This thesis reports research in the Country-of-Origin (COO) area of international business, into the postulated phenomenon of Negative Image. Image has been regarded as a potential purchase decision influencing factor but to date not investigated in-depth. Research was carried out in the business to business area, across cultures and between developed and developing countries, using an example from Zimbabwe. The primary research methodology comprised semi-structured elite interviews with Zimbabwean footwear exporters and UK footwear importers. A questionnaire incorporating sections on topics related to the international image of manufactured goods exporters based in Third World countries was also administered to the UK footwear importers. This dealt with political, commercial and image aspects of importer-exporter relationships and also addressed directly the issue of Third World businessmen's image. Results from the field work demonstrate that the Negative Image of Third World manufactured goods exporters directly affects importer decision making and that Negative Image has an exclusively negative impact. Data from inductive analysis of interviews and supporting correlations arising from the questionnaire were used to construct a model of the relationships and formalise the concepts and constructs of Negative Image. These included disparities in exporter and importer expectations of quality, price, delivery and performance. In addition unreliability, inefficiency, professionalism, lack of both marketing skills and social conversation contribute to the phenomenon. A potential conflict was identified at the individual level between personal and professional perspectives and a reciprocal Negative Image of importers was identified from the Zimbabwean exporters' perspective. Suggestions are made regarding the key factors in exporter-importer relationship development and conclusions are then drawn suggesting that improvement to levels of importer-exporter contacts and information flows can be useful in ameliorating the Negative Image effect. Scenarios for image improvement are offered at government, firm and individual levels. Finally, limitations of the research are discussed and recommendations for further research are given

The potentially most important challenges today are related to energy and the environment. New materials and methods are needed in order to, in a sustainable way, convert and store energy, reduce pollution, and clean the air and water from contaminations. In this, nanomaterials and nanocomposites play a key role, and hence knowledge about the relation between synthesis, structure, and properties of nanosystems is paramount. This thesis demonstrates that solution-chemical synthesis, using amine-modified acetates and nitrates, can be used to prepare widely different nanostructured films. By adjusting the synthesis parameters, metals, oxides, and metal–oxide or oxide–oxide nanocomposites were prepared for two systems based on Co and Zn:Fe, respectively, and the films were characterised using diffraction, spectroscopy, and microscopy techniques, and SQUID magnetometry. A variety of crystalline cobalt films—Co metal, CoO, Co3O4, and composites with different metal:oxide ratios—were synthesised. Heat-treatment parameters and control of the film thickness enabled tuning of the phase ratios. Random and layered Co–CoO composites were prepared by utilising different heating rates and gas flow rates together with a morphology effect associated with the furnace tube. The Co–CoO films exhibited exchange bias due to the ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic interaction between the Co and CoO, whereas variations in e.g. coercivity and exchange bias field were attributed to differences in the structure and phase distribution. Ordered structures of wurtzite ZnO surrounded by amorphous ZnxFeyO were prepared through controlled phase segregation during the heating, which after multiple coating and heating cycles yielded ZnO–ZnxFeyO superlattices. The amorphous ZnxFeyO was a prerequisite for superlattice formation, and it profoundly affected the ZnO phase, inhibiting grain growth and texture, already from 1% Fe. In addition, ZnO–ZnxFeyO exhibited a photocatalytic activity for the oxidation of water that was higher than results reported for pure ZnO, and comparable to recent results reported for graphene-modified ZnO.

Background: This study will be beneficial for Swedish companies that wish to enter the French market and will also benefit companies in France that have something to do with Sweden or that are playing on the Swedish origin. The outcome of this study will give a perspective on Swedishness in Swedish companies, brands and products with French consumers.References to places and countries such as French wine, Hollywood movies, and Russian roulette are examples of how the origin of countries can create associations influencing consumers' product evaluation and buying behaviour. In the process of understanding French consumers' product country image in relation to Sweden, it is important to map their buying behaviour and associations to Swedish companies, brands and products. The consumer perception of the country of origin can together with other attributes add brand equity to a company, brand or a product. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how Swedishness in Swedish brands and products influences the perception of quality and to assist companies in their decision making on how to market in France. Conclusion: French consumers are influenced by global and national perceptions of countries of origin. Swedishness and Scandinavia have a particularly good reputation with French consumers. This influence is high and influences the consumers' quality-perception process through various influencers. Presentation of figures that can be used as generic figures when considering the influencers of your country's image when marketing cross-nationally.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study will be beneficial for Swedish companies that wish to enter the French market and will also benefit companies in France that have something to do with Sweden or that are playing on the Swedish origin. The outcome of this study will give a perspective on Swedishness in Swedish companies, brands and products with French consumers.References to places and countries such as French wine, Hollywood movies, and Russian roulette are examples of how the origin of countries can create associations influencing consumers' product evaluation and buying behaviour. In the process of understanding French consumers' product country image in relation to Sweden, it is important to map their buying behaviour and associations to Swedish companies, brands and products. The consumer perception of the country of origin can together with other attributes add brand equity to a company, brand or a product.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong>: The purpose of this study is to understand how Swedishness in Swedish brands and products influences the perception of quality and to assist companies in their decision making on how to market in France.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: French consumers are influenced by global and national perceptions of countries of origin. Swedishness and Scandinavia have a particularly good reputation with French consumers. This influence is high and influences the consumers' quality-perception process through various influencers. Presentation of figures that can be used as generic figures when considering the influencers of your country's image when marketing cross-nationally.</p>

Η παρούσα ειδική ερευνητική εργασία συνιστά μια μελέτη των μη-γραμμικών οπτικών ιδιοτήτων πέντε δειγμάτων νανοσωματιδίων οξειδίων μετάλλων. Κατ’ όνομα πρόκειται για το μονοξείδιο του Κοβαλτίου (CoO), το τετροξείδιο του Μαγγανίου (Mn3O4), το μονοξείδιο του Νικελίου (NiO), τον Αιματίτη (α-Fe2O3) και τον Μαγγεμίτη (γ-Fe2O3). Οι τρίτης τάξης οπτικές μη-γραμμικότητές τους διερευνήθηκαν με την πειραματική τεχνική Z-scan, της οποίας οι βασικές αρχές και οι πειραματικές λεπτομέρειες περιγράφονται στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο της παρούσης. Ειδικότερα, δίδονται τεχνικές λεπτομέρειες για τις πειραματικές διατάξεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, μελετώνται τα δύο κύρια φαινόμενα που αξιοποιεί η τεχνική, η μη-γραμμική διάθλαση και η μη-γραμμική απορρόφηση και γίνεται σύντομη μαθηματική περιγραφή και παράθεση της διαδικασίας ανάλυσης δεδομένων. Προηγείται των ανωτέρω μια περιεκτική θεωρητική θεμελίωση των βασικών αρχών της μη-γραμμικής οπτικής στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο. Αναπτύσσεται εκ των εξισώσεων Maxwell η μη-γραμμική κυματική εξίσωση. Περιγράφονται οι διεργασίες της γενέσεως δευτέρας αρμονικής, αθροίσματος και διαφοράς συχνοτήτων και διαδοχικά τα βαρύνουσας σημασίας φαινόμενα της αυτό-εστίασης, αυτό-απoεστίασης, κορέσιμης και ανάστροφα κορέσιμης απορρόφησης. Παρατίθεται εν συνεχεία ένας κβαντομηχανικός ορισμός της τρίτης τάξης μη-γραμμικής επιδεκτικότητος και τέλος περιγράφονται αναλυτικά οι μηχανισμοί συνεισφοράς στον μη-γραμμικό δείκτη διάθλασης, από την παραμόρφωση του ηλεκτρονικού νέφους, ως την ηλεκτροσυστολή και τα θερμικά φαινόμενα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται θεωρητικά στοιχεία για τις ιδιότητες των νανοσωματιδίων οξειδίων μετάλλων, την επίδραση του μεγέθους στις εγγενείς ιδιότητες της ύλης και παραδείγματα των πιο ευρέως διαδεδομένων εφαρμογών τους. Εν συντομία δίδονται οι τεχνικές σύνθεσης και οι ενδελεχείς χαρακτηρισμοί που εφαρμόστηκαν με σκοπό να φωτιστούν πλευρές της κρύφιας και ασαφούς φύσης των νανοσωματιδίων. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθενται λεπτομερώς οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις, από τα φάσματα απορρόφησης που ελήφθησαν για κάθε παρασκευασθείσα συγκέντρωση διεσπαρμένων νανοσωματιδίων, ως τις γραφικές παραστάσεις που αντιστοιχούν στην τεχνική Z-scan. Συγκεντρώνονται σε πίνακες όλες οι μη-γραμμικές οπτικές παράμετροι που υπολογίστηκαν και λαμβάνει χώρα αναλυτική συζήτηση για τα αποτελέσματα. Τα αποτελέσματα ομαδοποιούνται, εξάγονται ενδιαφέροντα συμπεράσματα και γίνεται σύγκριση με τη βιβλιογραφία. / The present work, a master thesis, is a study of the nonlinear optical properties of five metal oxide nanoparticles, namely Cobalt monoxide (CoO), Manganese tetroxide (Mn3O4), Nickel monoxide (NiO), Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). Their third ordrer optical nonlinearities were investigated by the means of the Z-scan experimental technique. The basic principles and the experimental details of this technique are described in the second chapter of the present work. Moreover, technical details of the experimental setups used are presented, the two most important phaenomena involved in Z-scan, nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction are described, a brief mathematical description and the data analysis details are given. In the first chapter, a comprehensive theoretical basis of the principles of Non-linear Optics is firstly established. Initiating from Maxwell’s equations, the non-linear wave equation is developed step-by-step. The non-linear optical processes of second harmonic generation and sum/difference frequency generation are presented. Consecutively, the very important phaenomena of self-focusing, self-defocusing, saturable and reverse saturable absorption are described. In addition, a quantum-mechanic description of third order nonlinear susceptibility is briefly developed. At last, the contribution mechanisms to the nonlinear refractive index, from the deformation of the electron cloud to the electrostriction and the thermal effects are presented. In the third chapter, some theoretical information about the properties of metal oxides nanoparticles, along with the effects of their size to their behavior and their widely known applications are listed. In brief, the unique details of the synthesis and the assiduous characterization techniques, which were applied in order to illuminate the fringe nature of these nanoscale particles, are given. In the fourth chapter the experimental measurements are apposed in detail, from the UV-Vis-NIR spectra received for every one of the prepared dispersions, to the graphs built on the Z-scan experimental curves. All nonlinear optical parameters deduced, are summed into analytical tables and a lengthy discussion is taking place over all these results. Results are grouped and studied from different perspectives and a bibliographical comparison is done.

Innomhuspositioneringssystem kan med fördel användas i många olika tillämpningar, allt från sjukhus till shoppingcenter. Denna rapport behandlar olika tekniker och lösningar för att designa ett positioneringssystem. Rapporten tar även upp i detalj hur ett system kan konstrueras av ZigBee kombinerat med dödräkning.

The objective of this research paper is to elaborate on issues surrounding coope-ration between families with children with disabilities and social workers who provide them with relevant social services. Family represents a core aspect of nurture, and is irreplaceable in the overall child's welfare. It today's society the families are also supported by qualified social workers who help with care for disabled children. There is variety of rehabilitation programs available with qualified professionals providing services that encompass medical, social, and educational qualities. Within these rehabi-litation programs it is necessary that a multidisciplinary, and well-functioning team is established with each professional playing a specific role. In addition, active cooperati-on of all family members is essential. Social services as well as state institutions play a vital role in aiding these families. The goal of this paper is to identify the role of institutions and social workers aiding families with children with disabilities. The research includes organizations whose social services are primarily focused on assisting families with disabled children. Qualitative research was performed to support the empirical portion of this paper. Coll-ection of data was accomplished by interrogations with structured discussions. The examined sample included ten social workers providing services to families with chil-dren with disabilities. The pivotal question was established as part of this research, as follows: To what extend does the complex support of a disabled child include both the family and an institution? A secondary question was posed as follows: How does a fa-mily manage disabled child's welfare in instances where social institutions and workers are not relied upon? The conclusion of the research established that the social workers mainly function as a support system for families with children with disabilities. Social institutions and workers mainly assist to such families with difficult social aspects, providing direction, and laying out options for child's development. However, the key effort lies within the family itself. Additionally, the study established that utilizing of the social workers by the families is advantageous. It was also made clear that it is extremely challenging for families to care for their disabled child on their own.

Chinese companies have been an important issue in the world economy development, since China belongs to the group of emerging countries that had been gaining prominence in the last years. To gain market, ranges of companies are going abroad, aiming to develop their brands internationally. Brand positioning plays an important role when the goal of the company is to gain competitive advantage and to be positioned in the consumer’s mind. Furthermore, when Chinese companies decide to internationalize, they have to deal with the COO (country-of-origin) effect, which might influence the consumer’s perception when purchasing a product. The aim of this study is to examine how the effects of COO influence brand positioning of Chinese firms when going international, and how they deal with these COO effects. In this context, a theoretical framework presenting the brand positioning drivers with the combination of the COO effect is developed. A qualitative case study that incorporates four interviews in two different Chinese companies with subsidiaries in Brazil, called JAC Motors and ZTE, are settled. The findings from the case study are compared and contrasted with the theoretical framework, developing a cross-case analysis, identifying and complementing the elements of the theoretical framework. In this regard, it was identified that Chinese companies position their brands with a cost-benefit approach, due to the COO effect caused by different general attributes from China. The brand positioning drivers, in a certain way, are defined taking in consideration the COO effect, although the drivers were not totally affected by the COO. In order to deal with the COO effect, most drivers oppose a negative effect of the COO when it is caused by the perception of lack ofquality from Chinese products; or the COO effect is highlighted in the strategy, when it is caused by the perception of low price. These findings are eventually depicted by a theoretically anchored and empirically guided model, which allows the authors to describe the international brand positioning of Chinese brands and how they deal with the COO effect in its international brand positioning.

Abstract Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of Non-Hodgkin´s Lymphoma (NHL). The standard treatment for DLBCL is R-CHOP chemoimmunotherapy (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone). About one -third of patients have refractory disease or the lymphoma relapses. Prognosis after relapse of refractory disease is poor. Fitter and younger patients are recommended new intensive salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Central nervous system (CNS) relapse is the most feared complication with dismal prognosis in DLBCL. High dose methotrexate intravenously administered concurrently with R-CHOP treatment has shown to be most promising to prevent CNS relapses. Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare aggressive lymphoma limited to the CNS and eyes. PCNSL is a chemo-and radiosensitive disease, but long-term response is rare since the blood brain barrier (BBB) limits access of many drugs to the CNS. BBB disruption (BBBD) is a treatment modality where the BBB is opened by hypertonic mannitol infusion. Administration of chemotherapeutics will achieve over ten-fold concentrations in the CNS and eradicate microscopic disease involvement. This study retrospectively analyses patients who treated as first line with Bonn/Bonn-like treatment (study I), with BBBD treatment followed by high-dose treatment/autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT) in first- or second-line (study II) or those treated with primary R-CHOP or its derivatives with or without concurrent CNS-targeted treatment (study III). HD-MTX-based multichemotherapy is an effective induction treatment in CNS lymphoma, but long-lasting responses are rare. BBBD-treatment is well-tolerated and a promising method to attain high drug concentrations in the CNS to eradicate microscopic disease involvement in first- and second-line. CNS-prophylaxis with HD-MTX prevents CNS events in high risk DLBCL. PCNSL is agressive disease despite excellent primary response with HD-MTX based multichemotherapy. BBBD-treatment is a promising method to eradicate microscopic disease in the CNS and achieve a long-term response and cure rate. Fatal CNS relapses can be avoided using CNS-targeted treatment. / Tiivistelmä Diffuusi suurisoluinen B-solulymfooma (DLBCL) on yleisin non-Hodgkin lymfooma (NHL), jonka standardihoitona toimii R-CHOP (rituksimabi, syklofosfamidi, vinkristiini, doksorubisiini, prednisoloni). Noin kolmasosalla potilaista tautii etenee hoidosta huolimatta tai uusii hoidon päätyttyä. Relapoituneen tai refraktaarin taudin ennuste on huono. Hyväkuntoisilla ja nuoremmilla potilailla pyritään etenemään uuteen induktiohoitoon ja korkea-annoshoitoon autologisen kantasolusiirteen turvin. Keskushermostouusiutuma on huonoennusteisin DLBCL:n komplikaatio. Suuriannosmetotreksaattihoito liitettynä R-CHOP-hoitoon estää keskushermostouusiutumia. Primaari aivolymfooma (PCNSL) on harvinainen keskushermoston ja silmien alueelle rajautuva lymfooma. PCNSL on herkkä sytostaatti-ja sädehoidolle, mutta pitkäkestoisia vasteita nähdään harvoin. Veriaivoeste estää useimpien tehokkaiden sytostaattien pääsyn keskushermostoon. Veriaivoesteen aukaisuhoidossa veriaivoeste avataan hypertonisella mannitoli-infuusiolla. Toimenpiteen jälkeisellä sytostaatti-infuusiolla saavutetaan kymmenkertaiset lääkeainepitoisuudet keskushermostossa ja voidaan hoitaa mikroskooppista veriaivoesteen takana sijaitsevaa tautia. Väitöskirjatyön tutkimukset ovat retrospektiivisiä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä analysoitiin PCNSL potilaat, jotka saivat ensilinjassa Bonnin tai Bonnin kaltaista hoitoa. Toisessa osatyössä potilaat hoidettiin joko ensi- tai toisessa linjassa BBBD-hoidolla, päättyen konsolidaatiohoitona annettavaan korkea-annoshoitoon autologisen kantasolusiirteen turvin. Kolmannessa osatyössä analysoitiin suuren aivouusiutumariskin potilaita, joko yhdessä tai ilman keskushermostoon suunnattua hoitoa samanaikaisesti R-CHOP-hoidon kanssa. Suuriannosmetotreksaatti-pohjainen yhdistelmäsolunsalpaajahoito on tehokas induktiohoito aivolymfoomassa pitkäkestoisten vasteiden ollessa harvinaisia. BBBD-hoito on hyvin siedetty ja lupaava hoitomuoto, jolla keskushermostossa voidaan saavuttaa suuret lääkeainepitoisuudet, jotka riittävät hoitamaan mikroskooppisen taudin sekä ensi että toisessa linjassa. Keskushermostoprofylaksia suuriannosmetotreksaatilla estää keskushermosto-uusiutumia suuren riskin DLBCL-potilailla. PCNSL on agressiivinen tauti huolimatta erinomaisista metotreksaattipohjaisilla hoidoilla saavutetuista ensilinjan vasteista. BBBD-hoito on lupaava keino eradikoida mikroskooppinen tauti keskushermostosta ja saavuttaa pitkäaikaisia hoitovasteita, sekä pysyvä paraneminen aivolymfoomassa. Suuriannosmetotreksaattia sisältävällä sytostaattihoidolla voidaan estää fataaleja aivorelapseja DLBCL:ssä.

This study investigated the influence of brand incongruity on females’ perception of the properties of bi-national apparel products. A survey was conducted across Tshwane, a major urban area in South Africa, to provide empirical evidence of female consumers’ reliance on brands in the context of an emerging economy where global brands have become widely available and easily accessible in recent years. Data was collected by means of convenient sampling and through self completion of a structured questionnaire by 322 willing, working females. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, factor analysis, ANOVAs and post hoc tests. This study confirmed the significance of brand names as a cue of the functional performance related properties of female apparel and concluded that the relevance of brands for status related purposes is secondary to females’ use of brands to infer the functional and performance attributes or to deduce the eco friendliness of apparel. This was true for all the age, income, and education levels or population categories. Although extant research confirms the importance of brands to convey status and to boost consumers’ self image, i.e. serving as an extension of an individual’s self, this study revealed that females do not primarily use brands for status purposes. Brands are mostly trusted to provide good fit, durability, comfort and good quality. Consumers do not necessarily seem familiar with the majority of apparel brands that are widely advertised. However, the majority of consumers preferred the country of manufacture (COM) and the country of origin (COO) of brands to match. Overall, they preferred brands originating from Western countries as the COM, and were more approving of locally manufactured goods than apparel manufactured in Eastern countries. As a simplifying strategy, consumers’ ignorance about the COM of global brands is probably addressed by opting for brands associated with Western COM. Brand incongruence may therefore have noticeable consequences for brand equity in a highly competitive global market and this should be addressed through clever marketing initiatives to prevent dismay and brand switching. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Consumer Science / unrestricted