Gegenstand der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Rolle der Schwebegarnele Mysis relicta im pelagischen Nahrungsnetz des Breiten Luzins unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der trophischen Interaktionen zur Kleinen Maräne Coregonus albula. Schwerpunkte waren die Abundanz und räumlich-zeitliche Verteilung von M. relicta, C. albula und dem Zooplankton sowie die trophischen Beziehungen im Pelagial. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien war M. relicta weiträumiger und mit höherer Dichte im Untersuchungsgebiet verbreitet. Dies war auf die Verbesserung der Wasserqualität zurückzuführen. Ähnliche Verteilungsmuster führten zu starken räumlichen Überlappungen von M. relicta und C. albula. M. relicta konsumierte vorwiegend abundantes Plankton. Es zeigte sich aber auch eine Präferenz für Cladocera. Aus den in vitro ermittelten Ingestionsraten wurde für die Situation im Freiland ein starker Fraßdruck von M. relicta auf das Zooplankton abgeleitet. In Kombination mit einer Überschneidung der Beutespektren führte das zur Nahrungskonkurrenz zwischen M. relicta und C. albula. Andererseits war M. relicta eine wichtige Beute für C. albula und wurde stark positiv selektiert. Die Fettsäuremuster der untersuchten Organismen waren überwiegend durch ihre Nahrung beeinflusst. Die Aufnahme von M. relicta wurde nicht durch das Auftreten spezifischer Fettsäuren bei C. albula nachgewiesen. Grundsätzlich entsprach der Energietransfer im Nahrungsnetz des Breiten Luzins allgemeinen Modellen mit 10 % Transfereffizienz zwischen benachbarten trophischen Ebenen. Im Einzelnen zeigten sich aber auch Abweichungen, die größtenteils auf M. relicta zurückzuführen waren. Durch ihre omnivore Ernährung und als Beute für C. albula schafft M. relicta zusätzliche Verbindungen zwischen den trophischen Ebenen. Insgesamt hat M. relicta einen weitreichenden Einfluss auf die Struktur und den Energietransfer des Nahrungsnetzes im Breiten Luzin, wodurch ihr Vorkommen für das Gewässer von besonderer Bedeutung ist. / The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta in the pelagic food web of Lake Breiter Luzin (Germany) with special focus on trophic interactions with European cisco Coregonus albula. Main aspects were the abundance and temporal and spatial distribution of M. relicta, C. albula and zooplankton as well as trophic relationships in the food web. As a result of improved water quality M. relicta showed a wider distribution and enhanced abundances in the study area than earlier investigations suggested. Due to similar diurnal vertical distributions a great spatial overlap was evident for M. relicta and C. albula. M. relicta fed mainly on highly abundant plankton. Besides, an overall preference for cladocerans was detected. By applying estimated in vitro feeding rates to field situations it could be shown that zooplankton was strongly exploited by M. relicta. This high demand combined with similar prey preferences of C. albula led to a strong food competition between M. relicta and C. albula. On the other hand M. relicta formed high amounts in the diet of C. albula and was always positively selected. Fatty acid composition of examined organisms resembled the composition found in their dietary resources. The intake of M. relicta could not be detected by a specific fatty acid composition in C. albula. Considering highest and lowest trophic levels, transfer efficiency in Lake Breiter Luzin fit into general models assuming a transfer of 10 % between neighbouring trophic levels. Transfer between intermediate trophic levels partly differed from this general pattern. This was connected to the existence of M. relicta. Being omnivorous and by providing an important food source for C. albula the mysid established additional links between trophic levels in the food web. In summary, M. relicta is a significant factor in structuring the food web of Lake Breiter Luzin and has profound impact on the entire lake ecosystem.

The main goals of this thesis are description of a quite complicated peled breeding topic in the Czech Republic, evaluation of inconsistent taxonomical data, biology and ecology of the Coregonus maraena and Coregonus peled. The approach to peled breeding is in detail evaluated recently as well as in the past. Methods of breeding, fishing out, fish tank breeding and fish transfer are addressed. The questionary survey among peled producers was used for critical evaluation of their experience. The factors that discourage producers from peled breeding (eutrophication, predation by cormorants or otter as well as technological difficulties) were stated. Due to these factors the peled production is limited despite the stabile market demand. The case study of peled production was realized. In the condition of huge fish stock (carp and grass carp) the main negative impacts were confirmed.

No description available.

The Mackenzie Delta region, NWT, has a short growing season and highly seasonal climate, and brown bears (Ursus arctos) there face many challenges obtaining their nutritional requirements. Consumption of meat by brown bears is linked to increases in population density, fecundity, growth and body size. I examined the use of Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii), and broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) as meat sources by Mackenzie Delta brown bears. As a preliminary step, I built an Arctic ground squirrel habitat model, using field-surveyed ground squirrel burrow locations. Using this model, I examined bears selection for Arctic ground squirrel habitat as a population, by sex and as individuals, and linked this to results of stable isotope analysis and site investigations. Bears showed little evidence of Arctic ground squirrel use at the population and sex level, but some individual bears appeared to prey heavily on ground squirrels, particularly during hyperphagia. I also described observations of a brown bear using broad whitefish in autumn, and used telemetry locations to show that other bears may also feed heavily on broad whitefish during hyperphagia. My research provides prey-specific evidence for intrapopulation niche variation among Mackenzie Delta brown bears. / Ecology

Die Bedeutung ökologischer Faktoren bei der Entstehung phänotypischer sowie genetischer Vielfalt durch natürliche Selektion, besonders bei sympatrischer Artbildung, ist derzeit ein Fokus der Evolutionsforschung. Gemeinsam vorkommende und nah verwandte Arten werden daher als Modellorganismen verwendet, um die Ursachen und Mechanismen ökologischer und evolutionärer Diversifizierung zu untersuchen. Ein sympatrisches Fisch-Artenpaar, für das eine sympatrische Artbildung auf Basis genetischer Analysen vermutet wird, existiert im norddeutschen Stechlinsee. Die zwei Maränenarten sind morphologisch kaum zu unterscheiden, zeigen eine ähnliche Nahrungszusammensetzung und kommen gemeinsam im Freiwasser, allerdings in leicht unterschiedlichen Wassertiefen, vor. Die Hypothese meiner Arbeit war, dass sich die Physiologie bzw. das Verhalten der Arten in Bezug auf die wichtigsten Umweltfaktoren ihres Lebensraumes, Futterdichte, Lichtintensität und Wassertemperatur unterscheiden. Daher haben wir Fraßeffizienz, Stoffwechselraten und Temperaturpräferenzen in Abhängigkeit dieser Faktoren bei beiden Arten untersucht, nachdem diese zuvor unter identischen Laborbedingungen herangezogen wurden. Wir fanden keinen Unterschied in der Fraßeffizienz, allerdings zeigten beide Arten je nach Temperatur unterschiedliche Stoffwechselraten sowie entsprechende Unterschiede in der Temperaturpräferenz. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass temperaturbedingte physiologische Anpassungen sowie die Nutzung unterschiedlicher thermischer Mikrohabitate die zwischenartliche Konkurrenz verringern und eine gemeinsame Existenz ermöglichen. Um die mögliche Bedeutung einer solchen öko-physiologischen Spezialisierung für die Artbildung innerhalb des Sees einschätzen zu können, haben wir basierend auf den Freiland- und Labordaten ein mathematisches Evolutionsmodell entwickelt. Demnach ist ein Aufspalten einer Ausgangspopulation in zwei Populationen mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturoptima wahrscheinlich. Eine ökologische und evolutionäre Diversifizierung entlang des Temperaturgradienten ist somit ein empirisch und theoretisch plausibles Szenario für die sympatrische Artbildung der Stechlinsee-Maränen. / Abstract The role of ecological factors in generating phenotypic and genetic diversity through natural selection has received increasing attention in evolutionary biology during the last decade, especially with respect to diversification in sympatry. Sympatrically occurring and closely related species are used as model systems to study the causes and mechanisms of ecological and evolutionary diversification. A sympatric species pair of coregonid fish, for which a speciation in sympatry has been suggested based on genetic analyses, coexists in the German Lake Stechlin. The two species are morphologically similar planktivores with weak divergence in diet composition that co-occur within the pelagic area of the lake at slightly different water depths. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the species would differ in physiology and behaviour with respect to the most important environmental factors of their natural habitat, food density, light intensity and water temperature. We studied the feeding efficiencies, metabolic rates, and temperature preferences of both species previously hatched and raised under identical laboratory conditions. We found no divergence in feeding efficiency, but significant differences in temperature-related metabolic costs as well as a corresponding difference in thermal preference. These results suggest that temperature-related physiological adaptations and the associated use of slightly different thermal microhabitats reduces exploitative competition between the species and facilitates their coexistence. To evaluate a potential role of this eco-physiological specialization for a speciation in sympatry, we developed a mathematical evolutionary model, based on our field observations and laboratory experiments. The model showed that an evolutionary splitting of an ancestral into two coexisting populations with different temperature optima is likely in this system. In conclusion, an eco-physiological and evolutionary diversification along the temperature-depth gradient of the lake is an empirically and theoretically plausible scenario for the sympatric speciation of the coregonids.

Investigation of creatine- and adenylate phosphates involvement in fish spermatozoa metabolism is of high interest for fish spermatology. These compounds are necessary to support normal physiological state and motility of spermatozoa. The simultaneous changes in content of creatine- and adenylate phosphates in fish spermatozoa prior and during their motility are quite unclear. Therefore, studying and development of new methods for the quantification of creatine- and adenylate phosphates in spermatozoa of different fish species under such physiological conditions as maturation and in vitro manipulation are of high importance. One of the study outputs is the developed LC/HRPS (liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution product scan) method for the analysis of creatine- and adenylate phosphates content in fish spermatozoa (Chapter 2). Its main advantage is the possibility to detect and quantify several compounds (creatine, creatine phosphate (CP), AMP, ADP, ATP, and cAMP) simultaneously to obtain maximum information with minimum analytical effort. The method was validated taking into account such key parameters as limit of quantification, selectivity, recovery and repeatability. It represented an excellent performance allowing determination of target compounds in highly diluted fish sperm samples. Consequently, the method was applied for the quantification of aforementioned substances during sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) spermatozoa maturation and in vitro manipulation with sperm of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus maraena) and European eel (Anguilla Anguilla). The present study showed that immature sterlet spermatozoa are not able to initiate motility. Significant decrease of CP and stable levels of ATP and ADP content during their maturation were found. The critical importance of ATP regeneration system and oxidative phosphorilation for the maturation process of sterlet sperm as a prerequisite for successful fertilization was assumed (Chapter 3). Further experiments revealed that European eel spermatozoa were not able to initiate motility by activation medium (AM) at the start of the induced spermiation. They acquired the ability to be activated after the dilution with AM at the end of hormonal treatment. This accompanied by the increase of CP and cAMP levels in spermatozoa after activation. That allowed us to assume the involvement of ATP regenerating system and cAMP-dependent regulatory pathways in the process of hormonally induced spermiation (Chapter 4). Current study represents a first successful estimation of cAMP in fish spermatozoa during the motility period using the LC/HRPS. Important issues concerning the short-term storage of European eel sperm were rised. Storage at 4 °C was accompanied by higher marcoergic phosphates content and higher motility in comparison to the storage at 20 °C. It suggests the involvement of macroergic phosphates metabolism in short-term storage. (Chapter 4). Obtained results could contribute to the development of new effective methods for improving of spermiation and short-term sperm storage in European eel aquaculture. Various degrees of energy consumption in response to environment composition were found in whitefish spermatozoa. Energy consumption was significantly higher in motility activating conditions. No effect of osmolality was found on this process. The content of CP and ATP was significantly higher when cells were in motility inhibiting medium comparing to activation medium. No relationship between content of CP, ADP, and ATP and spermatozoa motility parameters in AM of different osmolality was found. Isotonic conditions favor the spermatozoa with longer motility period, higher linearity, and fast velocity without increase in ATP content (Chapter 5). This suggests that whitefish sperm energy management is more efficient after activation in isotonic conditions. Obtained results are of high interest for elaboration of new sperm motility activating media for fisheries practice.

An important question in determining species composition in a lake is what species has had the chance to reach the lake in the first place. The aim of this study was to examine natural stream connectivity limitations for whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) between lakes, and to contribute to the development and evaluation of GIS-based methods to answer this question. 497 lakes with identified downstream source lakes, were classified as naturally colonized or introduced whitefish populations, reflecting the possibilities for whitefish to reach the lake naturally. Data of maximum stream slope and stream length between each lake pair was generated by Stefan Blumentrath, NINA. Maximum stream slope was measured on two different resolutions of stream length for comparison, one on slope over 10 m and one over 150m. A subset of lakes was manually examined in geographic information systems and compared to maps and aerial photos to evaluate the data and compare the results with the full dataset. False slope maximums were corrected and streams with much human alteration around a possible natural slope maximum was removed from the small dataset. The two datasets were analyzed using logistic regression models. Akaikes information criterion (AIC) showed that the optimal model, for both datasets, was the one using only slope maximum as predictor, and slope over 150m gave better results than 10m. A k50-coefficient, the value of a predictor that results in 50% probability of colonization, was introduced as an approximate of when the predictor forms a connectivity hinder. The k50-corefficient was estimated to 2,08±0,22° (±standard error) for slope over 150m for the big dataset and 2,58±0,20 for the small. Weaknesses in the data were distinguished and improvements for future fish connectivity studies are suggested.