The modern design-construction boundary is facing an unprecedented moment of evaluation. Global applications of building information modeling, including virtual prototyping, factory-based component procurement and industrialized site production are only a few of the forces that threaten to engulf the established façades of architecture, engineering and construction practice. Those professional identities that are unable or unwilling to reach deeply into this oncoming torrent of interoperability, integrated delivery, and infinite domains will be lost. It is even possible that the language of building culture will be washed away forever. Preparations should be made. This research proposes to strengthen available built-project communications. It does so by examining the natural architectonic relationships which exists at the most primitive level of production — about the assembly task. A work and its procedures are investigated through the programming interface of a Virtual Prototype (VP) modeling system. With visualized constructability as its goal, this study highlights the character of VP programming as it translates between design and production information with digital specificity. The results of that investigation fashion a test of a new production communications language with the potential to enrich and refresh the insulate expressions and hollow specification of traditional design communications. / Ph. D.

A construção industrializada se mostra como uma oportunidade para aperfeiçoar o processo de produção na construção civil, mas para sua efetiva aplicação é preciso estabelecer um processo de produção condizente com suas características. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como cada uma das perspectivas da integração - contratual, organizacional e de tecnologia da informação - pode aperfeiçoar e ampliar o uso da construção industrializada. A integração do processo de produção é considerada como uma solução para aumentar a qualidade e produtividade na construção civil e suas características estão alinhados aos requisitos da industrialização, seja por meio do uso da pré-fabricação e/ou de técnicas de racionalização da construção. Na literatura afirma-se que, na construção em geral, só é possível alcançar a integração do processo com mudanças estruturais nas três perspectivas. Investigou-se, no caso da construção industrializada, se um alto nível de integração em uma ou duas dessas perspectivas pode compensar a menor ou a sua ausência em outra(s). Para tanto, criou-se um ordenamento do grau de integração relativo a cada perspectiva, pela análise em detalhe de suas características, com a ajuda de diagramas específicos. Também foi elaborada uma tabela geral, com as interdependências entre as três perspectivas dado a graduação em cada uma. Tal método serviu de base para a análise de cinco estudos de caso de construção industrializada. Observou-se que, características da integração organizacional são as que mais favorecem o uso da industrialização, estabelecendo uma visão sistêmica ao processo. É possível estabelecer o trabalho colaborativo sem que a integração esteja definida no modelo de contrato. A integração pela tecnologia da informação, especificamente por meio do BIM, ainda que não se tenha mostrado essencial, permite antecipar possíveis incompatibilidades entre os sistemas construtivos. / Industrialized construction is an opportunity to improve project delivery process; however, it is crucial to reorganize the methods of the process, for its successful use. The aim of this research is to analyze how each perspective of integration - contract, organization and information technology - can improve and expand the use of industrialized construction. Integration of the project process is assumed as a solution to increase quality and efficiency in construction and, its features are aligned with the requirements for industrialized construction, be it through prefabrication and/or rationalization of the construction. It has been stated that, for the general case in construction, its integration can only be achieved from structural changes in all three approaches. It was investigated if a high level of integration in one or two of these perspectives can compensate for lower or absent in the other(s). For that matter, an ordering of the relative degree of integration within each perspective, was derived from the analysis of their characteristics, through the use of specific diagrams. Also, a general table of the interdependencies among the three perspectives was built. This method was used to analyze five case studies of industrialized construction. It was realized that the features of organization integration are those that give better support to the use of industrialized construction. Also, that it is possible to achieve collaboration even when it is not ruled in the contracts. Integration by information technology, specifically through BIM, although not proved essential, allows for anticipation of possible incompatibilities between construction systems.

The evaluation of the satisfaction of residential building users after its delivery to the residents is extremely important to the real estate market. This information enables to create a database to guide the decision taken by the designers in the depeloping of a project of a new product and/or its own improvement. In the case of the introduction of technological inovations to the construction processes key element to the productivity raise the informations related to what and the intensity of the renovations that are accepted by the consumers are important to project a new product to which a bigger degree of industrialization is desired. This work is based on the evaluation of the satisfaction by means of the perception of the user considering two residential buildings that use different building processes and which has as feature the incorporation of a high technological renovation to its production. The first is compound of armed massive walls of reincorced concrete shaped in loco and the second of pre-built panels, compound by a reinforced concrete structure and sealing in ceramic blocks, produced in factories and built in local by the tilt up system. A third residential building, built by the conventional building system (masonry in loco), was also evaluated and accepted as the reference standard.The satisfaction compared by the users of these three different types of residential building was used to evaluate the resident s acceptance level related to the mentioned industrialized houses . The results indicated that a reduction in conservatism of society with respect to industrialized building systems. / A avaliação do grau de satisfação dos usuários de edificações residenciais após a sua entrega aos moradores é de suma importância para o mercado imobiliário. Esta informação possibilita criar um banco de dados para nortear a tomada de decisão dos projetistas no desenvolvimento do projeto de um novo produto e/ou aprimoramento do mesmo. No caso da introdução de inovações tecnológicas aos processos construtivos - elemento chave para o aumento de produtividade - as informações relacionadas ao o que e a intensidade das inovações que são aceitas pelos consumidores são importantes ao projetar um novo produto ao qual se deseja incorporar um maior grau de industrialização. Este trabalho versa sobre a avaliação do grau de satisfação por meio da percepção do usuário realizada em dois conjuntos residenciais que usam processos construtivos distintos e que têm como característica o fato de incorporarem inovação tecnológica à sua produção. O primeiro é composto por paredes maciças de concreto armado moldadas in loco e o segundo por painéis pré-fabricado, compostos por estrutura de concreto armado e vedação em blocos cerâmicos, produzidos em usinas e montados no local pelo sistema tiltup . Um terceiro conjunto residencial, construído pelo sistema construtivo convencional (alvenaria executada in loco), também foi avaliado e admitido como padrão de referência. A comparação do Grau de Satisfação dos usuários desses três diferentes tipos de edificações residenciais foi usada para avaliar o nível de aceitação dos moradores em relação às ditas casas industrializadas . Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar uma redução no conservadorismo da sociedade com relação aos sistemas construtivos industrializados. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

El presente trabajo demuestra que es posible la disminución del déficit de viviendas en los sectores socioeconómicos C y D, implementando proyectos atractivos para la demanda y económicamente rentables para el promotor. El caso de estudio es el proyecto “Residencial Terra Blanca”, de la empresa Inmobiliaria Yaku, el cual se desarrolla en la ciudad de Pisco y va dirigido a los niveles socioeconómicos C y D. La tesis presenta dos partes, la primera, relacionada con la promoción inmobiliaria y el análisis económico del proyecto, donde en función al estudio de mercado y a la comparación con proyectos similares en la zona, el promotor propone un producto atractivo y accesible para la demanda de la ciudad. Asimismo, se hace un análisis económico dando como resultados indicadores de rentabilidad aceptables, concluyendo que el proyecto es viable. Como complemento a esta primera parte, se hace el análisis de sensibilidad con las tres variables más relevantes de los proyectos inmobiliarios: la velocidad de ventas, el precio promedio de las viviendas y el costo de construcción de la edificación para determinar los rangos en los cuales estas variables mantienen la viabilidad del proyecto. En la segunda parte, y como propuesta de valor, se propone una optimización del presupuesto de construcción de la edificación, empleando un modelo de construcción industrializado para la preparación, el transporte y la colocación del concreto preparado en obra, adicionalmente, se introduce una propuesta colaborativa que disminuye la carga tributaria del proyecto. De la aplicación de ambas propuestas, se ha determinado el impacto en el aumento de la rentabilidad del proyecto, producto del ahorro en el presupuesto de construcción. / This paper shows that the reduction of housing shortage in C and D socio-economic sectors is possible, through the implementation of attractive projects for demand and that are economically profitable for a developer. The study case is “Residencial Terra Blanca” project, from Inmobiliaria Yaku S.A.C, which is developed in the city of Pisco and it is intended for socio-economic levels C and D. The thesis has two parts, the first one is related to real state development and project economic analysis, which according to market research and comparing to similar projects in the area, the developer proposes an appealing and affordable product for the city’s demand. An economic analysis is also carried out resulting in acceptable profitability indicators, concluding that the project is viable. In addition to this first part, a sensitivity analysis is made with the three most important variables: sales velocity, average housing price and construction cost of the building, to determine the ranges in which these variables keep the project feasibility. The second part, and as value proposal, it is suggested a construction budget optimization of the building, using an industrialized building model for the preparation, transportation and placement of concrete mixed on site; additionally, it is introduced a collaborative proposal that reduces tax burden of the project. After applying both proposals, it has been determined an impact on increase of project profitability, as a consequence of savings in the construction budget. / Tesis

Den linjära metodiken för användning av produkter i byggsektorn är huvudorsaken till uttömning av naturresurser och uppkomsten av avfall. Inom byggindustrin är förbränning det vanligaste sättet att göra sig av med avfall. Genom att integrera cirkulära flöden kan den linjära metodiken motverkas vilket leder till att livcykeln för produkterna förlängs. Standardiseringen som industriellt byggande kräver är en förutsättning för att cirkulära flöden ska kunna nyttjas. Detta då avfallet uppstår i större volymer och i renare fraktioner. Det kan dock konstateras att det inte är nog studerat vilka cirkulära flöden som finns och som är användbara för industriella byggföretag. Det finns således en motivering till syftet i studien som är att undersöka vilka cirkulära flöden industriella byggföretag kan använda sig av för att minska avfall som går till förbränning och deponi. Målet med examensarbetet är således att först och främst kartlägga det industriella byggföretagets avfall för trävirke, plywood, gips, glasroc och fermacell. Vartefter olika cirkulära flöden för dessa material ska hittas och presenteras utifrån hur väl de presterar i parametrarna ekonomi, utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, logistikkomplexitet och avfallstrappan. För att stödja detta arbete har följande två forskningsfrågor tagits fram; Vilka är orsakerna till uppkomsten av avfall av trävirke, plywood, gips, glasroc och fermacell hos industriella byggföretag och hur kan detta avfall klassificeras i olika kategorier? Vilka cirkulära flöden kan industriella byggföretag implementera baserat på sitt avfall? För att svara på den första forskningsfrågan har en kartläggning genom mätningar i det industriella byggföretagets fabrik utförts. Sedan har datan från dessa mätningar kategoriserats och katalogiserats för att kunna dra slutsatser om orsakerna till uppkomsten av avfallet samt inom vilka kategorier det kan klassificeras. Från resultatet för kartläggningen kunde det konstateras att den största orsaken till uppkomsten av avfall var kapspill, detta för samtliga studerade material. För trävirket kunde slutsatsen dras att den största andelen materialspill hamnade inom längdintervallet 0–149 mm. För skivmaterialen gips och plywood uppstod avfallet i areor mindre än 0,5 m2, där det enbart för glasroc och fermacell fanns avfall i areor över 0,5 m2. Genom mätningarna kunde det konstateras att fermacell och glasroc stod för störst mängd avfall. För att svara på forskningsfråga två har först och främst en litteraturstudie kring vilka cirkulära flöden som finns gjorts. För de cirkulära flöden som är genomförbara för det industriella byggföretaget har resultatet för parametrarna ekonomi, utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, logistikkomplexitet och avfallstrappan presenterats för de cirkulära flödena. I analysen har sedan resultaten för de olika cirkulära flödena rangordnats inom varje parameter. De cirkulära flöden som har hittats för träprodukterna är intern och extern fingerskarvning, intern och extern biokolstillverkning, internt ekologipaket samt extern spånskivstillverkning. För skivmaterialen var det endast materialåtervinning för att göra nya skivmaterial som hittades. För ekonomiparametern var det extern fingerskarvning som visade sig vara mest fördelaktig. För parametern för utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter så var det intern biokolstillverkning som var mest fördelaktig och för logistikparametern var det extern biokolstillverkning som var mest fördelaktig. För den sista parametern, avfallstrappan, var det de tre flödena intern och extern fingerskarvning samt det interna ekologipaketet som hade de bästa resultaten. Extern biokolstillverkning visade sig även vara det enda cirkulära flöde som placerades i övre halvan av rangordningen för samtliga parametrar. / The linear methodology of using products in the construction sector is the main reason for the depletion of natural resources and the production of waste. In the construction industry energy recovery is the most common way of disposing of waste. By integrating circular flows the linear methodology can be counteracted, which leads to an extended life cycle for products. The standardization that industrialized construction requires is a prerequisite for circular flows to be utilized, since the waste occurs in larger volumes and in cleaner fractions. However, it has been established that there in not enough research about which circular flows that exist and can be used by industrialized construction companies. There is thus a justification for the purpose of this study, which is to investigate which circular flows industrialized construction companies can use to reduce waste that goes to energy recovery and landfill. The goal of the thesis is thus first and foremost to map the industrialized construction company’s waste for timber, gypsum, glasroc and fermacell. Where different circular flows for these materials are to be found and then presented based on how well they perform in the parameters of economy, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, logistics complexity and the waste hierarchy. To support this work, two research questions have been developed; What are the causes of production of timber, gypsum, glasroc and fermacell waste in industrialized construction companies and how can this waste be classified into different categories? Which circular flows can industrialized construction companies implement based on their waste? To answer the first research question, a mapping through measurements in the industrial construction company’s factory has been carried out. Where the data from these measurements then has been categorized and cataloged to be able to come to conclusions about the causes of the origin of the waste and into which categories it can be classified. From the results of the mapping, it could be stated that the biggest cause for waste was spillage. For the timber, it could also be determined that the largest proportion of waste ended up within the length range 0-149 mm. For the board materials gypsum and plywood, the waste occurred in areas smaller than 0.5 m2. Only glasroc and fermacell occurred in areas over 0.5 m2. Through the mapping, it could also be established that fermacell and glasroc accounted for the largest proportions of waste. To answer the second research question, a literature study has been conducted to find which circular flows that exist. For the circular flows that were feasible for the industrial construction company, their results for the parameters economy, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, logistics complexity and the waste hierarchy have been presented. In the analysis, the results for the different circular flows have been ranked within each parameter. The circular flows that have been found for the timber products are internal and external finger jointing, internal and external biochar production, internal ecology package and external particle board production. For the board materials, only material recycling to make new board materials were found. For the economy parameter, external finger jointing was the most beneficial. For the parameter for emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, it was internal biochar production that was most beneficial. For the logistics parameter, external biochar production was the most beneficial. For the last parameter, the waste hierarchy, it was the three flows internal and external finger jointing and internal ecology package that had the best results. External biochar production was also the only circular flow placed in the top half of the ranking for all parameters.

Après une période de construction scolaire en France, massive et industrialisée, depuis le début des années 1960, la monotonie architecturale et la qualité insuffisante des bâtis sont mises en cause, vers 1970, tandis qu’en villes nouvelles, les aménageurs recherchent des constructions différentes, voire exemplaires. Le défi à relever s’inscrit dans le cadre administratif et budgétaire, contraignant, du VIe Plan (1971-1975), mais aussi des recherches architecturales, liées aux efforts de rénovation pédagogique. Les trois premiers lycées construits dans les villes nouvelles de la région parisienne - en 1973, le lycée intégré des Sept Mares, à Élancourt-Maurepas, à Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, en 1975, le lycée du Parc des Loges à Évry, à espaces aménagés, et, en 1978, le lycée Alfred Kastler, à Cergy-Pontoise, face au quartier de la préfecture - représentent des avancées décisives dans une conception renouvelée des espaces scolaires. Une place particulière est accordée au secteur socio-culturel, à l’ouverture sur l’environnement et à la liaison ville-lycée, projet porteur aux Sept Mares d’utopie sociale, de 1975 à la fin des années 1980. / After a massive and industrialized period of school construction in France since the early 1960s, the architectural monotony and poor quality frames are challenged, circa 1970, while in new cities, developers are looking for different constructions or copies. The challenge is part of the binding administrative and budgetary framework of the Sixth Plan (1971-1975), but also a part of architectural research related to educational reform efforts. The first three schools built in new towns in the Paris region - in 1973, the integrated high school of les Sept Mares in Elancourt-Maurepas, in St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, in 1975, the high school of Parc des Loges with fitted out spaces, in Evry, in 1978 the high school Alfred Kastler, in Cergy-Pontoise, in front of the district prefecture - are breakthroughs in a renewed design school spaces. Particular attention is paid to the socio-cultural sector, the opening on the environment and the link between the city and the high school, promising project of social utopia in the Sept Mares, from 1975 to the late 1980s.