Programa computacional em Matlab-Simulink para simular o comportamento do sistema de arrefecimento de veículos comerciais (vans, ônibus e caminhões) equipados com motores diesel. O programa está embasado em uma modelagem matemática que visa caracterizar o funcionamento dos componentes principais do sistema: motor, radiador, termostato, by-pass e bomba d\'água. Tendo como entrada dados característicos do veículo em estudo, o programa computacional fornece a distribuição de temperatura ao longo do tempo para o líquido de arrefecimento - parâmetro preponderante em uma análise do sistema. Os resultados da simulação permitem aos projetistas prever a atuação do sistema de arrefecimento em diversas condições, o que possibilita a realização de um número menor de testes de pista. Os benefícios de um sistema de arrefecimento projetado adequadamente podem ser notados em relação à economia de combustível, ao aumento de desempenho e à redução do desgaste de determinadas peças do motor e da emissão de poluentes. / A software was developed having Matlab-Simulink as basis and it simulates the behavior of the cooling system in commercial vehicles (vans, bus and trucks) equipped with diesel engines. The program is based on mathematical models to describe the main components of the system: engine, radiator, thermostat, by-pass and water pump. Having as input data the features of the vehicle in studied, the software supplies the cooling fluid temperature distribution during certain time - preponderant parameter in the analysis of the system. The results of the simulation allow the designers to foresee the cooling system performance in several conditions, decreasing the number of track tests. The benefits of an adequate designed cooling system project can be noticed considering fuel economy, performance improvement and decrease of wearing of specific parts in the engine as well as pollutant emissions.

Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BenassiJunior_Mario_D.pdf: 1676376 bytes, checksum: f60c2e75a305891a4245bfd284c43500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Foram formuladas três tipos de bebidas cítricas: Refrigerante, Refresco e Energético, e avaliada a influência do nível de maturação do suco na qualidade final dessas formulações. O Refrigerante foi formulado com 10 % de suco, em 5 diferentes níveis de maturação, com relação Brix/Acidez (¿Ratio¿) de: 8, 10, 12, 14 e 17. Os Refrescos foram formulados com 30 % de suco, oriundo de níveis de ¿Ratio¿ 10 e 17, e com três diferentes níveis de acidez (ácido cítrico): 0,75%, 0.55%, 0,35%, gerando bebidas com níveis finais de ¿Ratio¿ de 14, 19 e 30, totalizando seis tratamentos. Os Energéticos foram formulados com 2 % de suco, em níveis de ¿Ratio¿ de 10 e 17, e três níveis de estabilizante (goma xanthana) 0,04%, 0,05% e 0,06%, totalizando seis tratamentos. Nessas bebidas, e no suco concentrado utilizado como matéria prima, foram realizadas as seguintes determinações físico-químicas: viscosidade, cor (Hunter -L, a, b), opacidade, ácido ascórbico, pH, pectina, prolina, atividade de pectinesterase, cinzas, e minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Al), em triplicata, além disso as bebidas foram avaliadas através de análise sensorial, composta de um teste de aceitação, com escala não estruturada de 0 a 9 (desgostei muitíssimo, gostei muitíssimo), para os atributos: aroma, acidez, sabor, doçura, viscosidade e impressão global. Tanto as análises físicvo-químicas como a sensorial foram realizadas no momento da produção para todas as bebidas, após 180 dias nos Refrigerantes, e após 120 dias nos Energéticos e Refrescos. O Refrigerante não foi influenciado pelo nível de maturação do suco, apresentando menores: viscosidade, opacidade e teor de pectina, e maiores: pH, teor de ferro e cor, dentre as bebidas, sendo a bebida com a melhor avaliação sensorial. O Refresco foi influenciado pelo nível de maturação do suco na formulação, onde os Refrescos formulados com suco de ¿Ratio¿ 10, apresentaram a menor viscosidade, a maior opacidade e o maior teor de ácido ascórbico, enquanto que os Refrescos formulados com suco de ¿Ratio¿ 17 apresentaram cor mais clara e alaranjada, e maiores teores de prolina, cinzas e minerais, mas a pior avaliação sensorial dentre as bebidas. O Energético (2% de suco) também sofreu influência da maturação com os energéticos formulados com suco de ¿Ratio¿ 10, apresentando maiores: opacidade e teor de ácido ascórbico e os Energéticos formulados com ¿Ratio¿ 17, maior teor de cinzas, sendo esses as bebidas com a maior viscosidade, menor teor de minerais, e avaliação sensorial intermediária entre Refrigerantes e Refrescos / Abstract: Three different citrus juice drinks have been prepared: a soft drink (10 % of juice), an ade (30% of juice) and a sherbet (2 % of juice), all this beverages have been evaluated considering the influence provided by the maturation level of the juice used in the formulation. The soft drink has been formulated with 10 % of orange juice in five different levels of Brix/acid ratio of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 17. The orange ades have been formulated with 30 % of orange juice in two leves of brix/acid ratio: 10 and 17, and three different levels of acidity (citric acid): 0.75%, 0.55% and 0.25%, producing beverages with final brix/acid ratio of 14, 19 and 30. The sherbets have been formulated with 2 % of orange juice with two levels of brix/acid ratio 10 and 17, and three levels of texturizers (Xanthan gum): 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.06%. All this beverages, have been submitted to the folowing physicochemical determinations: viscosity, color (Hunter L, a, b), opacity, ascorbic acid, pH, total pectin, proline, pectin esterase activity, ashes and mineral content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Al), realized in three repetitions. Besides that, a sensory evaluation was carried out in a acceptance test with a non-structured category scale form 0 to 9 (dislike extremely, like extremely), considering the following atributtes: flavor, acidity, taste, sweetness, viscosity and global impression. Each one of this evaluations have been realized just after the processing of the beverege and 180 days after it for the soft drink and 120 days after, for both orange ade and sherbet. The soft drink had been not affected by the maturation level of the juice, instead of it showed the lowest level of viscosity, opacity, pectin, and the highest levels of pH, Iron content and color, considering all the three beverages, and still has been achieved the best sensory evaluation among the beverages. The orange ade, however has been influenced by the maturation level of the orange juice, with the ones formulated in a brix/acid ratio of 10, achieving the lowest viscosity, but the higest opacity and ascorbic acid content, while the orange ades formulated with the orange juice in a brix/acid ratio of 17, achieveing more orange and bright color and the higest: prolin, ash and mineral content, on the other hand, showing the worst sensory evaluation among the beverges. The sherbet has been influenced by the maturation level, with the ones formulated with orange juice in a brix/acid ratio of 10, achieving highest opacity and ascorbic acid and the sherbets formulated with orange juice in a brix/acid ratio of 17, presenting the highest ash content. Therefore, these sherbets reached out the highest viscosity among the beverages and have been evaluated to an intermediate position between the soft drink and the orange ade, considering the sensory test / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

A combustion engine generates a lot of heat which need to be cooled to prevent damages to the engine and the surrounding parts. If the cooling system can not provide enough cooling to keep the engine in a well defined range of temperatures performance and durability will decrease and emissions increase. It is also important that the cooling system do not over-cool the engine, since this may result in rough running, increased engine friction and an overall negative performance. The aim of this thesis work is to create a complete 3D digital model of the cooling system for the first generation VED4 HP with CFD in STAR-CCM+. The simulated results are compared to available experimental data for validation. Today the entire system is being modeled with 1D CFD. One of the selected components in the cooling system being model in 3D at Volvo Cars is the water jacket. The 3D CFD model depends on the 1D CFD model for the boundary conditions which is an ineffective and time consuming process, sending data back and forth between the models when making changes. A 3D CFD model is not only more accurate than the 1D CFD model, since it capture the 3D flow phenomenas but it also allows parts or areas to be studied in detail. A study of four different turbulence models is conducted on the water jacket and on an arbitrary pipe in the cooling system. A mesh study is carried on the water jacket, the same arbitrary pipe and on the thermostat, both for the opened and closed thermostat. These studies are done with regard to pressure drop only. The study yields a low Reynolds model with the k-ε v2f turbulence model gave the best results. There is a discrepancy between the simulated results and the experiments. Main reasons to this may be the difference in the geometry used in this thesis for the digital model and the geometry used for the experiments together with the inaccuracies in the experimental data. The overall deviation is larger for a case with closed thermostat than for a case with an open thermostat. With the correct geometry and more accurate experimental data the simulations should be a close representation of reality.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Charles L. Burton / Ground source heat pump systems have been around for nearly 50 years. The efficiencies that can be achieved today are difficult to match with any other type of heating and air conditioning system. With the familiarity of the system, installed costs have become very reasonable, and in some cases have been the same or less expensive than other comparable systems. Given all this, the question remains – why aren't more of these systems being proposed and installed? This report will investigate some of the reasons why and what can be done to remedy them. Major issues include professional education, availability of research and design material, industry or governmental incentives, and education in our K-12 schools and universities. Certainly all participants in the design process, from the designer to the owner, play a part in this dilemma. Recommendations will be made that address key hurdles this industry faces regarding making ground source heat pumps the system of choice.

M.Ing. / It has facilitated human endeavor in every facet of his existence. A staple of civilized society and central to any industrialized or developing economy, the iron and steel industry was, and remains a truly fundamental facet ofhuman culture. It's technological development has paralleled that of humankind, spanning the millennia of his civilized existence. Today's global steel market is plagued with heavy competition from numerous consortiums, where national and political influences serve to further rock an overcrowded boat. The emergence of global steel giants have emphasized a need in smaller players to obtain and maintain a competitive advantage through differentiation, increased throughput, reduced costs and superior quality. These competitive concerns have been augmented by slowing world steel production which amounted to a 6% slowdown over the past 5 years.

In order to meet the increasingly strict emissions targets required in modern civil aviation, lean burn combustors are being pursued as a means to reduce the environmental impact of gas-turbine engines. By adopting a lean air/fuel mixture NOx production may be reduced. The increase in proportional amount of high pressure air entering directly into the combustor reduces the amount available for cooling of the combustor liner tiles. A reduced mass of air places restrictions on the porosity of cooling arrays, requiring a departure from applications of pedestal and slotted film cooling typically used to cool double skin combustor liners. An alternative approach applied to lean burn combustors places impingement and effusion arrays on the cold and hot skins respectively for cooling of both sides of the hot liner skin. Although impingement cooling is well established as a means of promoting forced convection cooling, there are many areas on a liner tile where cooling behaviour is not well characterised. Additionally, film cooling reduces combustive efficiency and increases the production of NOx and CO, prompting interest in reducing its use in combustor cooling. The research for this thesis has focussed on investigations into current and proposed geometries to identify methods to enhance cold side cooling in lean burn applications. A fully modelled combustor liner tile has been used for investigation into the impact of structural and pressure blockages on cold side cooling performance of an impingementeffusion array using a transient liquid crystal technique to measure heat transfer performance. Research has found structural blockages can reduce heat transfer performance to ~60% of typical values, with crossflow development due to pressure blockage producing similar reductions in Nusselt values to ~70% of typical. A second investigation explored enhanced cooling geometries combining a distributed impingement feed over roughened channels of pedestals at variable height (H/D) and pitch (P/D). A newly proposed 'Shielded Impingement' concept combines full height pedestals, to protect impingement jets from developing crossflow, with quarter height pedestals for turbulence enhancement of crossflow cooling. The research has found that Shielded Impingement geometries displayed the strongest cooling performance of all tested designs due primarily to increased downstream Nusselt numbers. Pressure losses were comparable to short pedestal geometries, with little apparent effect of full height pedestals. Low pressure losses mean that application to extended channels in line with the full tile geometry is possible.

This report is the result of a master’s thesis project which covers the cooling system in Volvo Cars’ fuel cell test vehicle. The purpose is to investigate if the existing cooling system in the fuel cell test vehicle works with the current fuel cell system of the vehicle, in terms of sufficient heat rejection and thus sustaining acceptable temperature levels for the fuel cell system. The project also aims to investigate if it is possible to implement a more powerful fuel cell system in the vehicle and keep the existing cooling system, with only a few necessary modifications. If improvements in the cooling system are needed, the goal is to suggest improvements on how a suitable cooling system can be accomplished. This was carried out by modeling the cooling system in the simulation software GT-Suite. Then both steady state and transient simulations were performed. It was found that the cooling system is capable of providing sufficient heat rejection for the current fuel cell system, even at demanding driving conditions up to ambient temperatures of at least 45°C. Further, for the more powerful fuel cell system the cooling system can only sustain sufficient heat rejection for less demanding driving conditions, hence it was concluded that improvements were needed. The following improvements are suggested: Increase air mass flow rate through the radiator, increase pump performance and remove the heat exchanger in the cooling system. If these improvements were combined it was found that the cooling system could sustain sufficient heat rejection, for the more powerful fuel cell system, up to the ambient temperature of 32°C.

The challenge of this project is to turn a large residual empty space into a public place, a truly relational space. The site was decided upon first, and within its vastness the spirit of the surroundings arose which in turn gave birth to the development programme. At the stage where a site was chosen, no particular functional theme other than that of “adaptive reuse” existed. Located in the industrial sector of Pretoria West, the site was chosen for its ability to stun the visitor to silence with its scale and grandeur. Currently housing the Pretoria West Power Station, the visitor is confronted by structures which appear to be beyond the realm of human interaction. The dissertation explored the transformation of “urban void” to a public place where events can be held. This proposed events centre thrusts the landscape into the intervention, blurring the thresholds between inside and outside. The building itself has little regard for the boundaries imposed on it by the site. Purposely ignoring these limitations, the building extends its boundaries over the lake, creating space above untouched territory. The design aims to fragment the intervention into smaller experiences, which allows the visitor to engage more intimately with the intervention. This project addressed the issues of visual contact. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

Please read the "Background" (p v) in the section 00front of this document Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bartie, C 2002, The life and career of the South African dramatric soprano Marita Napier, DPhil thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11142007-125718 / > / Thesis (DPhil (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

This research entails the first comprehensive and systematic study on a heat-driven, self-cooling application based on the thermoelectric generation effect. The system was studied using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to provide a solid and basic understanding of the physical principles governing the system. Multiphysics equations that relate heat transfer, fluid dynamics and thermoelectric generation are derived. The equations are developed with increasing complexity, from the basic Carnot heat engine to externally and internally irreversible engines. A computational algorithm to systematically use the fundamental equations has been presented and computer code is implemented based on the algorithm. Experiments were conducted to analyze the geometric and system parameters affecting the application of thermoelectric based self-cooling in devices. Experimental results show that for the highest heat input studied, the temperature of the device has been reduced by 20-40% as compared to the natural convection case. In addition, it has been found that in the self-cooling cases studied, convection thermal resistance could account for up to 60% of the total thermal resistance. A general numerical methodology was developed to predict steady as well as transient thermal and electrical behavior of a thermoelectric generation-based self-cooling system. The methodology is implemented by using equation modeling capabilities to capture the thermo-electric coupled interaction in TEG elements, enabling the simulation of major heating effects as well as temperature and spatial dependent properties. An alternative methodology was also presented, which integrates specialized ANSI-C code to integrate thermoelectric effects, temperature-dependent properties and transient boundary conditions. It has been shown that the computational model is able to predict the experimental data with good accuracy (within 5% error). A parametric study has been done using the model to study the effect of heat sink geometry on device temperature and power produced by TEG arrays. In addition, a dynamic model suited for integration in control systems is developed. Therefore, the study has shown the potential for a heat driven self-cooling system and provides a comprehensive set of tools for analysis and design of thermoelectric generation.