In this research, we dealt with the original landfill leachate, and put the flowing water by a traditional second one that has dealt with of sewage factory directly with the constructed wetland systems in lab-scale. The purpose the study is to compare the experimental results after dealing the leachate by different constructed wetland process systems which was judge at if the, can reach the water quality standard. The constructed wetland systems in the study were set up in a greenhouse on campus, which were operated between May 2004 and July 2003. Constructed wetland systematic attitude, include Free Water Surface System (FWS) and Subsurface Flow System (SSF) contact but two type constructed wetland system that become mainly. In the test use different waste water sources to feet the systems, and we planted different species of plants, and add extra carbon source. Thus, we can divide the experiment into two stages: (1) From July of 2003 to December of 2003. (2) From February of 2004 to May of 2004. In each stage, we tested three experiment group P1, P2 and total nitrogen of P3 except that the rate is 37¡Ó20%, 50¡Ó11% respectively and -6.1¡Ó37.8%. The removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were estimated equal to 84¡Ó11%, 94¡Ó4% and 60¡Ó24% respectively. For total phosphorus and phosphate, P1 , P2 and P3 system were measured equal to 37¡Ó14%, 68¡Ó16% and 77¡Ó16%and 44¡Ó16%, 75¡Ó8% and 80¡Ó17% respectively . The ammonia nitrogen temperature correction coefficient (£c value) were calculated to be 0.921, 0.949, 0.926, 1.043 and 0.785 for P1, P2, P3, U1 and U2 system, respectively. The phosphate temperature correction coefficients (£c values ) were measured to be 1.006, 0.981, 1.070, 1.235 and 0.843 respectively for P1, P2, P3, U1 and U2 system. In order to increase the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen, it was always by adding carbon source. The experimental result showed, that it is add carbon source wait by system to SSF , its President nitrogen is it flow water pollution load leave 2g/m2/day nearly to put to have, and has not added water pollution load has flowed in the putting of the carbon source nearly has 6g/m2/day left, And nearly remain under 1g/m2/day in the putting and flowing water pollution load of TON, and not added the putting of the carbon source water pollution load has flowed nearly has 2-3g/m2/day left. This result showed that high total nitrogen removal efficiencies were by adding carbon source.

In Taiwan, swine wastewater has become one of the major causes of the deterioration of surface water quality. To minimize the operational and maintenance cost of the conventional wastewater treatment utilities, less expensive natural treatment systems (e.g., aquatic plant treatment system) have been proposed to enhance the efficacy of existing three-stage treatment system (solid separation followed by anaerobic and aerobic treatment). Using the natural treatment system is an appropriate technology for treating livestock wastewater in tropical or subtropical regions or developing countries because it is inexpensive, easily maintained, and has environmentally friendly and sustainable characteristics. The main objectives of this study were to (1) examine the efficacy and capacity of using aquatic plant treatment system to polish the treated wastewater to meet the discharge standards in Taiwan (COD = 600 mg/L, BOD = 80 mg/L, and SS = 150 mg/L), (2) evaluate the potential of reusing the treated wastewater, (3) evaluate the feasibility of replacing the aerobic treatment process contained in the three-stage system with the aquatic plant system, and (4) improve the efficiency of sludge (obtained from the three-stage treatment system) composting process. In this study, a hog farm was selected as the case study site. An aquatic plant unit [13.5 (L) ¡Ñ 4 (W) ¡Ñ 3 (D)] planted with Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was placed after the aerobic system for wastewater polishment. Influent and effluent sa mples from each unit were collected and analyzed for water quality parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and suspended solids (SS). Water samples were collected monthly during the 15-month investigation period. Results show that the averaged COD, BOD, and SS concentrations were approximately 708, 83, and 123 mg/L, respectively after the three-stage treatment scheme. The observed COD, BOD, and SS concentrations dropped to 518, 56, and 48 mg/L, respectively which could meet the discharge standards. Thus, the aquatic plant treatment system played an important role in meeting the discharge standards for swine wastewater. More than 99% of all pollutants were removed by the three-stage system followed by the aquatic plant system. The effluent from the treatment system has been used for hog farm cleaning. Thus, the aquatic plant system has the potential to be applied as the final polishment process to enhance the treatment efficacy of swine wastewater. Results also show that it is feasible to replace the aerobic treatment process with the aquatic plant system from the cost and regulation compliance point of view. Results from the composting study show that rice straws could enhance the activity of microorganisms and also cause the increase the quantity of potassium in the compost pile. Moreover, mixing the water hyacinth in the compost pile could increase the quantity of nitrogen and phosphorous. Results also reveal that using ceramic bioballs as the filling materials could minimize the composting time due to the increase of permeability in the piles.

The main contents of campus sewage are BOD and inorganic nutrients. Conventional secondary treatment processes can remove BOD efficiently, whereas the inorganic nutrients remain mostly left. Therefore, the effluents may cause eutrophication to the receiving water bodies. Using constructed wetland treatment system to reduce nutrients become more and more popular recently. Vertical flow type subsurface process is particularly efficient in nitrogen transformations. In this research we studied the nitrogen transformation dynamics by using different types vertical flow constructed wetland system with various natural materials as the media to treat the secondary effluents from a campus sewage treatment plant. Six self designed experiment columns with broken concrete blocks, oyster shells, different sizes of marble granules, and river sands were used for this study as vertical flow constructed wetland systems. The methods of operation included batch type, continuous flow with filled water and trickling filter type, which were tested by controlling the influent flows into those six test columns. The efficiencies of various combinations in treatments and their mechanisms were discussed in the study. The experimental results showed that the best ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency was measured equal to 46.6% in batch type operations, while the continuous flow with filled water type operation showed the best performance by using concrete blocks as the media (42.8%). However, the best ammonium nitrogen removal rate in the trickling operation was found in the column with media of 3 mm marble granules (91.1%). The medium of river sand obtained the best phosphorous removal rate by using a batch flow operation. Vegetating presented only minor contributions in the column with medium of smaller grain size materials. The optimum C/N ratios for denitification tests are 3.5 and 3 by using the media of concrete and oyster, respectively.

Constructd wetland system is one of the ecological engineering technologies used on wastewater treatments. In this study, we discussed the treatment efficiencies of oil refining and steel-milling wastewater by four lab-scale constructed wetland systems (0.8-m long by 0.4-m wide by 0.7-m deep), which were all filled with gravel media, and planted with Phragmites communis. The constructed wetland systems were designed into two types: free water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF) wetland systems, which were discharged with two different types of wastewater (oil refining and steel-milling). The experiments of this study were run by five stages. The experimental results showed that almost all of the contaminants could be reliably removed from wastewater by the constructed wetland systems, especially in the SSF systems. During the experiments, the second stage of the experiments had the best treatment efficiencies, in which the flowrate was controlled at 5mL/min. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in FWS and in SSF werecalculated equal to 7.5days, and 5.36days, respectively.

In recent years, interest in wastewater treatment through constructed wetlands has been significantly increased because of their low cost and energy requirement. In this study, pilot-scale constructed wetland systems were developed to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness on the treatment of oil-refining and steel-milling wastewater. The constructed wetland used to treat the oil-refining wastewater included one free water surface system (FWS) filled with sandy media and one subsurface flow system filled with gravel media. The plants grown on the wetland were Phragmites communis. The hydraulic retention time for the two systems was approximately 7 and 5 days, respectively. A two-stage subsurface flow constructed wetland system was used to treat steel-milling wastewater. This system, which filled with gravel media were planted with Phragmites communis (the first stage) and Typha orientalis (the second stage). The hydraulic retention time for this system was approximately 7 days. Experimental results showed that the two constructed wetland systems for the oil-refining wastewater treatment could remove most of the wastewater pollutants. Moreover, the first system (FWS) played a more important role on the wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the first stage of the wetland system, which was used for steel-milling wastewater treatment was not significant due to the inhibition of the plant growth by the wastewater. However, the treatment efficiency was increased at the second stage after planting new plants. Results from the two-stage treatment system indicate that higher treatment efficiencies were observed except for ammonium. Results from this study would be very useful in the design of constructed wetlands for practical application to treat oil-refining and steel-milling wastewaters.

Recently, the use of constructed wetlands to treat nutritions and containing wastewater, has quite been in vogue. However, since salts aquacultural wastewater contains massive nutrients and salts, the common aquatic plant species are not suitable to treat it. Therefore the purpose of this research is mainly to use pilot-scale salty water constructed wetland systems operated under batch conditions to removal efficiency of nutrients. The pilot-scale have nine pools, the influent was from discharge channels containing aquacultural wastewater and community sewage near by Dapeng Bay. The experiment designs altogether has four stages.In the first stage to the third stage, the HRT was continued at 7 days. Last stage, the HRT was continued at one month. Experimental period has used waste brick bat, oyster shell, 9mm stone and mix stone (9mm stone and 3mm stone mix) as filter medium. The 9mm stone pool and mix stone pool coordinates differently to test the stage planter differently to plant the species. The plant aspect has Avicennia marina(L2¡BL3 pool ), Lumnitzera racemosa and Phragmites australis. (First, the second stage plants the Phragmites australis , the third stage starts to plant Lumnitzera racemosa). The experimental results showed that the filter media used with the mix stone presented the highest removal efficiency for the nutrients,whice the oyster shell exhibited the lowest removal efficiency for the nutrients. The oyster shell system was also found nutrients releaseal to the system. For using plants to remove the nutrients, we found that plants, did not show better performace than the systems without plants(p¡Ö0.05). However, for the condition of vegetation, the plant species of Avicennia marina exhibited the best performace.

Constructed wetlands had been used for water treatment worldwide. The efficiency of wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland depends on its design, types of aquatic plants and microbial community present in this wetland. The goal of this study is to analyze the microbial populations in KaoPing River Rail Bridge constructed wetland which was designed to remove the polluted material from municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. Sediment and water samples were collected every 3 months from April, 2007 to April, 2008. The bacterial community diversities were analyzed by PCR-DGGE of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results show approximately 60% BOD, 41% COD, 46% nitrate, 22% total nitrogen, and 97% coliforms were removed by this wetland system. DGGE profiles revealed the bacterial community diversities shifted progressively from the entry to the exit of both A and B systems in this wetland. The microbial populations in water, sediment, biofilms on plants, and soil were quite different from each others. The fecal indicator Escherichia coli was used as a marker to monitor the fecal contamination in all samples. From PCR-DGGE profiles, E. coli could be successfully removed by this wetland system. In conclusion, this constructed wetland is a very successful system for wastewater treatment and is able to remove most of the pollutants before they are discharged into KaoPing River. The results of this study provided useful suggestions for the government to assess the bacterial diversities and the efficiency of this wetland system, to protect people from hazardous risks, and to manage a constructed wetland in the future.

<p> </p><div><table style="height: 340px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="639" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0cm 7.1pt;" height="289" align="left" valign="top"><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-GB">A low-loaded constructed wetland was investigated with respect to phosphorus retention. Since the main long-term phosphorus retention mechanism is sedimentation and sediment accretion, the study focused on these processes. The purpose of the study was 1) to investigate how the calculated value of phosphorus retention (P_in – P_out), corresponded with the measured amount of phosphorus in the sediment, 2) to find out where in the wetland the phosphorus had accumulated, and in what form it was retained, and 3) to investigate the role of vegetation. The calculated value was 12 kg ha^-1 and the measured value was 104 kg ha^-1, which indicated the importance of internal phosphorus circulation, where plants probably take phosphorus from the underlying clay. Hence, vegetation could possibly increase the total phosphorus content in the wetland. The composition of phosphorus in the sediment was analysed using sequential fractionation. The dominating form of phosphorus in the sediment was iron-bound phosphorus (29 %). In total, 48 % of the phosphorus was stable, i.e. tightly bound in the sediment, and 35 % was relatively stable. The bioavailable fraction, which could cause eutrophication in downstream waters, was 17 % of the total phosphorus content, or 41 kg ha^-1. The amount of total phosphorus was significantly higher near the inlet, compared to the outlet, which is explained by rapid sedimentation of particulate phosphorus entering the wetland. The phosphorus amount near the inlet represented 80 % of the total phosphorus load – which indicates the importance of internal circulation of phosphorus, both biological and geochemical. </span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Integrated aquaculture systems (IAS) are a type of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) where the wastewater is treated and returned to the fish tanks. The important difference between the two is that in an IAS, wastes from the aquaculture component are recovered as fertilizer to produce an agricultural product whereas in an RAS, waste organics, nutrients and solids are treated and discharged. A pilot marine IAS at Mote Aquaculture Research Park in Sarasota, FL was studied for this project. Water quality monitoring, measurements of fish health and growth rates of fish and plants were performed over a two-year period to determine the effectiveness of the system in producing fish and plant products and removing pollutants. The goal of this portion of the project was to develop, calibrate and evaluate a model of the system, to understand the nitrogen transformations within the Mote IAS and to investigate other potential configurations of the Mote IAS. The model was divided into the various compartments to simulate each stage of the system, which included fish tanks, a drum filter for solids removal, and moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) for nitrification and disinfection. A solids tank after the drum filter was used to store the drum filter effluent slurry, which was then divided between three treatment processes: a geotube, a sand filter followed by a plant bed, and a plant bed alone. Nitrogen species modeled were particulate organic nitrogen (PON), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium and nitrate. Of the physical components of the IAS, models of the MBBR and the two plant raceways included physical, chemical and biological nitrogen transformation processes. The sand filter, solids tank and geotube models were simple mass balances, incorporating factional removals of each species based on the observed data. Other variables modeled included temperature, dissolved oxygen, volatile suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand concentrations. The model was built in a computer program, STELLATM, to simulate the Mote IAS. The model calibration involved experimental, literature and calibrated parameters. Parameters were adjusted until the model's output was a best fit to the observed data by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. During the sensitivity analysis, two model parameters caused large variations in the model output. The denitrifier constant caused the most variation to the model's output followed by the denitrifier fraction of volatile suspended solids. Of the removal processes, denitrification was the largest nitrogen removal mechanism from the model, accounting for 59% and 55% of the nitrogen removed from the south and north plant raceways respectively. Plant and soil uptake represented only 0.2% of the overall nitrogen removal processes followed by 0.1% by sedimentation. Finally, the model was used to investigate other treatment designs if the Mote IAS was redesigned. The first option involved a geotube and one plant raceway in series to treat the solid waste while the second option did not have a geotube, but two plant raceways. The first option was the most effective at removing nitrogen while the second was as effective as the original system and would cost less.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how writing in mathematics is treated in one 4th grade National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded mathematics textbook titled Everyday Mathematics and one publisher-generated textbook titled enVision MATH. The developed framework provided categories to support each of the research questions. The results indicate that writing is supported in both traditional and NSF developed 4th grade mathematics textbooks Results also indicated the number of exercises and writing prompts was higher in the enVision MATH textbook. However, Everyday Mathematics had a higher percentage of exercises that were coded as writing prompts. The framework domains of content strand in enVision MATH and Everyday Mathematics are similar in percentages with the exception of prompts coded in the other category. Everyday Mathematics appeared to be the only textbook analyzed to support writing across different content areas. Furthermore, the content strand of number sense had the largest percentage of writing prompts coded between both textbook series. Other findings from this study suggest that the type of vocabulary coded within the writing prompts was similar in all categories between both textbook series analyzed. Additionally, vocabulary specific to the domain of mathematics and symbols appeared to have the largest percentage in this category for both textbook series. The teacher and student editions were explored in enVision MATH and Everyday Mathematics to provide more depth to the research. An exploration of the teacher edition indicated how writing was supported for instructional purposes. The teacher editions in both textbook series had the largest percentage of support in the form of one sample response. Within the student edition category, the layout varied in the enVision MATH and Everyday Mathematics textbook series. As a result, only the language of Everyday MATH could be analyzed for patterns in the sections, sub-sections, and additional sub-sections of where the prompts were located. Although this investigation did not involve analyzing student responses to the writing prompts, the findings provide information regarding the expectations of the writer in order to construct a mathematical response. For example, the domain specific vocabulary (DSV) and symbols category was rated the highest in percentage for both textbooks indicating that students will need to have command of the language and symbols of mathematics in order to engage in meaning making written discourse. Because most of the math prompts were specific to the problem solving category, it was determined after a linguistic analysis that the affordance of the prompt is much more complex than then binary categories of content and process Additionally, in order for students to respond to these content writing prompts, many process words known as meta-language (i.e., explanation, description, why question, how question) need to be comprehended in order for composition to begin. In light of these findings, I recommend that special attention be given to the teacher and student editions regarding the implementation of writing in mathematics. The development of these materials has important implications regarding instruction and learning of mathematical concepts through writing, potentially impacting student performance on national and international assessments.