport information). In conclusion we shall suggest some ways forward by outlining avenues for further researches: how to measure constructibility criteria at different systemic levels is a challenge on which we give some ways to follow. The application and adaptation of Systems Engineering to the construction industry remains to be better investigated and we give some further research indications, particularly on the integration with BIM (Building Information Modeling) methods. We also present how the use of MBSE (Model-Based Systems Engineering) techniques and Data Science could lead to the automation of some design activities which could enrich Functional Analysis methods. Insights on the organization of the profession and contractual issues are proposed and would require more researches to enable implementation of the presented methodology in projects

The objective of this research program is to further evaluate the performance and constructability of reinforced concrete (RC) column-steel beam-slab systems (RCS) for use in low- to mid-rise space frame buildings located in regions of high wind loads and/or moderate seismicity. To better understand these systems, two full scale RCS cruciform specimens were tested under bidirectional quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The experimental portion of this research program included the construction and testing of two full-scale cruciform specimens with identical overall dimensions but with different joint detailing. The two joint details evaluated were joint cover plates and face bearing plates with localized transverse ties. The construction process was recorded in detail and related to actual field construction practices. The specimens were tested experimentally in quasi-static reversed cyclic loading in both orthogonal loading directions while a constant axial force was applied to the column, to simulate the wind loads in a subassembly of a prototype building. To compliment the experimental work, nonlinear analyses were performed to evaluate the specimen strength and hysteretic degradation parameters for RCS systems. In addition, current recommendations in the literature on the design of RCS joints were used to estimate specimen joint strength and were compared with the experimental findings.

The objective of this research program is to further evaluate the performance and constructability of reinforced concrete (RC) column-steel beam-slab systems (RCS) for use in low- to mid-rise space frame buildings located in regions of high wind loads and/or moderate seismicity. To better understand these systems, two full scale RCS cruciform specimens were tested under bidirectional quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The experimental portion of this research program included the construction and testing of two full-scale cruciform specimens with identical overall dimensions but with different joint detailing. The two joint details evaluated were joint cover plates and face bearing plates with localized transverse ties. The construction process was recorded in detail and related to actual field construction practices. The specimens were tested experimentally in quasi-static reversed cyclic loading in both orthogonal loading directions while a constant axial force was applied to the column, to simulate the wind loads in a subassembly of a prototype building. To compliment the experimental work, nonlinear analyses were performed to evaluate the specimen strength and hysteretic degradation parameters for RCS systems. In addition, current recommendations in the literature on the design of RCS joints were used to estimate specimen joint strength and were compared with the experimental findings.