The purpose of this thesis is to design and implementation of the control unit for DC motors. Design is based on the concept of universal communication interface, which has been designed for simplification of communication between individual control systems. Control unit has been realized for DC motors within supply voltage range from 6 to 48 V, and maximal continuous current 2,5 A. For realization, we have used microcontroller LPC2103, and full bridge driver TLE 6209. In the thesis, we have described particular developmental steps of the control unit.

No description available.

This thesis was submitted to the faculty of Innovation, Design and Technology, IDT, at Mälardalen university in Västerås, Sweden as a partial fulfillment of the requirements to obtain the M.Sc. in computer science, specializing in embedded systems. The work presented was carried out in the months January to June in 2014 partially in Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo CE, Eskilstuna, and partially at Mälardalen university in Västerås. Federated Resilient Embedded Systems Technology for AUTOSAR, FRESTA, is a collaborative project between Volvo and the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, SICS, that aims to make it possible to add third party applications to vehicle’s computer systems without compromising system security and robustness. The mechanism is developed by SICS for AUTOSAR, AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture, an open standardized automotive software architecture for vehicles. The following report documents the efforts to study and port the FRESTA mechanism to the Volvo CE platform, and develop a Java application to test the porting. The investigation will aspire to determine if it is feasible to introduce Java based third party applications to resource constrained embedded systems, without causing a deterioration in the predictability and security of the system. / Avhandlingen lades fram för fakulteten för innovation, design och teknik, IDT, vid Mälardalens högskola i Västerås som en del av kraven för att erhålla M.Sc. i datavetenskap med inriktning mot inbyggda system. Arbetet genomfördes under månaderna januari till juni 2014 delvis i Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo CE, Eskilstuna, och delvis vid Mälardalens högskola i Västerås. Federated Resilient Embedded Systems Technology for AUTOSAR, FRESTA, är ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Volvo och Svenska Institutet för datavetenskap, SICS, som syftar till att göra det möjligt att lägga tredjepartsapplikationer till fordonets datorsystem utan att äventyra systemets säkerhet och robusthet. Mekanismen är utvecklat av SICS för AUTOSAR, Automotive Open System Architecture, en öppen standardiserad fordons programvaruarkitektur för fordon. Följande rapport dokumenterar arbetet med att studera Fresta mekanismen till Volvo CE-plattformen, och utveckla ett Java-program för att testa portning. Undersökningen kommer att sträva efter att avgöra om det är genomförbart att införa en Java-baserad tredje part för att resursbegränsa inbyggda system, utan att orsaka en försämring av förutsägbarhet och säkerhet i systemet.

<p>Agricultural vehicles use electronic control units (ECUs) as control system. HistoricallyECUs have only been equipped with a minimum of features. With therecent progress in electronics, which have made components faster, smaller andcheaper, the trend is now to integrate more advanced functionality into the ECUs.</p><p>Agricultural vehicles are present all over the world and they have to operateunder a wide variety of conditions. This put high requirements on the system andit is critical that a modern ECU can detect and locate errors. For an ECU to beable to operate on a world-wide market it is required to be flexible, expandableand robust. In addition to these requirements it is also wanted that an ECU havea long lifespan and a low cost.</p><p>In this thesis different problems that modern ECUs have to face are investigated.Suggestions of how to solve these problems are also presented. Thereare two focuses in the thesis, 1) how ECUs can acquire information from its inputs/outputs; and 2) the requirements of the ECU hardware.</p><p>This thesis does not aim to deliver a fully specified system description butrather to provide an overview of how an ECU can be designed and which problemsthat it has to face.</p><p>A selection of areas of ECU design which are investigated in this thesis are,1) typical inputs/outputs; 2) analog-to-digital converters and their application; 3)how multiplexers can be used; 4) requirements of general purpose inputs/outputs(GPIO); 5) monitoring of a controller area network (CAN); 6) power-supply requirementand monitoring; 7) monitoring of the vehicle’s battery; 8) memory; 9)requirement of the microcontroller (MCU);Agricultural vehicles use electronic control units (ECUs) as control system. HistoricallyECUs have only been equipped with a minimum of features. With therecent progress in electronics, which have made components faster, smaller andcheaper, the trend is now to integrate more advanced functionality into the ECUs.Agricultural vehicles are present all over the world and they have to operateunder a wide variety of conditions. This put high requirements on the system andit is critical that a modern ECU can detect and locate errors. For an ECU to beable to operate on a world-wide market it is required to be flexible, expandableand robust. In addition to these requirements it is also wanted that an ECU havea long lifespan and a low cost.In this thesis different problems that modern ECUs have to face are investigated.Suggestions of how to solve these problems are also presented. Thereare two focuses in the thesis, 1) how ECUs can acquire information from its inputs/outputs; and 2) the requirements of the ECU hardware.This thesis does not aim to deliver a fully specified system description butrather to provide an overview of how an ECU can be designed and which problemsthat it has to face.A selection of areas of ECU design which are investigated in this thesis are,1) typical inputs/outputs; 2) analog-to-digital converters and their application; 3)how multiplexers can be used; 4) requirements of general purpose inputs/outputs(GPIO); 5) monitoring of a controller area network (CAN); 6) power-supply requirementand monitoring; 7) monitoring of the vehicle’s battery; 8) memory; 9)requirement of the microcontroller (MCU);</p>

Agricultural vehicles use electronic control units (ECUs) as control system. HistoricallyECUs have only been equipped with a minimum of features. With therecent progress in electronics, which have made components faster, smaller andcheaper, the trend is now to integrate more advanced functionality into the ECUs. Agricultural vehicles are present all over the world and they have to operateunder a wide variety of conditions. This put high requirements on the system andit is critical that a modern ECU can detect and locate errors. For an ECU to beable to operate on a world-wide market it is required to be flexible, expandableand robust. In addition to these requirements it is also wanted that an ECU havea long lifespan and a low cost. In this thesis different problems that modern ECUs have to face are investigated.Suggestions of how to solve these problems are also presented. Thereare two focuses in the thesis, 1) how ECUs can acquire information from its inputs/outputs; and 2) the requirements of the ECU hardware. This thesis does not aim to deliver a fully specified system description butrather to provide an overview of how an ECU can be designed and which problemsthat it has to face. A selection of areas of ECU design which are investigated in this thesis are,1) typical inputs/outputs; 2) analog-to-digital converters and their application; 3)how multiplexers can be used; 4) requirements of general purpose inputs/outputs(GPIO); 5) monitoring of a controller area network (CAN); 6) power-supply requirementand monitoring; 7) monitoring of the vehicle’s battery; 8) memory; 9)requirement of the microcontroller (MCU);Agricultural vehicles use electronic control units (ECUs) as control system. HistoricallyECUs have only been equipped with a minimum of features. With therecent progress in electronics, which have made components faster, smaller andcheaper, the trend is now to integrate more advanced functionality into the ECUs.Agricultural vehicles are present all over the world and they have to operateunder a wide variety of conditions. This put high requirements on the system andit is critical that a modern ECU can detect and locate errors. For an ECU to beable to operate on a world-wide market it is required to be flexible, expandableand robust. In addition to these requirements it is also wanted that an ECU havea long lifespan and a low cost.In this thesis different problems that modern ECUs have to face are investigated.Suggestions of how to solve these problems are also presented. Thereare two focuses in the thesis, 1) how ECUs can acquire information from its inputs/outputs; and 2) the requirements of the ECU hardware.This thesis does not aim to deliver a fully specified system description butrather to provide an overview of how an ECU can be designed and which problemsthat it has to face.A selection of areas of ECU design which are investigated in this thesis are,1) typical inputs/outputs; 2) analog-to-digital converters and their application; 3)how multiplexers can be used; 4) requirements of general purpose inputs/outputs(GPIO); 5) monitoring of a controller area network (CAN); 6) power-supply requirementand monitoring; 7) monitoring of the vehicle’s battery; 8) memory; 9)requirement of the microcontroller (MCU);

No description available.

This graduation thesis deals with the design and realisation of the universal control unit for the electrically commutated motor ( EC motor). Was to accomplish the market research of control units for EC motors and compare of parameters of control units with requirements for the universal control unit of EC motors. From the research ensued that on the market it is no unit with the open system which could enable substitute particular control loops by own loops. Based on this evidence it was approached to own construction of the universal unit. For the design it was used the access hardware in the loop a software in the loop. It was performed the design of particular sections of the unit, manufactured the power section and this power part was tested by the help of the developmental and simulation software Labview. Furthermore it was proceeded for the realisation of the integral control unit and for supplementation of the existing software of the control unit about appropriate drivers and it was undertaken the modification of the control algorithm for the need of EC motor. On the end of this project we tested achieved parameters of the control unit.

Begränsad processor- och minneskapacitet är en stor utmaning för loggning avsensorsignaler i motorstyrenheter. För att kunna lagra större mängder data i dessakan komprimering användas. För att kunna implementera komprimering imotorstyrenheter krävs det att algoritmerna klarar de begränsningar som finnsgällande processorkapaciteten och ändå kan producera en godtagbarkomprimeringsgrad.Denna avhandling jämför komprimeringsalgoritmer och undersöker vilken ellervilka algoritmer som är bäst lämpade för detta ändamål. Detta i syfte att förbättraloggning och därmed effektivisera felsökning. Detta gjordes genom att utveckla ettsystem som kör olika komprimeringsalgoritmer på samplad sensordata frånmotorstyrenheter och beräknar komprimeringstid och komprimeringsgrad.Resultaten visade att delta-på-delta-komprimering presterade bättre än xorkomprimering för dessa data. Delta-på-delta presterade betydligt bättre gällandekomprimeringsgrad medan skillnaderna i komprimeringstid mellan algoritmernavar marginella. Delta-på-delta-komprimering bedöms ha god potential förimplementering i loggningssystem för motorstyrenheter. Algoritmen bedöms somväl lämpad för loggning av mindre tidsserier vid viktiga händelser, för merkontinuerlig loggning föreslås fortsatta studier för att undersöka hurkomprimeringsgraden kan förbättras ytterligare. / Limited processor and memory capacity is a major challenge for logging sensorsignals in engine control units. In order to be able to store larger amounts of data,compression can be used. To successfully implement compression algorithms inmotor control units, it is essential that the algorithms can effectively handle thelimitations associated with processor capacity while achieving an acceptable level ofcompression.This thesis compares compression algorithms on sensor data from motor controlunits in order to investigate which algorithm(s) are best suited to implement forthis application. The work aims to improve the possibilities of logging sensor dataand thus make the troubleshooting of the engine control units more efficient. Thiswas done by developing a system that performs compression on sampled sensorsignals and calculates the compression time and ratio.The results indicated that delta-of-delta compression performed better than xorcompression for the tested data sets. Delta-of-delta had a significantly bettercompression ratio while the differences between the algorithms regardingcompression time were minor. Delta-of-delta compression was judged to have goodpotential for implementation in engine control unit logging systems. The algorithmis deemed to be well suited for logging smaller time series during important events.For continuous logging of larger time series, further research is suggested in orderto investigate the possibility of improving the compression ratio further.

Elsystemen i Scanias fordon består av ett antal styrenheter, där varje styrenhet har en mjukvara som måste anpassas beroende på vilken fordon som tillverkas. Anpassningen sker med hjälp av parametersättning som handlar om att skriva parametrar (fordonsegenskaper) till styrenheterna. I dagsläget skrivs parametrar en i taget vilket medför till onödiga tidsfördröjningar på grund av många frågningar och svar som sker mellan PC-mjukvara och styrenheterna. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att finna ett protokoll eller en tjänst som effektiviserar parametersättningen så att tiden minskar då parametrar skrivs till en styrenhet. Ju mindre frågningar och svar som skickas vid prametersättningen desto effektivare blir produktionen av fordon eftersom parametersättningen är en del av tillverkningsprocessen. Resultat av undersökningar tog fram fyra olika förslag på lösning till problemet som detta examensarbete behandlar. De första tre lösningsförslagen handlar mer om att effektivisera kommunikationsprocessen mellan PCmjukvara och styrenheterna, det vill säga minska antalet förfrågningar och svar mellan de två enheterna. Dessa förslag gick inte att implementera på grund flera orsaker som till exempel att de kräver mycket tid och resurser. Den fjärde lösningen handlar om att beräkna parametervärdena innan de ska skickas till en styrenhet. En prototyp av denna lösning skapades och vid testning med en specifik styrenhet minskade den totala parametersättningstiden med nästan hälften. Lösningen som implementerades har inte direkt svarat på frågeställningen, men då behovet även fanns för av att minska beräkningstiderna kan en prototyp av detta slag abslolut vara till nytta för Scania och dess produktion. / The electronic systems in Scania’s vehicles are composed of a set of control units. All of these control units have different softwares that need to be customized depending on which vehicle it belongs to. The customization is achieved by a process called parameter setting, where parameters (vehicle characteristics) are written to the control units. The system that is deployed today executes this task by sending the parameters one at a time. This gives cause to some overhead because of the excess request and responses. The purpose of this thesis work is to suggest a protocol, or service that may reduce the time it takes to write the parameters for one control unit. If the amount of requests and responses are lowered during the parameter setting process, it will certainly benefit the production of Scania’s vehicles since parameters are written to each control unit inside the vehicle during the manufacturing process. The result of the analysis of the problem was that four different solutions were found. The first three solutions focused on making the communication more effective between the PC software and the control units, that is, lowering the amount of requests and responses. It was discovered that these solutions were not suited for this project since they either required too much time or they were not satisfactory. The fourth solution would instead focus on the time it took to calculate the parameter values before sending them to the control unit. A prototype was produced, and when testing the prototype the results for a specific control unit showed that the total time for the parameter setting process was cut down to almost half. The solution that was implemented has not exactly lowered the communication times between the PC software and the control units, but the prototype could still prove to be useful since every second counts in Scania’s production line.

A typical automobile system consists of many Electronic Control Units (ECUs) for the purposes of safety, comfort, and entertainment applications. FlexRay is a high bandwidth protocol for such automotive requirements, which facilitates communication between distributed ECUs. This thesis addresses some of the issues associated with the design and implementation of the FlexRay protocol. The number of ECUs that are used in automobiles has an increasing trend to implement more functionality, which demands more bandwidth. By minimizing bandwidth requirements for servicing a given workload of periodic and sporadic real-time tasks, one can connect more ECUs to the same FlexRay bus. With this motivation, the first part of this thesis proposes new algorithms for minimizing bandwidth usage of ECUs in both the static and the dynamic segments of FlexRay. FlexRay provides a time-triggered static segment for the transmission of time critical periodic messages. The static segment consists of a fixed number of static slots each with a fixed duration. The duration of the static slot and the number of slots are design parameters which need to be fixed so as to meet all the deadline requirements of the workload in the application. The static slot duration can be minimized by packing the signals into message frames, while respecting scheduling constraints. Since message frames also contain overhead information, the duration of message frames can be optimized by proper signal packing, based on the network utilization constraints of individual ECUs. The thesis proposes a novel algorithm for packing of signals into message frames and fixing the static slot duration so that the total duration of the static segment is minimized. The dynamic segment of FlexRay caters to the transmission of event-triggered signals. A novel algorithm has been proposed to obtain the minimum duration of the dynamic segment while meeting the deadline constraints of all sporadic messages in their worst-case arrival instances. We also extend all these algorithms to the case of slot multiplexing scheme provided by FlexRay 3.0. Modern automobiles provide infotainment and in-car telemetry functions, which produce a high volume of soft deadline messages. This makes the problem of analyzing scheduling algorithms for such traffic important. The dynamic segment of the FlexRay cycle is used for transmission of such soft deadline messages. The second part of this thesis addresses the issue of analyzing the quality of performance in servicing of the soft deadline tasks in the FlexRay protocol. Two quality measures, namely, the average delay in servicing of the soft deadline tasks and the fraction of tasks that miss their deadlines, are considered. The generation of different soft deadline messages is modeled as independent Poisson processes. The generated messages are queued in different queues and are serviced according to pre-assigned priorities for different queues as per the FlexRay protocol. By analyzing this multiple queue model under some mild assumptions, upper bounds on the arrival rates for different messages are derived so that all the queues are stable. Analytical expressions are also derived for average delay and for deadline miss ratio. The correctness of these approximate analytical expressions are demonstrated through simulation studies.