The effects of climate change along with shifts in social demands have opened up commercial possibilities for new and innovative green technology. At the head of this trend is research into new technologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). These technologies would provide for more environmentally friendly transportation; however their current performance when compared to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicles has led to slow adoption rates. One of the key factors that could help to increase the performance of HEVs and BEVs lies in improvement of the battery systems. Through proper thermal management of the batteries the range and performance of these vehicles can be improved, helping to increase the performance of the vehicles. This study looks at improving the thermal management of the battery system by generating more efficient cooling plates. These cooling plates are set between battery cells and contain channels that coolant is pumped through. Through optimization of these cooling channels, the efficiency of the cooling plates with regards to the average temperature and standard deviation of temperature of the battery cell can both be increased. The power required to run the cooling system can also be reduced by reducing the pressure losses associated with the cooling plate. Numerical optimization on three models of cooling plates was performed. The models were based on multi-inlet and outlet curved channel systems, with one model constructed using arcs and the other two using 90 degree angles. Results showed that improvements of up to 80% could be made depending on the objective functions when compared to an initial design through optimization, with straight channels providing 8% more efficient designs in terms of pressure losses over curved designs, and curved designs providing 6% more efficient designs in terms of average temperature. Analysis on the effects of varying the mass flow rate, heat flux and inlet temperature was also conducted to evaluate their effects on the optimized geometries. This study has practical applications in helping to develop new cooling plates for commercial use through implementation of the generated design features and optimization algorithms. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-27 15:09:12.261

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Išstudijavus mokslinius literatūros šaltinius susijusius su hipotermija pastebėta, kad kūno temperatūros sumažėjimas sukelia daug fiziologinių reakcijų žmogaus organizme, tačiau vis dar mažai darbų, nagrinėjančių aklimacijos (aklimacija – tai dirbtinėse sąlygose (laboratorijoje) sukelta ilgalaikė aklimatizacija) hipotermijai, sukeltos dirbtiniu būdu, poveikį žmogaus fiziologinių rodiklių kaitai. Nepavyko rasti duomenų, kurie nagrinėtų kontroliuojamo kartotino pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį iki tam tikros fiksuotos rektalinės temperatūros taip pat nėra aišku apie blauzdos raumens vidinės temperatūros kaitą, priklausančią nuo aklimacijos hipotermijai. Tyrimo problema: Ar dirbtinėmis sąlygomis sukeliant aklimaciją hipotermijai, žmogaus organizmas adaptuojasi? ir kaip kinta fiziologiniai rodikliai? Kaip žmogaus organizmas toleruoja temperatūros sumažėjimą? Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti ir įvertinti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui požymių kaitai. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui temperatūrų kaitai (Traumens, Tsk, Tre ir Tb). 2. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui subjektyvių požymių kaitai: a) drebėjimo b) šiluminio/terminio pojūčio c) šiluminio/terminio komforto. 3. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui, fiziologinio streso (šalčio) indekso kaitai.. Šio tyrimo metu tiriamieji buvo pasyviai pratinami prie šalčio taikant septyniolikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Studied scientific literature related with hypothermia observed that decrease in body temperature causes a lot of physiological reactions in human body, but still there are low works dealing with acclimation (acclimation – in artificial conditions (laboratory) caused long-term acclimatization) hypothermia, induced artificially, impact on human physiological indicators of change. Unable to find data, that deal with controlled confirmatory passive cooling effect up to a fixed rectal temperature is also not clear about the internal temperature change of the shank muscle, depends on the acclimation to hypothermia. Research problem: Does by artificial conditions causing acclimation to hypothermia human body adapts? And the evolution of physiology indicators? How the human body tolerates decrease of temperature? The main purpose of the study was to identify and evaluate repeated passive cooling effect to acclimation to cold symptoms change. Objectives: 1. Identify repeated passive cooling effect of acclimation frost temperature changes (Tmuscle, Tsk, Tre ir Tb). 2. Identify repeated passive cooling effect of acclimation frost subjective symptoms change: a) shaking, b) heat/thermal sense, c) heat/thermal comfort. 3. Identify effects of repeated passive cooling to cold acclimation, physiological stress (cold) index change. In this study subjects were passively to the cold with seventeen courses program, passive cooling course was repeated every day, the experimental from control... [to full text]

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of heat and cold on the characteristics of skeleton muscles. 24 persons of different age and attitude to sport, men and women, have been examined (12 - using passive heating, 12 - using passive cooling). The rates of vertical jumps were registered (force, power, speed, height of jumps). The rates have been registered before and after cooling and heating procedures. Jumps with and without springing squats with angles of 90 and 135 degrees have been made. After the parameters were recorded, leg mucles were heated in 44 degrees water for 45 minutes or cooled two times in 15 degrees water for 15 minutes with 10 minutes break. Obtained results showed, that the contractile features of sceleton muscles after heating changed differently, the significant improvement of power of muscles was observed, the force of the contraction was stable. After reducing temperature the features of skeletal muscles (force, power, speed) have notably deteriorated. Slow muscle fibres showed greater response to the heating. The increment of power has been noticed. Faster and slower muscle fibres reacted equally to the cooling contraction speed and power have greatly reduced. The usage of elastic energy have not changed either at lower or higher temperatures. When applying physiotherapy means, such as heating or cooling, one has to take into account the dependence of contractile properties of the muscle on the temperature.