Orientadores: Priscila Gava Mazzola, Carlos Emílio Levy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T05:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amaral_LilianFerreiraBarbosa_M.pdf: 1912127 bytes, checksum: 32484facc8e6b93417ada30bacc332ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A contaminação microbiológica apresenta um risco potencial à qualidade do produto, mas, sobretudo pode afetar a saúde do consumidor. Conservantes são substâncias adicionadas a produtos cosméticos, farmacêuticos, de limpeza e alimentícios com o objetivo de inibir o desenvolvimento de microrganismos, durante sua fabricação e estocagem, bem como proteger o consumidor de contaminação inadvertida durante o uso do produto. Embora alguns conservantes já estejam consagrados na literatura, os mesmos têm sido relacionados ao desencadeamento de reações alérgicas, motivando a procura do conservante ideal. O Xilitol é um açúcar natural proveniente de plantas, frutas e vegetais, que possui propriedades antimicrobianas descritas na literatura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana do monoéster de C-8 Xilitol (patente PCT/IB 2008/054321), visando sua utilização como conservante em bases cosméticas, através de testes de desafio conservante (challenge test) e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Os resultados obtidos na determinação da concentração mínima inibitória estão entre 1,0 e 1,25 % para Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans e entre 1,0 e 1,5% para Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Aspergillus niger, indicando a faixa de concentração do monoéster de C-8 Xilitol que inibiu totalmente o crescimento do microrganismo, no teste de diluições. A loção hidratante utilizada no teste de desafio foi conservada com a concentração de 1% do monoéster de C-8 Xilitol, verificando-se um rápido declínio na contagem de UFC/g nos primeiros tempos de avaliação após a contaminação do produto, para todas as bactérias testadas. Após o período de avaliação, incluindo a reinoculação do produto, o monoéster de C-8 Xilitol mostrou-se eficaz frente às bactérias P. aeruginosa, E. coli e S. aureus, atendendo à especificação de redução de 99,9% do número de células viáveis estabelecida em compêndios oficiais. O mesmo ocorre em relação à C. albicans que apresenta uma redução de 90% do número de células viáveis e também em relação ao A. niger, quando o pH da loção testada é ajustado de 5,5 para 7,0. Nas condições em que os testes foram conduzidos, podemos concluir que o monoéster de C-8 Xilitol, apresenta atividade antimicrobiana frente aos microrganismos testados e atende aos requisitos de uma substância dotada de atividade conservante, podendo ser considerado uma alternativa conservante para produtos cosméticos / Abstract: Microbiological contamination presents a potential risk to product quality, but specially can affect the health of consumers. Preservatives are substances added to cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, cleaning agents and food in order to inhibit growth of microorganisms during product manufacturing and storage and to protect consumers from inadvertent contamination during the use of the product. Although some preservatives are already well established in the literature, they have been linked to the allergic reactions, motivating the search for the ideal preservative. Xylitol is a natural sugar derived from plants, fruits and vegetables, which antimicrobial properties are described in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of C-8 Xylitol monoester (patent pending PCT/IB 2008/054321), for its use as a preservative in cosmetic formulations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth macrodilution method and the antimicrobial effectiveness of C-8 Xylitol monoester was determined by using challenge test method. The results obtained in the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration are between 1.0 and 1.25% for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and between 1.0 and 1.5% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger. The amount of 1% of C-8 Xylitol monoester was added to the lotion used in the challenge test, observing a rapid decline in the number of CFU/g in stages of evaluation after contamination of the product by all bacteria. After the evaluation period, including reinoculation product, the C-8 xylitol monoester was effective against P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus, according to the specification of 99.9% reduction in the number of viable cells established in the official compendia. The same occurs in relation to C. albicans, which shows a 90% reduction in the number of CFU/g. Regarding A. niger, similar reduction is observed when pH value of the lotion is adjusted from 5.5 to 7.0. Under the tests conditions used, we concluded that C-8 Xylitol monoester has antimicrobial activity and could be considered as an alternative preservative for cosmetic formulations / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

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Orientadores: Rodrigo de Souza Portugal, Carmen Hernandez Lucendo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T23:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_JulianaIgarashida_M.pdf: 7217900 bytes, checksum: 29ff36fe80ce1106d1c88e973330783b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A vinhaça, resíduo gerado na proporção de 13 litros para cada litro de álcool produzido, possui um alto potencial poluidor dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos e superficiais, causa alterações no comportamento do solo e pode gerar problemas de salinização. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a eficiência do método da eletrorresistividade para a detecção e mapeamento das anomalias causadas pela disposição inadequada de grandes quantidades de vinhaça em um antigo tanque de infiltração localizado no Assentamento Sepé- Tiarajú, Municípios de Serrana e Serra Azul - SP. O trabalho objetiva também caracterizar o tipo de anomalia inerente ao resíduo no local estudado e diagnosticar sua influência dentro e fora dos limites do tanque. Foram executados onze perfis de tomografia elétrica, arranjo dipolo-dipolo radial e espaçamento entre eletrodos de 10 metros. Os ensaios geofísicos mostraram que o método da eletrorresistividade é apropriado para mapear as anomalias decorrentes da disposição de grandes quantidades de vinhaça no solo, apontar suas áreas de influência e concluir que a contaminação extrapola os limites do tanque. A influência da vinhaça pode ser caracterizada por baixos valores de resistividade entre 10 Ohm.m e 90 Ohm.m, podendo o seu comportamento ser comparado ao do chorume, que também é bastante condutivo. / Abstract: The vinasse, a waste produced in the proportion of 13 liters for each liter of alcohol. It has a high potential of polluting groundwater and superficial water resources, changes the soil behaviour and can also develop sanilization problems. This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of the DC-resistivity method in detecting and mapping anomalies caused by, inappropriate disposal of vinasse in an inactive infiltration tank located at "Sepé- Tiarajú" settlement of landless agricultural laborers in the Ribeirão Preto region. Besides, as secondary goals, this work aims to characterize the type of anomaly residue as well as to diagnose its influence inside and outside of the limits of the tank. Eleven electrical resistivity tomography profiles were carried out with the dipole-dipole array, 10m of dipoles length and 5 levels of investigtion. The geophysical survey enabled us to conclude. that the dc-resistivity method is appropriate for mapping the contamination plume caused by intense vinasse disposal and its influence. It enabled also to conclude that the contamination exceeds the tank limits. The vinasse influence can be characterized by low resistivity values between 10 Ohm.m and 90 Ohm.m and its behavior can be compared with the one of the chorume, which is also conductive. / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Esta pesquisa, para fins de determinação do comportamento de microrganismos termotolerantes em águas de aqüífero freático, foi realizada em terrenos aluviais na ETE de Vila dos Remédios, Salesópolis - SP. No local foram instalados uma vala de infiltração para esgoto doméstico bruto e 55 poços de monitoração da água subterrânea, de modo a caracterizar a pluma de contaminação em seu deslocamento ao longo da área ensaiada. Seguindo as normas técnicas de coleta e análise físico-químicabacteriológica das águas subterrâneas foram executadas, com o intuito de conhecimento específico do local de pesquisa, 55 poços com amostragem e caracterização litológica do solo local até profundidade de 2,5m, prospecção geofísica eletrorresistiva de caracterização inicial e eletromagnética (EM-31) de acompanhamento do deslocamento da pluma de contaminação, amostragem e caracterização físico-química-bacteriológica do esgoto bruto e das águas subterrâneas. Dois mil litros de esgoto bruto, coletado diretamente da rede, foi introduzido no solo através de vala de infiltração, de modo a caracterizar uma injeção pontual, sem transbordamento e de maneira contínua, com uma taxa de infiltração de aproximadamente 80L/h. O deslocamento da pluma de contaminação formada no aqüífero freático saturado foi monitorado através de amostras de água coletadas sistematicamente, ao longo do tempo, cujos resultados permitiram calcular a velocidade de deslocamento da pluma, como sendo de 8,6 x 10-4 cm/s e, um decaimento de organismos termotolerantes em ambiente de aqüífero saturado de 21dias. Estes resultados permitem o cálculo direto de perímetros de proteção aplicáveis a poços e fontes naturais de captação de água subterrânea, no caso de possibilidades de contaminação por esgoto domiciliar, neste contexto litológico. / The objective of this research was to study the behavior of thermo-tolerant microorganisms in the phreatic aquifer, in alluvial terrains where the sewage was disposed. The study area was close to the sewage treatment plant of Vila dos Remédios, Salesópolis, SP. An injection trench and 55 monitoring wells were installed in the area. The sewage was discharged in the trench and samples of the groundwater were taken to study the contamination plume migration and its physic-chemical and bacteriological characteristics through the time. The wells were constructed with 2.0 meters of depth and the samples were used to characterize the lithological setting. An initial eletroresistivity survey was performed and, together with the groundwater sampling, electromagnetic survey (EM-31) was periodically conducted to evaluate the plume migration. Two thousand liters of domestic sewage \"in natura\" was introduced in the trench to characterize a punctual injection, with a continuous infiltration rate of 80L/h. The migration of the contamination plume was continuously monitored during nine months and the results allowed calculating the migration speed as being 7,67x10-4 cm/s. The thermo-tolerant microorganisms were extinguished 21 days after the sewage injection. These results allow calculating the protection perimeter applied to groundwater wells and natural springs to avoid sewage contamination in the same lithological context.

Este trabalho avaliou a ocorrência e o transporte de microrganismos no aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, localizado em terrenos pré-cambrianos, zona norte do município de São Paulo. A metodologia aplicada foi dividida em etapas de laboratório e de campo. No laboratório, foram montadas colunas de solo do cemitério. Traçadores químico e biológico foram injetados nas colunas e o seu fluxo monitorado no efluente. Um modelo numérico foi usado para simular o transporte dos traçadores nas colunas. Em campo, foram realizadas investigações a fim de caracterizar o aqüífero freático. A monitoração da qualidade das águas foi realizada para estudar a ocorrência e o transporte de elementos químicos, bactérias e vírus nas águas subterrâneas. No cemitério, o embasamento está a cerca de 9,0 m de profundidade na cota mais baixa e 20,5 m no topo. O nível freático encontra-se entre 4 e mais de 16 m. O solo do cemitério é formado pelo material de alteração das rochas graníticas, de caráter predominantemente argiloso (~43% de argila), pH =5,0, matéria orgânica entre 0,7 e 4,2% e capacidade de troca de cátions entre 10,2 e 109,0 mmolc/kg. A condutividade hidráulica do aqüífero varia de 2,90 x 10-8 a 8,41 x 10-5 m/s. O gradiente hidráulico na porção oeste do cemitério é de aproximadamente 0,07 m/m; considerando o meio homogêneo e isotrópico e uma porosidade efetiva de 2%, a velocidade linear média foi estimada em 8 cm/dia. As amostras de água do aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha apresentaram, principalmente, bactérias heterotróficas (53 x 103 UFC/mL), bactérias proteolíticas (31 NMP/100 mL) e clostrídios sulfito-redutores (45 NMP/100 mL). Também foram encontrados enterovírus e adenovírus nas amostras. As principais fontes de contaminação das águas subterrâneas no cemitério são as sepulturas com menos de um ano, localizadas nas cotas mais baixas, próximas ao nível freático. Nestes locais, é maior a ocorrência de bactérias em geral. Há um grande consumo do oxigênio existente nas águas. As sepulturas ainda provocam um acréscimo na quantidade de sais minerais, aumentando a condutividade elétrica destas águas. Parece haver um aumento na concentração dos íons maiores bicarbonato, cloreto, sódio e cálcio, e dos metais ferro, alumínio, chumbo e zinco nas águas próximas de sepulturas. As bactérias são transportadas poucos metros, diminuindo em concentração com o aumento da distância à fonte de contaminação. Os vírus parecem ter uma mobilidade maior que as bactérias, podendo atingir algumas dezenas de metros no aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha. Os vírus foram transportados, no mínimo, 3,2 m na zona não saturada até alcançar o aqüífero. / This work assessed occurrence and transport of microorganisms in the unconfined aquifer of Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery, located on pre-cambrian terrains at the northern zone of the city of São Paulo The applied methodology was divided in laboratory and field stages. In the lab, cemetery soil columns were designed; chemical and biological tracers were injected in the columns and the effluent was monitored. A numerical model was used to simulate the tracers’ transport through the columns. In the field, several investigations were done to characterize the unconfined aquifer; water quality was monitored to study occurrence and transport of chemicals, bacteria and viruses in groundwater. In Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery, the depth to the bedrock is about 9.0 m at small elevation areas and 20.5 m at the top of the hill. The depth to the water table varies from 4 to over 16 m. The soil is formed by the weathered material of the granite rocks, clay content of 43%, pH = 5,0, cation exchange capacity between 10.2 and 109.0 mmolc/kg. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer varies from 2.90 x 10-8 to 8.41 x 10-5 m/s. The hydraulic gradient at the western part of the study area is about 0.07 m/m; considering a homogeneous and isotropic medium and an effective porosity of 2%, the average linear velocity was estimated in 8 cm/day. The water samples of the unconfined aquifer of Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery presented, mainly, heterotrophic bacteria (53 x 103 UFC/mL), proteolitic bacteria (31 NMP/100 mL) and clostridium perfringes (45 NMP/100 mL). We have also found enterovirus and adenovirus in groundwater. The main sources of contamination are the within-a-year-graves located at the low elevation areas, close to the water table. At these sites, the occurrence of bacteria is greater and there is a greater consumption of oxygen in the water due to oxidation of organic matter. Moreover, the graves cause an increase in salts and electrical conductivity of the groundwater. There seems to be an increase in major ions: hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sodium, calcium; and metals: iron, aluminium, lead and zinc, next to the graves. The bacteria traveled a distance of a few meters, decreasing in concentration with increasing distance to the graves. The viruses seem to be more mobile than bacteria, they traveled distances of tens of meters at the Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery. The viruses were transported at least 3.2 m through the unsaturated zone before reaching the unconfined aquifer.

M. Tech. / Gold (Au) mining in South Africa resulted in vast volumes of hazardous waste being generated. Poor management of most of the tailings dams has resulted in the release of acid mine drainage, which caused stream water and soil contamination with their run-offs. The consequence of mine closure has not only been observed in large-scale land degradation, but also in widespread pollution of surface water and groundwater in the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment Area (WCA). Thus, clean-up methods must be developed in order to remove heavy metals from contaminated water bodies in this area. The efficacy of algae, zeolite and zeolite functionalized with humic acid in reducing the concentration of the heavy metals iron (Fe3+), zinc (Zn2+), manganese (Mn2+) and nickel (Ni2+) to acceptable levels in WCA was investigated in this study. It is also envisaged that the heavy metals to be removed from contaminated water can be useful in various industries. A sampling exercise was undertaken with the aim of identifying the heavy metals that contaminate the water in the catchment, as well as identify the priority heavy metals for laboratory sorption tests. Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption behavior of natural zeolite clinoptilolite and algae Desmodesmus sp. with respect to Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. The data was analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Two kinetic models namely, pseudo-first order and pseudo second order were also tested to fit the data. It was found that the concentration of Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ was 115 mg/L, 121 mg/L, 26.5 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L from the sampled water bodies in the WCA, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was found to correlate the adsorption of Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ better, with the adsorption capacity of 11.9 mg/g, 1.2 mg/g, 1.3 mg/g, and 14.7 mg/g, for the functionalized zeolite (FZ), respectively. The algae system gave adsorption capacities of 1.523 mg/g, 144 mg/g and 71.94 mg/g for Fe3+, Mn2+ and Ni2+; respectively. Pseudo second-order equation was found to be the best fit for the adsorption of heavy metals by unfunctionalized zeolite (UFZ) and the algae system. Zeolite functionalization with humic acid increased its uptake ability. The best results for kinetic study was obtained in concentration 120 ppm for Fe3+ and Mn2+, whilst for Ni2+ was at 20 mg/L , which is about the same concentrations found in contaminated water in the WCA (Fe3+ 115 mg/L, Mn2+121 mg/L and Ni2+ 26.5 mg/L).

M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) / Malawi is located in the south eastern Africa. It is a landlocked country covering an area of 118,484 Square Kilometres (45,747Sq.Miles) of which 20.6% is water. It is bordered with Zambia to the north-west, Tanzania to the north and Mozambique surrounding it on the south, east and west (refer map of Malawi on page 2). Malawi is one of the sub-Sahara heavily populated countries, having a population of about 13 million people of which about 80% live in the rural areas relying on small scale farming. The country is divided into three regions, south, centre and north and these regions are further divided into districts. The southern region has most districts and is the most heavily populated. Malawi’s economy heavily depends on agriculture. Cash crops such as tobacco, tea and sugar canes are grown by commercial farmers while smallholder farmers grow a variety of crops such as tobacco, coffee, beans, fava beans, cotton, rice, sorghum, soybeans, groundnuts, cassava, potatoes, wheat, millet, peas, bananas, citrus fruits, sugar canes, vegetables and maize which is the main staple food. Malawi has a subtropical climate with the rainy season starting from mid October up to April and the dry season is from May to October. During the dry season it is hot and humid in most parts of the country especially along the lake and the lower Shire valley, while the rest of the country can be cold at night with temperatures between 5ºC and 14ºC. The southern region has the highest annual rainfall and is humid most part of the year. This is where many tea plantations are and the climate allows growth of almost all types of crops and fruits. Most Malawians consume home grown unprocessed food commodities. There are only commodities are imported, mainly from South Africa. Malawi is self reliant on maize but when drought strikes, Malawi is forced to import from neighbouring countries or from South Africa and other countries as was the case in 2004 and 2005

M. Tech. / Fusarium species are common contaminants of maize and are also capable of producing mycotoxins, in particular the fumonisin. These are implicated in animal and human mycotoxins fumonisin B1 (FB1) for example, has been associated in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in South Africa and other parts of the world, i.e., China and Iran. Because maize is the staple diet of the South African rural population, this study was designed with the aim of monitoring Fusarium spp. and FB1 in the food of rural people of Venda, Limpopo province of South Africa, during the course of processing maize into porridge which gave a means of estimating dietary exposure to this mycotoxin. Measurement of fumonisin in the excreta of these people allowed a determine of the extent to which FB1 the body is actually exposed to the mycotoxin.Fumonisin B1 has been identified as a major fungal contaminant on maize, especially in the home grown crops intended for human consumption. Thus the rural population of Limpopo Province is at high risk from FB1 exposure and it is therefore of importance to assess this exposure by the analysis of suitable samples.It can be seen that levels of FB1 in maize from Venda are quite high, as several of these samples had exceeded levels above 1750 μg/kg as recommended as maximum tolerance levels by theEuropean Commission. It is equally seen that a much higher proportion of this mycotoxin was destroyed by processing maize to porridge. And because porridge and other maize-based products are usually consumed on a daily basis, the low levels found in the present study must not be under-estimated, as such levels may accumulate over time and cause more severe chronic effects in humans. When setting daily tolerable levels of FB1 in foods in South Africa, it is imperative to take into account the food habits, especially those within the rural communities

M.Tech. (Biotechnology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Several countries have enacted regulations on tolerance limits for common mycotoxins because of the hazardous nature and widespread occurrence of these fungal secondary metabolites in agricultural commodities. Screening of agricultural commodities destined for animal consumption for the presence of mycotoxins is now becoming a prerequisite in several countries as a means of minimizing ingestion of these toxins. Silage samples were analyzed for pH, % dry matter (DM) content, and the presence of total fungi, yeasts and the types of lactic acid bacteria present. The samples were also analyzed for mycotoxins that have been reported to commonly occur in silage. The pH of the samples was found to be acidic ranging from pH 3.4 to 4.7, with few samples having pH values above 6. There was a significant difference in the % DM content amongst the sampling regions. There was no significant difference in the extent of fungal contamination amongst the different regions. Aspergillus fumigatus was the predominant species from all the samples. Most of the yeast species were isolated from the Bergville region. The yeast species isolated from all samples were Trichosporon, Cryptococcus and Candida species, which are all regarded as nonlactate fermenters. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri were the only two lactic acid producers isolated from the samples. Aflatoxins, citrinin and patulin were the most predominant toxins in the samples. Ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol was not detected in all samples using thin layer chromatography, while the latter two toxins were only detected in two samples using VICAM fluorometry. The level of fumonisins that was found in the forage crops used for silage production was fairly low with the highest level being 9.36 ppb. Most of the mycotoxin extracts were found to reduce the % cell viability of human lymphocytes after 18 hours of incubation as determined by the MTT assay. / Professor Mike Dutton Mr. F. E. Van Zyl