O Complexo Metamórfico Bonfim é um segmento de crosta continental situado a Oeste da Serra da moeda e a sul da Serra dos Três Irmãos, no Quadrilátero Ferrífero em Minas Gerais. A partir do mapeamento geológico realizado na porção setentrional deste complexo (escala 1:25.000), constatou-se a presença de uma grande variedade de rochas de natureza predominante metamórfica e subordinadamente ígnea. Em continuidade, a realização de estudos petrográficos (241 seções delgadas), geoquímicos em rocha total (67 análises envolvendo elementos maiores, menores, traços e terras raras) e geocronológicos (52 determinações radiométricas em minerais e rochas, pelos métodos U/Pb, Rb/Sr e K/Ar), permitiu agrupar os litotipos mapeados em oito unidades litoestratigráficas. Tais unidades são aqui informalmente designadas de Gnaisses Alberto Flores, Anfíbolitos Paraopeba, Gnaisses Souza Noschese, Tonalitos Samambaia, Anfibolitos Candeias, Granitos Brumadinho, Metadiabásios Conceição de Itaguá e Diabásios Santa Cruz. A evolução geológica deste complexo tem início no Arqueano Médio (3,2 Ga) e foi constatada através da herança isotópica U/PB nos zircões dos Gnaisses Alberto Flores, por meio de uma discórdia envolvendo um núcleo (com 2920 Ma) e o seu sobrecrescimento (com 2772 \'+ OU -\' 6 Ma). Entretanto, esta evolução está particularmente relacionada ao Arqueano Superior, quando foram gerados os Gnaisses Alberto Flores (com idade U/Pb mínima de 2920 Ma) e, principalmente, no decorrer de um grande evento tectôno-termal de fácies anfibolito, de 2,78 Ga atrás, aqui designado informalmente de Rio das Velhas. No decorrer deste evento, a crosta continental preexistente no âmbito do Complexo Metamórfico Bonfim Setentrional (e.g.Gnaisses Alberto Flores, Anfibolitos Paraopeba e Gnaisses Souza Noschese) foi invadida por um magmatismo cálcio alcalino (Tonalitos Samambais) e, provavelmente, por um outro magmatismo de características químicas compatíveis com magmas andesíticos e/ou tholeíticos ( Anfíbolitos Candeias). Nesta mesma época, teve lugar também um vulcanismo ácido, mas que é encontrado particularmente nos domínios do Supergrupo Rio das Velhas. Este cenário geológico é sugestivo de um ambiente tectônico semelhante às margens continentais ativas. Encerrando a evolução geológica do Arqueano Superior tem lugar um outro magmatismo félsico, que foi responsável pela geração dos Granitos Brumadinho há 2703 +24/-20 Ma atrás. Estas rochas truncam a foliação milonítica NS dos Gnaisses Alberto Flores e constituem um importante marco litoestratigráfico da evolução geológica do Complexo Metamórfico Bonfim Setentrional. No decorrer do Proterozóico este complexo foi retomado tectonicamente e invadido por dois novos magmatismos básicos. Esta retomada tectônica ocorreu sob condições de fácies xisto verde essencialmente. Por causa disto, os seus sistemas isotópicos K/Ar e/ou, principalmente, Rb/Sr estão acusando rejuvenescimentos parciais e ou incompletos. Assim sendo, as suas idades aparentes K/Ar e/ou errocrônicas Rb/Sr distribuem-se do Proterozóico Inferior ao Proterozóico Superior. Os dois magmatismos básicos, por sua vez, estão representados pelos Metadiabásios Conceição de Itaguá. Com idades aparentes K/Ar (em hornblenda primária) de 1,0 Ga, e pelos Diabásios Santa Cruz, de idade desconhecida mas correlacionáveis a outros magmatismos do Proterozóico Superior no âmbito do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. De acordo com estes resultados o Complexo Metamórfico Bonfim Setentrional constitue o limite oriental da Província Arqueana Divinópolis com o Cinturão Mineiro, de idade Transamazônica. Nos setores marginais desta província, a exemplo da região estudada, os sistemas isotópicos Rb/Sr e K/Ar foram rejuvenescidos a partir do Arqueano. / The Bonfim Metamorphic Complex (BMC) constitutes a segment of continental crust which is limited eastwards and northwards by the Serra da Moeda and Serra dos Três Irmãos, respectively, in Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), state of Minas Gerais, Within the northern portion of the BMC, eight lithostratigraphic units (most of them metamorphosed ones) were identified through by means of geological mapping on 1:25,000 scale. All of the above units were also characterized on the basis of petrographical studies (241 thin sections), whole rock geochemistry (67 major, minor, trace and REE analyses), and U/Pb, Rb/Sr and K/Ar geochronology (52 mineral and whole rock data). These units were informally named: Alberto Flores Gneisses, Paraopeba Amphibolites, Souza Noschese Gneisses, Samambaia Tonalites, Candeias Amphibolites, Brumadinho Granites, Conceição de Itaguá metadiabases and Santa Cruz Diabases. Geological evolution of the northern BMC started at c. 3,28 Ga ago, as suggested from one inherited U/Pb zircon component age encountered in the Alberto Flores Gneiss, of trondhjemitic composition. However, the BMC is mostly related to Late Archean during which the above gneiss originated, at 2.92 Ga ago (evidenced from its U/Pb zircon core age). One overgrowth from this zircon yielded and age of 2,772 \'+ OU -\' 6 M.a. Based on the geological inferences, both the Paraopeba Amphibolites and Souza Noschese Gneiss also developed, during such a period of time (2,92 - 2,77 Ga). Further on, the continental crust was intruded by the calc-alkaline Samambaia Tonalites, as evidenced from U/Pb zircon and titanites ages of 2,780 +3/-2 Ma. Also related to this epoch is the 2,772 \'+ OU -\' 6 Ma acid volcanism which is found in the Rio das Velhas Supergroup, in QF. Contemporaneously, andesitic and/or tholeiitic magmatism took place (Candeias Amphibolites), as suggested by their geological association with Samambaia Tonalites. The overall described evolutionary setting is consistent with the occurrence a major 2,78 Ga tectono-thermal amphibolite facies event in the investigated area, here informally named Rio das Velhas. The above geological evolution of BMC together with the geochemical and radiometric data are consistent with a model of active continental margins, during the Late Archean time. This Archean evolution finished by instrusion of the Brumadinho Granites, at 2703 +24/-20 Ma ago (U/Pb zircon age). These granites are here considered as a key-marker for the Late Archean geological evolution of the area, because they truncate the NS shear foliation which is recorded in the Alberto Flores Gneisses. During the Proterozoic, the northern BMC was intruded by two distinct basic magmatism. The basic rocks are represented by Conceição de Itaguá Metadiabases ( K/Ar hornblende ages around 1,0 Ga), and the Santa Cruz Diabases. The latter (not dated) are here tentatively correlated with basic dikes of Late Proterozoic age (c. 0,6 Ga; U/PB age), in QF region. The investigated area was also reactivated, during the Proterozoic, under greenschist metamorphic conditions. Because of this metamorphic overprinting both the isotopic K/Ar and /or RB/Sr rock-systems of the northern BMC yielded uncomplete resenting. Consequently, the investigated rocks exhibited scatteres apparent K/Ar mineral ages and/or Rb/Sr ages, in the range 2,1 - 1,0 Ga. Finally, on paleogeographical basis, the geochronological scenario of the northern BMC may correspond to the eastern sector of the Divinópolis Archean Province in relation to the adjacent Transamazônico Mineiro Belt eastwards, at southern São Francisco Craton. As prior mentioned specially within this marginal sector of the Divinópolis province (i.e. northern BMC) the isotopic Rb/Sr rocks-systems and K/Ar minerals have been resetted due to low-grade metamorphism, since the Late Archean.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Bueno Trindade Galo / Banca: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Banca: Arnaldo de Queiroz da Silva / Banca: Igor da Silva Narvaes / Resumo: A Zona Costeira Amazônica (ZCA) é marcada por uma alta descarga de sedimentos e água doce sob a influência do rio Amazonas, possui ampla plataforma continental, extensas planícies de inundação e planaltos rebaixados. É uma região de clima tropical, caracterizando-se por chuvas e nebulosidade severas, além da influência de macromarés. Este estudo propõe-se a avaliar a precisão de Modelos Digitais de Superfícies (MDSs), elaborados a partir de dados de radar de abertura sintética (SAR) Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) e TerraSAR-X (TSX), utilizando abordagens de reconstrução tridimensional por interferometria e radargrametria, para caracterizar esse relevo plano e dinâmico da costa amazônica. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro experimentos contemplando: i) as variações de linha de costa por meio de detecção de mudanças a partir de imagens ópticas; ii) mapeamento de ambientes costeiros; iii) elaboração e análise de MDSs interferométricos e iv) radargramétricos, por meio das suas respectivas cadeias de processamento SAR. A ZCA teve forte dinâmica nos últimos 15 anos, com acresção total de 5.582,18 km2 e sob a taxa de 372,15 km2.ano-1, erosão total de 5.475,90 km² e sob taxa de 365,06 km2.ano-1, resultando no balanço sedimentar de 106,27 km², com taxa de 7,08 km2.ano-1. O setor Insular Estuarino apresentou a maior dinâmica de linha de costa, com mudanças costeiras de 213,17±56,46 km2 e balanço sedimentar de 20,65±73,59 km2. Os ambientes costeiros amazônicos foram descritos pelo retroespalhament... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstrac: The Amazon Coastal Zone (ACZ) is marked by a high discharge of sediments and fresh water under the influence of the Amazon River, which has a wide continental shelf, extensive flood plain and lowered plateaus. It is a region of tropical climate, rainfall, severe cloudiness and macrotidal influence. This study proposes to assess the performance of Digital Surface Models (DSM) based on Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) dataset, using threedimensional reconstruction by interferometry and radargrammetry approaches on the flat and dynamic relief of Amazonian coast. The method focused on four experiments: i) shoreline variations through change detection of optical images, ii) mapping of coastal environments; iii) elaboration and analyses of interferometric DSMs and iv) radargrammetric through their respective Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing chains. The ACZ had high dynamic in the last 15 years with total sediment deposition of 5,582.18 km2 and under a rate of 372.15 km2 .yr -1, and with total erosion of 5,475.90 km² and under a rate of 365.06 km2 .yr-1 . Besides, it was obtained a sedimentary balance of 106.27 km² and under a rate of 7.08 km2 .yr-1 . The Estuarine Insular sector presented the greater dynamics of shoreline, registering coastal changes of 213.17 ± 56.46 km2 and sedimentary balance of 20.65 ± 73.59 km2 . The Amazonian coastal environments were described by backscattering and coherence which shared ambiguity and high dispersion, with the lowest separability and coherence noted for Coastal Flat. The mapping of the coastal environments obtained Kappa coefficients between 0.46 and 0.51, indicating the shallow incidence angles during the dry season as more appropriated for the study ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The continental shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula is a region of substantial climate and ecosystem change. The Long Term Ecological Research project at Palmer Station has been sampling and studying the shelf ecosystem and physical environment since 1990. This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of the subtidal and intraseasonal (hereafter defined together as 3-100 days) circulation on the neighboring continental shelf and is particularly motivated by the aims of the project to understand (1) how lateral transports of scalar parameters such as heat affect the vertical stratification and (2) how coastal canyon heads are linked to the larger-scale shelf circulation and why they are such ecologically productive environments. In this dissertation we study: (1) the origin and mixing of mesoscale eddies as agents of heat transport and stirring; (2) the spatial coherence of shelf-scale barotropic velocity fluctuations, their origin through flow-topography interaction with Marguerite Trough Canyon, and their associated heat transports; and (3) the wind-driven dynamics of the long-shore flow manifested through coastal trapped waves and their ability to both induce upwelling at a coastal canyon head and to modulate isopycnal depth at the continental shelf-break. This work takes an observational approach, utilizing the rare and expansive data set afforded by the long-term sampling program including shipboard CTD and ADCP profiles, moored current meter time series, and CTD profiles from an autonomous underwater vehicle.

The issue of granite petrogenesis plays a key role in our overall understanding of the growth and differentiation of continents, as well as in our ability to unravel the tectonic histories of orogenic belts. Granites are ubiquitous magmatic products found in almost all tectonic settings: oceanic and continental rifts (i.e., plagiogranites - extreme basalt differentiates), active continental margins (e.g,. the granitic batholiths of central and southern Andes), continent-continent collision zones (e.g., the orogenic batholiths of the Himalayas, Western Anatolia), post-collisional settings (e.g., the Variscan provinces of Europe), complex within-plates settings (e.g., Limmo massif, Afar, Ethiopia). Furthermore, granitoids are characterized by considerable petrological and geochemical heterogeneity, as they can form from a vast array of sources: sediments (e.g., pelites, arkoses, psammites), metamorphic rocks (e.g., (mica)schists, gneisses, etc.), and igneous rocks (e.g. andesites, dacites, tonalites, etc.). Aside from fertile sources (i.e., protoliths), granite petrogenesis is dependent upon two critical parameters: temperature (to promote melting of the protoliths) and water availability - either as freely available aqueous solutions/vapors (e.g., water input in subduction zones); or water released via dehydration melting of hydrous minerals (e.g., micas, amphiboles). The presence of water in protoliths depresses the melting temperature of mineral components and provides the environment for redistribution of chemical components. Understanding the origins of granitic rocks presents unique challenges, given that in many of the tectonic settings where granites are encountered, it is clear that their modes of formation can involve a spectrum of igneous and metamorphic processes that are not readily accessible for examination, either through the study of modern environments or via analogy to "classical" localities. The petrogenesis and emplacement of granites in post-collisional tectonic settings is one of the thornier challenges, as these rocks appear to be derived via thermal and magmatic processes within highly deformed and compositionally diverse continental crust for which we lack a clear understanding. A number of unconventional and difficult-to-test mechanisms have been posited to drive crustal heating, melting, and subsequent pluton post-collisional emplacement. Although large volumes of granitic magmas have been emplaced in post-collisional settings, the complexities of the processes active in such settings make it challenging to put forward testable models that effectively combine available geochemical, petrologic, and geophysical data. Models for granite genesis away from plate margins (by means of crustal thickening, thermal blanketing, and internal heating from radioactive decay of 40K, 230Th, 235U, and 238U; delamination of the crustal lithosphere and juxtaposition of hot mantle melts at the base of the crust; underplating of mantle melts; or slab brake-off and upwelling of mantle melts) have been successfully applied in comparatively young orogenic regions, such as the Himalayas, the Carpathians, and Turkey. These models have proven challenging to employ in older orogenic belts, given their sometimes intricate tectonic and metamorphic histories, and the loss of pertinent evidence due to the effects of post-emplacement tectonic reworking, and often extensive alteration and erosion. A series of ancient but fresh, age-correlative granitic plutons are exposed in Alpine nappes on the flanks of the Carpathians Mountains in southwestern Romania. These granites, all mapped as intruding the Neoproterozoic basement of the Danubian tectonic terrane, were emplaced during the post-collisional stages of two world-scale orogenies: an older, Pan-African event (~600 Ma) and a younger, Variscan event (~330- 280 Ma). My dissertation is focused on the study of late Variscan post-collisional plutons and associated sub-volcanic dykes, as they are tremendous tools for understanding and quantifying the mantle-crust interaction in post-collisional environments and the overall evolution of the continental crust during the Variscan orogeny. Originally believed to be Proterozoic in age, zircon U/Pb dating showed that the plutons are much younger (Chapter 1 - Post-collisional Late Variscan magmatism in the Danubian domain (South Carpathians, Romania) documented by zircon U/Pb LA-ICP-MS) and correspond to the latest stages of the Variscan orogeny, as recorded elsewhere in the European Variscan provinces. The granitic plutons are relatively small and are generally concordant with the structures preserved by the country rocks. The extraordinary petrological and geochemical heterogeneities, even at pluton scale (Chapter 2 - Petrology and geochemistry of the Late Variscan post-collisional Furătura granitic pluton South. Carpathian Mts. (Romania)) argue against unique protoliths and simple evolutionary processes (e.g., closed-system fractional crystallization; anatexis). Trace elemental data for the Furătura pluton shows that the melts were formed in equilibrium with a garnet-amphibole restite, under pressure-temperature conditions deeper than the plagioclase stability field, implying that the melting took place at depths in excess of 40 km in the continental crust. Stable and radiogenic isotope data suggest that a protolith was of (possibly enriched) mantle affinities, and that the melts were subsequently contaminated in various degrees by deep crustal lithologies. In comparison, other post-collisional Variscan plutons from the Danubian domain (Chapter 4 - The role of the continental crust and lithospheric mantle in Variscan post-collisional magmatism - insights from Muntele Mic, Ogradena, Cherbelezu, Sfârdinu, and Culmea Cernei plutons (Romanian Southern Carpathians)) have trace elemental compositions that suggest they were formed at different levels in the crust, under P-T conditions corresponding to both garnet-amphibole and plagioclase stability fields. Some of the plutons lack mantle geochemical signatures and their isotopic compositions are indicative of substantial involvement of both lower- and upper-crustal rocks in their formation and subsequent evolution. On the other hand, plutons emplaced during the same time interval and most likely in close geographical proximity have trace elemental and isotopic compositions indicating strong input from previously enriched mantle components which experienced various degrees of assimilation fractionation-crystallization and/or assimilation of continental crust material during their evolution. This variability in both protoliths and processes responsible for the formation of the granites, coupled with the presence of mantle signatures in late-orogenic post-collisional melts are strong evidence to support delamination as means of providing both the mantle-derived input and energy required for generation of granitoids in the crust. The pronounced variation in petrological and chemical compositions of synchronous plutons suggests that delamination in the Danubian domain was not a single, large scale event that affected the entire crust, but rather a collection of disparate, spatially and chronologically limited event, that affected the Variscan crust during the latest stages of the orogeny. This hypothesis is further tested on a series of sub-volcanic dykes (the Motru Dyke Swarm) crosscutting the entire Danubian basement (Chapter 3 - Post-collisional magmatism associated with Variscan orogeny in the Danubian Domain (Romanian Southern Carpathians): the Motru Dyke Swarm). Initially, the emplacement age of these dykes was assumed as "pre-Silurian" but our mapping has showed that they intrude components of the Danubian domain that shared a documented common history not earlier than the Carboniferous. Furthermore, the dykes are in intrusive relationship with two of the Danubian Variscan plutons, thus arguing for an early Permian emplacement age. Geochemical data show extraordinary heterogeneities in the dykes' composition and record both mantle and crust involvement in their formation. The dykes were emplaced at much shallower depths in the crust, as compared with the granitic plutons. Still, their isotopic compositions clearly indicate that they sampled both lower- and upper-crustal compositions during their evolution. This means that after the crustal thickening episodes that define continent-continent collisions, during the latest stages of the Variscan orogeny, the crust became progressively thinner, as a way to compensate for its metastable state. Thinning of the crust is greatly favored by delamination of the lithosphere. A delamination event, which usually postdates the cessation of continental collision or prolonged crustal shortening, involves the geologically rapid foundering of negatively buoyant lithosphere comprised of mantle and (potentially) lower crust into underlying hotter and less dense asthenosphere. Such a process will remove the lithospheric mantle (and potentially segments of the lower crust) along pre-existing lineaments or mechanical flaws, and juxtapose hot upwelling asthenosphere against the base of the crust, leading to partial melting. Field, petrological, and geochemical data presented in my dissertation document pronounced variations in the overall composition of synchronous plutons and dykes, and further suggest that delamination in the Danubian domain was an active process. This bears great importance in our understanding of the evolution of the crust and argues that mantle-crust interactions are responsible for the generation of continental crust even in the latest stages of an orogen.

Disposal of dredged material has been an on-going problem in the Auckland Coastal Marine Area (CMA) since the early 1980s in New Zealand. Many disposal grounds have been established and used, but public concern over adverse effects resulted in their ultimate closure. Presently, dredged material is disposed off-shore at a site simultaneously accessed by the Royal New Zealand Navy for disposal of WWII munitions recovered from coastal areas. As early as the mid-1990s, parliamentary focus groups established the need for a more suitable disposal option for dredged material. Establishment of a disposal site north of Cuvier Island in waters deeper than 100 m was one of the key recommendations presented by these groups. The need for a new site was compounded after the establishment of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park in 2000. Taking up the majority of the Auckland CMA this culturally significant Park makes the consent for open water disposal a complex process. A site east of Great Barrier Island in 140 m of water has been identified as a potential suitable site for disposal of dredged material. The main goal of the present study is to determine the suitability of this site and provide the necessary information required by enforcing authorities for permit submission. Investigations to determine the suitability of the site were undertaken in several ways. An extensive literature review of previous studies was carried out to gain insight into the physical and biological characteristics of the northeast coast and shelf. The main hydrodynamic features of the region and the observed behaviours were determined. Attentions were then directed at determining the more specific site characteristics. Analytical calculations were undertaken using known site parameters to estimate the potential for transport of sediment away from the site after disposal. Through analysis of known wave and current measurements it was estimated that only rarely would sediment be entrained off the seafloor. Samples were then collected from the site in November 2007, which were used for sediment textural analysis and benthic identification. It was determined that the main textural component of the site sediments is muddy/sand. Diversity of benthic species is relatively high, but abundance is low. Polychaetes were the most diverse and abundant taxon identified at sample locations across the site. Next, the 3DD model was used to numerically simulate 2-dimensional tidal currents. Depth-averaged spring tidal currents at the site were predicted to be less than 0.2 ms-1. The derived bottom velocity for such a current is 0.08 ms-1, which is much less than the velocity required for initiation of sediment movement in this case. The numerical simulation also showed that residual spring tidal flow is directed to the southeast. Finally, an assessment of potential impacts was done by reviewing previous studies of ecological impacts caused by disposal of dredged material. Based on the preliminary studies summarised above, the review of potential impacts indicates that there will only be minimal effects at and surrounding the proposed site. The result of this study is an encouraging step toward establishment of a new disposal option, but further research is required to confidently declare that the site is suitable for disposal operations.

In this thesis three independent studies of tidal dynamics have been pesented. The first is an analytical study of continental shelf tides forced at the ocean boundary. Earlier studies have shown that the response for a sloping shelf and a flat shelf differ and that the response for a flat shelf changes when tides are incident at an angle. Other studies considered a sloping shelf but they did not take into account a possible non-zero depth at a coastal wall. This study shows that the effects of a sloping shelf, a coastal wall and obliquely incident tides an all significantly modify the response on the shelf. The modification increases with the width of the shelf, and in a wide shelf scenario, near resonance, it greatly modifies the response. Secondly, the Princeton Ocean Model in barotropic mode along with a tracer transport module has been used to study the tides of Sydney Harbour. The tidally induced residual circulation due to the semi-diurnal tide consists of a series of recirculating gyres which are due to the interaction of flow with topography. This study shows that in the harbour it is the Lagrangian residual velocity not the Eulerian residual velocity which determines the net transport of material over a tidal cycle. In addition, the flushing time of the harbour varies significantly in space, and the tidal mixing is restricted in the vicinity of the entrance. The third is a theoretical study of forced oscillations in a rotating, flat-bottomed, circular basin. This study shows that the direction of propagation of waves in a basin depends on the ratio of its radius to depth. At each latitude there is a critical value of this ratio and this value decreases with increase in latitude. Beyond this value, waves start to propagate around the basin in the opposite direction to the earth ???s rotation (clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere).The presence of friction increases this critical value which shows that friction plays an important role in determining the response.

The distribution of surface sediments on the northern Oregon continental shell is characterized by a nearshore sandy facies and an outer shelf muddy facies, separated by a mid-shelf zone of mixed sand and mud. Currents which have been measured at 130 centimeters above the bottom indicate that the distribution of the surface sediment is a reflection of the hydraulic regime. The strongest bottom currents which were measured were in the nearshore region at a depth of 36 meters. Here currents of over 40 cm/sec generated by surface waves are capable of placing the nearshore sands in suspension, where they are transported shoreward by the wave surge. At mid-shelf, in 90 meters of water, the bottom current veolcity ranges from zero to over 25 cm/sec, although the mean is normally about 10 cm/sec. The strongest currents at this depth are capable of eroding some of the fine sediments, but probably do not rework the older sediments which have been compacted. Currents which are similar in character to those at mid-shelf were observed at the shelf edge in a depth of 165 meters. A significant departure, however, is the difference in frequency where the most energy is found. At the shelf edge the dominant frequency was about four cpd whereas the dominant frequency at mid-shelf was two cpd or lower. The dominant frequencies indicate that tides are important in the generation of continental shelf bottom currents. The twelve - hour period is that of the semi-diurnal tide; the six-hour period is the second harmonic of the semi-diurnal component. No indication of surface wave influence was found at mid-shelf or shelf-edge depths. Profiles of turbidity made at four east-west transects of the continental shelf indicate suspended sediment transport occurs principally at three levels in the water column. An upper layer is at the level of the seasonal thermocline, a mid-water layer is located at the level of the permanent pycnocline, and the third layer is at the bottom. The surface layer is important in transporting suspended sediment of the Columbia River plume, although there is also a contribution to the surface layer from the surf zone by the process of diffusion of fine particles. The mid-water layer thickens vertically and becomes less intense seaward, indicating a nearshore source for the suspended material. This source is diffusion of fine particles from the surf zone at mid-water depths. The mid-water layer is located at the level of the permanent pycnocline. The layer is sub-parallel to the bottom over the shelf but becomes diffuse at the shelf edge. Sediment transport in the mid-water layer provides a mechanism by which sediment bypasses the outer shelf and upper slope area. The bottom layer receives its suspended material from erosion of the bottom, from the water column above, and from fine material moving seaward from the surf zone. The amount of eroded material contributed to the bottom layer depends on the bottom current strength and on the bottom roughness characteristics. Over a rough bottom the erosive power of a given bottom current is increased drastically. For this reason, the presence or absence of rippling is important to sediment transport on the shelf. The fine material of the bottom layer may concentrate by settling during quiescent periods, allowing low-density flows to initiate. Several time-series observations of turbidity indicate that the bottom layer thickens and thins in response to increases and decreases in current velocity. The mid-water layer migrated somewhat in a vertical direction, but its thickness and intensity remained nearly the same. The thickness and intensity of the upper layer responded to changes in the structure of the thermocline, becoming thick and dispersed when the upper part of the water column is mixed. A model of sediment transport proposes that mid-water and bottom currents transport suspended sediments diagonally across the shelf toward the south-southwest. The sediments of the Columbia River plume are also transported in a southerly direction in the surface waters. Relatively little deposition takes place on the shelf and upper slope, with the bulk of the sediments bypassing the shelf and depositing on the lower slope and continental rise. / Graduation date: 1972

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Restricted until October 2007. Bibliography: leaves 128-137.

Purpose: Little is known about the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in ethnic populations with cancer living in Canada. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of TCM/CAM use in newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients who were starting cancer treatments. <p>Patients and Methods: A consecutive sample of newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients treated at the British Columbia Cancer Agency over a four month period was surveyed. During admission, the study questionnaire was distributed along with other registration forms and anonymously returned in well-labeled boxes. A bilingual Chinese interpreter was available to answer any questions potential participants might have had. The 15-item questionnaire focused on TCM/CAM use, socio-demographics, and medical and cultural factors. <p>Results: Ninety-one patients completed the questionnaire. The majority of respondents (90%) were born outside of Canada and 64% completed the questionnaire in Chinese. TCM/CAM was used by 44% of respondents. Herbal remedies, vitamins/minerals, and prayer were the most commonly used therapies. In the bivariate analysis, factors predicting TCM/CAM use were prior TCM/CAM use (p < 0.001), having received chemo/radiotherapy (p = 0.021), female sex (p = 0.015), immigrant status (p = 0.040), and reporting a non-official language most frequently used at home (p = 0.018). Following multivariate analysis, it was found that prior CAM use (p < 0.001), lower income (p = 0.043), and immigrant status (p = 0.030) were associated with TCM/CAM use. <p>Conclusion: TCM/CAM use in newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients is very common and results are comparable to previous studies in other populations. Healthcare practitioners must become aware of the widespread use of CAM and engage discussions about CAM use with their patients, especially those of a specific ethno-cultural group who may be less acculturated to Western society.

Purpose: Little is known about the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in ethnic populations with cancer living in Canada. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of TCM/CAM use in newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients who were starting cancer treatments. <p>Patients and Methods: A consecutive sample of newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients treated at the British Columbia Cancer Agency over a four month period was surveyed. During admission, the study questionnaire was distributed along with other registration forms and anonymously returned in well-labeled boxes. A bilingual Chinese interpreter was available to answer any questions potential participants might have had. The 15-item questionnaire focused on TCM/CAM use, socio-demographics, and medical and cultural factors. <p>Results: Ninety-one patients completed the questionnaire. The majority of respondents (90%) were born outside of Canada and 64% completed the questionnaire in Chinese. TCM/CAM was used by 44% of respondents. Herbal remedies, vitamins/minerals, and prayer were the most commonly used therapies. In the bivariate analysis, factors predicting TCM/CAM use were prior TCM/CAM use (p < 0.001), having received chemo/radiotherapy (p = 0.021), female sex (p = 0.015), immigrant status (p = 0.040), and reporting a non-official language most frequently used at home (p = 0.018). Following multivariate analysis, it was found that prior CAM use (p < 0.001), lower income (p = 0.043), and immigrant status (p = 0.030) were associated with TCM/CAM use. <p>Conclusion: TCM/CAM use in newly diagnosed Chinese cancer patients is very common and results are comparable to previous studies in other populations. Healthcare practitioners must become aware of the widespread use of CAM and engage discussions about CAM use with their patients, especially those of a specific ethno-cultural group who may be less acculturated to Western society.