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In Essay 1, we examine the departure of independent directors among 525 Taiwanese publicly listed firms with independent directors on the board between 2002 and 2006. We find that the accounting restatements is positively associated with the number (and the rate) of departures in the firm. This result implies that deteriorating financial reporting quality is related to the departures, which is consistent with Srinivasan's (2005) finding among the U.S. firms. We also find the number (and the rate) of departures is positively associated with shares owned by controlling families. Our findings support the independent directors’ role for intense monitoring based on agency theory. The results also support Anderson and Reeb’s (2004) result based opinion that that independent directors can protect minority shareholders’ interest by hindering dominant or family shareholders’ opportunistic or expropriation behaviors. In essay 2, we examine if there are significant associations between firm performance and (1) directors’ shareholdings, (2) directors’ family shareholdings, and (3) independent directors’ career affiliations in 2,164 Taiwanese publicly listed firms between 2002 and 2006. After addressing for possible endogeneity and controlling for firm specific variables, we find a positive association between CEO’s shareholding and firm performance. Consistent with agency theory and incentive effect, this result indicates that CEOs have control over firms’ operation and have incentive to maximize firms’ value. Also, we find a negative association between firm performance and non-executive directors’ shareholdings. This result, which is consistent with the entrenchment effect, implies that the possibility of expropriating minority shareholders’ interest may increase with shares owned by non-executive directors. However, we find that the non-executive directors’ family shareholding is positively related to firm performance, which implies that non-executive directors may be motivated by their family members to improve firm value. The results also imply that the majority-minority agency problem (Villalonga and Amit, 2006) can be reduced when director’s family welfare is at stake. In addition, consistent with skill matching theory (Jovanovic, 1979), we find a positive association between independent director’s career affiliation of executive officer and firm performance, which implies that independent directors who are executives are likely to improve firm performance.

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Svenska aktiebolag som verksamhetsform har historiskt sett presumerats syfta till att maximera värdet på aktierna och generera utdelning till aktieägarna. Detta synsätt återspeglas i aktiebolagsrätten av det indirekta vinstmaximeringssyfte som stadgas i 3 kap. 3 § ABL. I skrivande stund har EU-kommissionen antagit ett direktivförslag avseende hållbar bolagsstyrning och väntar nu på att Europaparlamentet och Europeiska unionens råd ska godkänna förslaget. Direktivförslaget grundar sig på en studie som genomfördes av EY som visade att aktiebolag inom EU uppvisar en tydlig tendens att fokusera på kortsiktig vinning till förmån för aktieägare på bekostnad av långsiktiga aspekter som hållbarhet.I och med att svensk aktiebolagsrätt i dagsläget är utformad utifrån presumerad vinstmaximering syftar uppsatsen till att utreda hur svensk rätt, svenska noterade aktiebolag och den svenska bolagsstyrningsmodellen kan komma att påverkas om direktivförslaget antages och vilka faktiska åtgärder bolagsledningar i de bolag som träffas av direktivet kan bli tvungna att vidta. Direktivförslaget tar sikte på att reglera ett flertal, av EY, utpekade grundorsaker till short-termism. Det anges bland annat att aktiebolagen måste upprätta övervakningsförfaranden som tillser regelefterlevnad i såväl den egna verksamheten som värdekedjan. Bolagen ska även ansvara för att identifiera och reducera negativa effekter som verksamheten medför samt bereda berörda intressenter möjlighet att lämna synpunkter som måste beaktas innan företagsledningen fattar beslut för bolagets räkning. I förekommande fall ska även ett samrådsförfarande genomföras med nämnda intressenter. Om direktivförslaget antages kan det komma att väsentligen förändra aktiebolagslagens utformning i grunden. Lagstiftaren måste ta ställning till om det nu gällande vinstmaximeringssyftet går att tillämpa parallellt med de nya hållbarhetskraven eller inte. Det indirekta vinstsyftet i ABL är formulerat såtillvida att det finns utrymme för syftespluralism i teorin, men i praktiken uppstår en rad olika problem om vinstmaximeringssyfte ska kombineras med långsiktiga hållbarhetskrav. Om syftespluralism införs kan ledningen hamna i till synes omöjliga situationer där inget beslut harmonierar med båda syftena. Det kan även argumenteras för att bolagsledningar inte längre skulle gå att ställa till svars för sitt beslutsfattande så länge besluten går att härleda till antingen vinstmaximering eller hållbarhet.Ett annat problem som direktivförslaget medför är att interna och externa intressenter, i förekommande fall utan ekonomiskt incitament, får mer inflytande i bolagets löpande verksamhet än aktieägarna. Detta torde ytterligare accentuera fragmenteringen mellan aktieägare och bolagsledningen. De berörda intressenterna kan även ha skilda åsikter, varpå samrådsförfarandena kommer bestå av ett flertal intressekonflikter intressenterna emellan, utöver de konflikter som redan uppstår till följd av målkonflikten mellan vinstmaximering och hållbarhet.Sammanfattningsvis medför direktivförslaget enbart fler skyldigheter för bolagen och ett utökat ansvar för företagsledningarna, i de fall ansvar kan utkrävas, utan att någon form av ekonomiskt eller på annat vis positivt incitament för regelefterlevnad erbjuds. Direktivförslaget kan av, bland annat, ovanstående anledningar leda till att färre aktörer inom näringslivet är beredda att åta sig styrelseuppdrag samtidigt som aktiebolagen får svårare att attrahera kapital. / The purpose of limited liability companies as a form of business in Sweden has historically been presumed to be profit maximization and dividends to shareholders. This approach is reflected in Swedish company law. At the time of writing this essay the European Commission has adopted a proposal for a directive concerning sustainable corporate governance and are now awaiting adoption by the EU Parliament and Council. The proposal stems from a study that was conducted by EY. The study showed that limited liability companies within the EU clearly tends to focus on short-term profits to provide return to the owners of the business at the expense of long-term aspects such as sustainability.Since current Swedish company law is based on the presumption that limited liability companies strive for profit maximization, the purpose of this essay is to examine how Swedish law, Swedish public limited liability companies, and the Swedish corporate governance model may be affected if the proposal gets adopted and which actions the directors may have to take. The proposal aims to regulate multiple, by EY, identified root causes and specified problem drivers that causes companies to focus on short-term shareholder value maximization rather than long-term interests of the companies. The proposal states that limited liability companies must establish procedures for monitoring their compliance in accordance with the directive, both for their own business as well as their value chain. The companies also have to identify, prevent and/or mitigate their adverse impacts on human rights and the environment and establish procedures which enables affected stakeholders to submit complaints. The complaints must thereafter be duly considered by the directors before they make decisions on behalf of the company and, where applicable, enable for complainants to meet with the company’s representatives at an appropriate level.If the proposal gets adopted, it may fundamentally change Swedish company law. The legislature must decide if the current profit maximization can be applied parallelly with the new sustainability criteria or not. In current Swedish company law there’s theoretically room for coexistence of different interests and purposes, but in practice this becomes problematic if sustainability criteria are to be combined with profit maximization. The directors may face practically impossible situations where no decision harmonizes with either purpose or interest of the company. It can also be argued that it would no longer be possible to hold directors accountable for their decisions if the decisions can be derived from either profit maximization or sustainability. Another problem the proposed directive entails is that internal and external stakeholders, where applicable without financial incentive, gain more influence in the company’s day-to-day operations than the shareholders. This is likely to further accentuate the fragmentation between shareholders and directors. The affected stakeholders may also have different opinions, whereupon the consultation procedures will consist of several conflicts of interests between stakeholders, in addition to the conflicts that already arise as a result of the conflict between profit maximization and sustainability. In summary, the directive proposal only entails more obligations for the companies and increased accountability and responsibility for the directors without offering any economic or otherwise positive incentive for compliance. The proposed directive may therefore, among other reasons, lead to fewer actors being prepared to undertake board assignments, while it will simultaneously become more difficult for companies to attract capital.

This paper examines the relative valuation of alternative methods of tax avoidance. Prior studies find that firm value is positively associated with overall measures of tax avoidance; I extend this research by providing evidence that investors distinguish between methods of tax reduction in their valuation of tax avoidance. The impact of tax avoidance on firm value is a function of tax risk, permanence of tax savings, tax planning costs, implicit taxes and contrasts in disclosures of tax reduction in the financial statements. My empirical results suggest that tax avoidance resulting from stock option tax benefits is positively associated with firm value, accelerated depreciation is not associated with firm value and deferral of residual tax on foreign earnings is negatively associated with firm value. Prior studies that find the positive association between firm value and tax avoidance is attenuated in poorly governed firms suggest the discount results from investor concern of managerial opportunism. Self-serving managers conceal diversion of tax savings from investors under the pretext that aggressive tax positions must be hidden from tax authorities in the financial statements. Under this theory transparent tax reduction methods that are clearly supported by the law should not be discounted by investors of poorly governed firms. However, I find that tax avoidance resulting from transparent stock option tax deductions is discounted in poorly governed firms, while tax avoidance derived from opaque deferral of the residual tax on foreign earnings is not, inconsistent with investors believing that managers are exploiting the compromised information environment associated with complex tax transactions. / Ph. D.

This dissertation seeks to investigate empirically the determinants and implications of large block shareholdings. Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions : (1) Why do some firms have blocks and others not ? (2) What are the valuation consequences of large block creations ? (3) What are the cross-sectional relationships between the market response and characteristics of the firm and of the blockholder ? and, finally, (4) What are the time series (and control-firm-adjusted) changes in firm performance measures and operating variables attributable to large shareholder monitoring ? The above questions are addressed by recognizing, firstly, that the incidence of large block shareholdings is rational only when the gains from a blockholding exceed the costs of foregone diversification-of-portfolio opportunities. The potential sources of gains to the blockholder are identified as resulting from firm-value-increasing reductions in the agency costs of free cash flow and other non-free-cash-flow-related equity agency costs, equity-value-increasing potential for wealth transfers from bondholders, firm-value-increasing expectation of synergy gains in the case of corporate blockholdings, as well as equity-value-reducing gains such as the potential for insider trading, and the expectation of a greenmail premium. It is hypothesized that the net valuation impact of these gains to the blockholder is positive. Event study results support this hypothesis. Cross-sectional regression results suggest that announcement period abnormal returns are reliably explained by the potential for wealth transfers from bondholders, as proxied by the level of discretionary assets in the firm. Further, consistent with theory, announcement excess returns are positively related to the size of the blockholding and the identity of the blockholder. There is no evidence that blockholders play a valuable role in limiting managerial discretion over free cash flow. Firm-specific risk also appears to have no valuation impact; this suggests that the potential benefits from blockholder monitoring may be offset by the potential costs resulting from insider trading. Finally, a pre- and post-block matched-pair comparison of key performance measures and operating variables between the sets of sample firms and control firms provides weak support for the monitoring role of the large block shareholder. A time-series tracing of blockholder affiliation with the target firms reveals that in only a small fraction of firms does the blockholder obtain a seat on the target firm’s board of directors - a virtual requirement for effective monitoring to occur. Overall, these findings do not support theoretical arguments that envisage blockholder monitoring as a long-term incentive-alignment mechanism between managers and shareholders. / Ph. D.

Yes / Intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) in corporate annual reports has received growing European attention. To date, few studies have undertaken systematic analysis of the factors influencing the decision to disclose Intellectual Capital (IC) related information in annual reports. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the level of hidden value (market-to-book ratio), share price volatility, listing age, board composition, ownership structure, audit committee size and directors’ shareholding, in addition to other firm specific factors influence ICD in 100 UK listed knowledge-rich firms. The dependent variable is measured by a 183 item index score, supported by word count and percentage of IC word count metrics to assess the extent, volume and focus of ICD respectively. Results of the analysis based on the three measures indicate significant association with hidden value, using market-to-book ratio as a proxy, and listing age. We further find firm size, share price volatility, director shareholding, audit committee size, and ownership concentration to be associated with ICD in a manner consistent with theoretical expectations. The implications of these findings, hitherto largely untested, are explored from a number of theoretical perspectives.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the comply-or-explain principle in Sweden to determine if the flexible approach is functioning as in-tended. Research design: This paper scrutinizes the quality of the explanations with respect to the Swedish Corporate Governance Code. A quantitative research with a cross-sectional design has been performed and the data collection covers 241 companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm for the fiscal year of 2014. The secondary data has been gathered from corporate governance reports of the researched companies and analysed by using a tax-onomy of explanations. Findings: The report demonstrates that the comply-or-explain principle in Sweden is effective. A clear majority of the explanations, 71,8%, were deemed as informative, mean-ing that a large proportion of the Swedish firms are utilizing the flexible approach in an effective manner. However, one out of four explanations were classified as insufficient and we have thus provided recommendations in order for the code to become even more effective. Contribution: Our findings provide insights on how the comply-or-explain principle works in a country that is supposed to be a leading example of how the comply-or-explain approach should be implemented. This study should be of significance for policy makers considering that we have outlined how the principle works and provided recommenda-tions on how the Swedish Corporate Governance Code can be improved. Value: Our findings demonstrate that companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm pro-vide high quality explanations that can serve as an inspiration for companies listed in other countries. Furthermore, the results indicate that managers are likely to act within ethically desired norm. Considering the social implications, as Swedish firms are informative in terms of explanations, it minimizes the risk of firms acting dishonestly.