Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Nelson Nery Costa.pdf: 980172 bytes, checksum: 6a88a3cb38986a5724f3c65228b090f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-23 / The doctoral thesis, defended for the graduation in Public Policies from the Federal University of Maranhao, with the Consumation Policies: the consumers protection in Brazil social movement . The goal of the research was to study and understand the institutional influence achieved by the movement from the 1988 Constitution s dispositions as well as the 1990 Consumer s Protection Code. The main problem of the doctoral thesis was to know if whether the social movement was somehow responsible for the diffusion, claim and establishment of the consumer s rights in Brazil, at the end of the 20th century. As secondary problems, the following questionings arose: a) how the workers acquired rights to become the current consumers?; b) how the Brazilian consumer society was formed?; c) how was the consumer s protection movement expressed in Brazil?; d) what are the characteristics of the consumer s rights and the National Policy of Consumption Relations? To answer, a research following the dialectical method based on the Karl Marx and other authors who followed his general orientation, from several currents and shades concepts of capitalism, merchandise, alienation, market, capital-gain and worker. At the end of the 20th century in Brazil, the thesis was the defense of the free market and free competition, based on the principles of contractual freedom and linking force of what was legally agreed. As the antithesis was the social movement for the consumer s defense, that defended changes in the constitution regarding consumer s rights and the connected public policy. As a synthesis of this conflict, the 1988 Constitution approached the theme, and soon after, the Consumer s Protection Code itself in 1990. From the shock, constitutional provisions were created followed by its codification as a synthesis of the earlier opposites conflict, leading to a new consumer conscience supporting consumer awareness and consumption relationships policies. The secondary hypothesis were answered, confirming its assertive that: a) alienation though consumption solidified the basis of the capitalist social unit; b) slowly, a consumption society was created in Brazil based on the dependence of transnational companies; c) several consumer protection movements and public administration offices articulated and organized to create a consumption policy; d) the consumer protection policies were established based on the protection of the disadvantaged, the vetting of abusive and surprise clauses, the linkage between advertisement and product, consumer s education, nature protection, the participation of associations and use of class action suits. Finally, the main hypothesis was considered, leading to the conclusion that the consumer protection social movement was responsible for the establishment of Brazil s public consumption policies, at the end of the last century, especially with the creation of the consumer s protection in the 1988 Constitution and the establishment of the National Policy of Consumption Relations in the 1990 Consumer s Protection Code. / A tese de doutorado, defendida junto à Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, tem como tema Políticas de Consumo: movimento social de defesa do consumidor no Brasil . O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar e compreender a influência institucional que o movimento do consumidor conseguiu com as disposições previstas na Constituição de 1988 e com o próprio Código de Defesa do Consumidor, de 1990. O problema principal da tese de doutorado era saber se o movimento social de alguma forma foi responsável pela difusão, pela reivindicação e pela instituição do direito do consumidor, no Brasil, no final do século XX. Como problemas secundários, formularam-se as seguintes indagações: a) como se deu a alienação do trabalhador para se tornar o consumidor atual?; b) como ocorreu a formação da sociedade de consumo brasileira?; c) como se manifestou o movimento de defesa do consumidor, no Brasil?; d) quais são as características do direito do consumidor e da Política Nacional das Relações de Consumo? Para responder a tanto, pesquisou-se por meio do método dialético com base nos conceitos de capitalismo, de mercadoria, de alienação, de mercado, de mais valia e de trabalhador de Karl Marx e dos autores que seguiram sua orientação geral, de várias correntes e matizes. No final do século XX, no Brasil, a tese era a defesa do livre mercado e da livre concorrência, com base nos princípios da liberdade contratual e da força vinculante do que for pactuado legalmente, ao passo que sua antítese foi o movimento social de defesa do consumidor, que defendeu a inclusão no texto constitucional das disposições sobre o direito do consumidor e sobre a política pública a ele vinculado. Como síntese desse conflito, surgiramas disposições sobre a matéria na Constituição de 1988 e, logo depois, com o próprio Código de Defesa do Consumidor, de 1990. Em decorrência do choque, criaram-se as disposições constitucionais e em seguida sua codificação, como síntese do conflito dos contrários anteriores, com a formação de uma nova consciência no consumidor em favor do consumo consciente e de política das relações de consumo. As hipóteses secundárias foram respondidas, confirmando-se suas assertivas, de que: a) a alienação pelo consumo forjou a base da unidade da sociedade no capitalismo; b) formou-se, lentamente, uma sociedade de consumo no Brasil com base na dependência e nas empresas transnacionais; c) houve articulação e organização de vários movimentos de defesa do consumidor e de órgãos públicos para a criação de política de consumo; d) foram fixadas as políticas de defesa do consumidor, com base na proteção da hipossuficiência, da vetação das cláusulas abusivas e da cláusula de surpresa, da vinculação da propaganda como o produto, da educação do consumidor, da proteção da natureza, da participação de associações e do uso de ações coletivas. Por fim, procurou-se responder à hipótese principal, concluindo-se que o movimento social de defesa do consumidor foi responsável pela instituição de políticas públicas de consumo, no Brasil, no final do século passado, especialmente com a criação da defesa do consumidor na Constituição de 1988 e com a fixação da Política Nacional das Relações de Consumo no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, de 1990.

Svenskarna är ibland de som konsumenterna konsumerar mest nötkött i världen, de äter 26 kg per person och år. Matkonsumtionen generellt står för en tredjedel av de svenska hushållens utsläpp av växthusgaser, och g. Globalt sett står djuruppfödningen till köttproduktion för 14,5 % av utsläppen av alla växthusgaser. Kor är idisslare och deras matsmältning avger metangas vilket bidrar mer till växthuseffekten jämfört med uppfödning av andra djur som inte idisslar. För att minska de utsläppen kan antalet nötboskap reduceras. SamtidigtMen, å andra sidan bidrar betande djur till öppna landskap och biologisk mångfald,. och Ddet finns marker som inte lämpar sig för odling ochdär betesdjur kan vara det enda sättet att få avkastning, och hur ., men bBlir dock mängden djur på en bestämd areal för stor tar naturen istället skada. Kor är idisslare och deras matsmältning avger metangas som vilket bidrar till ökad växthuseffekt jämfört med uppfödning av andra djur som inte idisslar. Hur stor miljöpåverkanmycket djuruppfödningen påverkar miljön har varierar emellertid beroende medpå vilka metoder som används i jordbruket. Djurfoder har bland annat identifierats som den största utsläppskällan i produktionssystemet. För att minska miljöpåverkan från jordbruket generellt  och nötköttskonsumtionen speciellt kan ny teknik användas som effektiviserar produktionen. Den framtida utmaningen kommer också att vara handla om att säkra mattillgången för hela världens befolkning. Flertalet studier konkluderar med att en förändring av våra matvanor är ett nödvändigt komplement till andra klimatåtgärder, ändå vidtas inga åtgärder för att minska nötköttskonsumtionen i Sverige.. I den här studien har olika intressenter fått svara på hur de ser på nötköttskonsumtionens påverkan på miljön. De intervjuade var ett urval av politiker och intresseorganisationer. De fick också svara på frågor om hur viktigt de anser det vara att minska konsumtion av nötkött, hur man kan gå till väga för att uppnå det, när och hur stor minskningen bör vara samt hur lång tid det kan ta för att uppnå en förändring.   De tillfrågade erkännervar väl införstådda med att djuruppfödningen påverkar klimatet men lyfte också även andra miljöaspekter lyfts fram. Resultatet visar att viljan var stor att minska klimatpåverkan med hjälp av minskad nötköttskonsumtion. De tillfrågade erkänner att djuruppfödningen påverkar klimatet men även andra miljöaspekter lyfts fram. Många av respondenterna uttalade en oro för att den svenska produktionen skulle drabbas om politiska styrmedel infördes. Gällande storleken på reduktionen av nötköttskonsumtionen rådde relativt stor enighet kring en siffra mellanpå 20 tilloch 50 %. När det kom till hur detta kan uppnås gick dock åsikterna isär. Samtliga respondenter förespråkade informativa styrmedel och fortsatt forskning, några kunde tänka sig ekonomiska styrmedel men ingen var villig att införa administrativa styrmedel. Det står klart att konsumtionen av nötkött har en stor miljöpåverkan och att vi måste minska den för att nå klimatmålen. Med information och fortsatt forskning kan normer brytas och konsumtionsmönster förändras i grunden. Om det behövs kraftigare åtgärder kan ekonomiska styrmedel vara nästa steg. Det finns utrymme för en fortsatt nationell produktion av nötkött samtidigt som konsumtionen minskar. Eftersom alla respondenterna var överens om att en minskning av nötköttskonsumtionen är viktig kan konkreta, nationella mål sättas upp och åtgärder vidtas omgående.Till trots för kunskapen om att nötköttsproduktion är en av de största bidragande faktorerna till utsläpp av växthusgaser globalt och att konsumtion måste minska för att vi skall kunna uppfylla klimatmålen. De flesta av respondenterna var intresserade av att jobba för en minskning av nötköttskonsumtion men visade mindre vilja till mer omfattande åtgärder, vilket kan bero på en oro för att förlora medlemmar eller väljare. Miljö och konsumtion är politiska frågor och risken kan vara större att politikerna mister väljare i generationen miliennials eftersom en förändring mot minskad köttkonsumtion generellt redan är igång bland dem. / About one third out of the greenhouse gases produced by the Swedish households come from food consumption, with Sswedes being among the worlds’ larbiggest consumers of beef; consuming roughly, 26 kg per person and year. Beef consumption accounts for approximately 7 % of the Swedish greenhouse gas emissions which is not negligible. While the consumption of beef has been identified in many previous studies to impact the environment negatively,G grazing animals can contribute to a healthy environment by keeping landscapes open, thereby supporting biodiversity. , and there is land more suitable for grazing than for growing crops. However, if the number of animals is too large it will lead to environmental damage., and ruminants contribute to greenhouse gas emissions by producing methane whilst digesting. The magnitude of the environmental impact from agriculture depends on what methods are used, but the cultivation of feed has been identified as the greatest cause of environmental damage in the production system of livestock. New technology could be used to reduce the environmental impacts from agriculture and the consumption of beef. Food security will be a challenge for the future, with the rising global population and changing conditions for agricultural practices in many areas. Several studies have concluded that adapting our diets is necessary to complement other climate mitigation measures. Yet, not much is done to reduce the beef consumption. Thise study was performed by interviewing different stakeholders regarding their views on beef consumption, where the interviewees respondents were a sample of politicians and relevant organization representatives. They were asked about the importance of reducing beef consumption in order to reach environmental targets, and methods ofor doing so; how great the reduction ought to be, as well as within what time perspective we ought to see changes in consumption. The results showed a willingness to change and reduce the beef consumption due to its environmental impacts. The climate effects from livestock were recognised and other environmental aspects were also highlighted. Most respondents were able to quantifypresent a number of how much they believed meat consumption ought to be reduced, with suggestions ranging from 20 to 50 per cent. Furthermore, all the respondents agreed upon using informational policy instruments and continued scientific work to achieve the suggested aims. A few were additionally in favour of implementing economic policy instruments, but none advised administrative policy instruments as an appropriate measure. It is clearDespite the knowledge that the beef consumption has an extensively negative environmental impact and needs to be addressed, and though most respondents expressed willingness to work for a reduction of the consumption they were still hesitant to introduce any vast measures. This could be due to concerns of losing members or votes. Environmental as well as consuming issues are political matters and the risk of losing votes might be greater if not acting as the young adults, millennials, have already initiated a change toward a more plant based diet.